The making of nationalism in Europe

CBSE Class X - chapter 1 (unit 2)

1. Section I: Events and Processes The rise of Nationalism in Europe Nationalism in India Introduction The French Revolution and the idea of the nation The making of nationalism in Europe The age of revolutions: 1830-1848 The making of Germany and Italy Visualising the nation Nationalism and imperialism The F irst World War, Khilafat and Non-Cooperation Differing strands within the movement Towards Civil D isobedience The sense of Collective Belonging Units: Units:

2. Section I: Events and Processes The rise of Nationalism in Europe Nationalism in India Introduction The French Revolution and the idea of the nation The making of nationalism in Europe The age of revolutions: 1830-1848 The making of Germany and Italy Visualising the nation Nationalism and imperialism The F irst World War, Khilafat and Non-Cooperation Differing strands within the movement Towards Civil D isobedience The sense of Collective Belonging Units: Units:

3. Unit 2 : The making of Nationalism in Europe Topics covered in this online class are: 2.1 The Aristocracy and the new middle class 2.2 What did Liberal Nationalism stand for? 2.3 A new Conservatism after 1815 2.4 The Revolutionaries

4. Unit 2 : The making of nationalism in Europe (Mid 18 th century 1750) 2.1 The Aristocracy and the new middle class (pg.no.8) Europe didn’t have any nation state (i.e., Independent country). Why no nation state? There was too much of diversity Example : Habsburg empire had people talking in three languages – French, Italian and German. No common language Class X History Chapter 1

5. So how did we get the idea of nation wide state? Europe Aristocracy High class society. They own a lot of land. They spoke FRENCH language. They comprised of small group. They grew by marrying in their own communities. They were very UNITED .

6. So how did we get the idea of nation wide state? Europe Aristocracy Peasantry Majority population. Looked after aristocracy land .

7. So how did we get the idea of nation wide state? Europe Aristocracy Peasantry Majority population. Looked after aristocracy land . Growth in industrial sector led to new sector called middle class. Now changes started. Middle class

8. Middle class people got two ideas: Nation unity Liberal nationalism Individual freedom. All are equal before law. Government should be formed on peoples’ wish. End of autocracy rule. Liberal nationalism A person who is elected and who dominates with absolute power . He hates to give up post his tenure. Liberalism is a latin word ‘ liber ’ meaning free. 2.2 What did liberal nationalism stand for?

9. Middle class people got two ideas: Nation unity Liberal nationalism Individual freedom. All are equal before law. Government should be formed on peoples’ wish. End of autocracy rule and end of clerical privileges. Liberal nationalism

10. Middle class people got two ideas: Nation unity Liberal nationalism Individual freedom. All are equal before law. Government should be formed on peoples’ wish. End of autocracy rule and end of clerical privileges. Liberal nationalism Pope and clergyman enjoyed all benefits whereas peasants suffered.

11. Middle class people got two ideas: Nation unity Liberal nationalism Individual freedom. All are equal before law. Government should be formed on peoples’ wish. End of autocracy rule and end of clerical privileges. Setup of a constitution and a representative government. Liberal nationalism Two ideas of educated middle class

12. Two ideas of educated middle class Nation unity Liberal nationalism Only men above age 21 and who have property can vote. WOMEN CAN NOT VOTE Two problems arouse post French R evolution

13. Two ideas of educated middle class Nation unity Liberal nationalism Only men above age 21 and who have property can vote. State to state trade restrictions. In 1834  A custom union was formed “ ZOLLVEREIN ”. It was a initiative of Prussia and later German states joined. RESULT Abolished trade barrier Removal of taxes and custom duties. Reduced number of currencies from 30 to 2. Two problems arouse post French R evolution Example In 1834  A custom union was formed “ ZOLLVEREIN ”. It was a initiative of Prussia and later German states joined. RESULT Abolished trade barrier Removal of taxes and custom duties. Reduced number of currencies from 30 to 2. Example

14. 2.3 A new conservatism after 1815 Post defeat of Napoleon in ‘ Battle of Waterloo ” by Britain, Prussia, Russia and Austria in 1815, European government were driven by a spirit of conservatism . What is conservatism? Conservatism is a political philosophy that: Stressed the importance of traditions. Established institutions and customs. Preferred gradual development to quick change. In short, it removed Civil Code of 1804 and brought back all old policies.

