THE MORALITY OF HUMAN ACTS (ETHICS-2).pdf

Morality of Human Acts- Bachelor of Secondary Education mahor in English. Go na mo. It’s a very nice topic

1. THE MORALITY OF
HUMAN ACTS
THE MORALITY OF
HUMAN ACTS
CHAPTER 2
presented by: Castorico,
Ganton, Sumodebila, & Corpuz

2. CHAPTER OBJECTIVES:CHAPTER OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the lesson, the
students should be able to:
Recognize human acts from
acts of man;
Identify and explain the major
determinants of morality;
Discuss the various modifiers of
human acts; and
Realize the