15. 2.3 A new conservatism after 1815 Post defeat of Napoleon in ‘ Battle of Waterloo ” by Britain, Prussia, Russia and Austria in 1815, European government were driven by a spirit of conservatism . What is conservatism? Conservatism is a political philosophy that: Stressed the importance of traditions. Established institutions and customs. Preferred gradual development to quick change. In short, removed Civil Code of 1804 and brought back all old policies. Britain, Prussia, Russia and Austria signed a “Treaty of Vienna” in 1815 when they collectively defeated Napoleon. The congress was hosted by the Austrian Chancellor Duke Metternich .

16. Treaty of Vienna Britain , Prussia, Russia and Austria It consisted of: The Bourbon Dynasty which was destroyed during French Revolution was restored back in France. States were setup on the boundaries of France to prevent French expansion in future.

17. Treaty of Vienna Britain, Prussia, Russia and Austria Prussia got some important territories in the western frontiers.

18. Treaty of Vienna Britain, Prussia, Russia and Austria Prussia got some important territories in the western frontiers. Austria got control over northern Italy .

19. Treaty of Vienna Britain, Prussia, Russia and Austria Prussia got some important territories in the western frontiers. Austria got control over northern Italy . German confederation of 39 states set by Napoleon was left untouched. Russia got Poland.

20. Conservative regimes set up in 1815 were autocratic . A person who is elected and who dominates with absolute power. He hates to give up post his tenure.

21. Conservative regimes set up in 1815 were autocratic . They were not happy and most of them imposed censorship laws to control what was written in prints . Print

22. Conservative regimes set up in 1815 were autocratic . They were not happy and most of them imposed censorship laws to control what was written in prints . Prints : Newspapers, books, plays and songs This gave rise to revolutionaries.

23. 2.4 The Revolutionaries Secret societies.

24. 2.4 The Revolutionaries Secret societies. Aim: Spread idea of nationalism. Oppose monarchy .

25. 2.4 The Revolutionaries Secret societies. Aim: Spread idea of nationalism. Oppose monarchy. Wanted freedom and end autocratic rule.

26. 2.4 The Revolutionaries Secret societies. Aim: Spread idea of nationalism. Oppose monarchy. Wanted freedom and end autocratic rule. Build a nation state .

27. Italian revolutionary – Giuseppe Mazzini Born in Genova in 1807. Member of secret society of the C arbonari. Age 24, he was sent into exile for attempting a revolution in Linguria.

28. Italian revolutionary – Giuseppe Mazzini Born in Genova in 1807. Member of secret society of the C arbonari. Age 24, he was sent into exile for attempting a revolution in Linguria. He founded two underground societies: Young Italy in Marseilles. Young Europe in Berne. He believed in unification of Italy. Result : Following him, more secret societies were set up. His constant efforts frightened the conservatives.

29. Italian revolutionary – Giuseppe Mazzini Born in Genova in 1807. Member of secret society of the C arbonari. Age 24, he was sent into exile for attempting a revolution in Linguria. He founded two underground societies: Young Italy in Marseilles. Young Europe in Berne. He believed in unification of Italy. Result : Following him, more secret societies were set up. His constant efforts frightened the conservatives. Metternich described Giuseppe M azzini as the most dangerous enemy of our social order. Metternich is a  German noble family  originating in the Rhineland. 

30. Date revision Dates Events 1789 French Revolution’ 1799- 1815 Napoleon Rule 1804 Civil Code 1815 Treaty of Vienna was signed 1834 Zollverein

31. Important questions: What does the Latin root ‘Liber’ mean? What do you mean by autocracy? Write a note on Giuseppe Mazzini. Who founded the Secret Society “Young Italy”? Who are Metternich? Who hosted the treaty of Vienna? What is ‘Battle of Waterloo’? What was the meaning of Liberalism in Europe in the early 18 th century? After Napoleon’s defeat, who captured the power of Europe? Revolutionary Conservatives Communists None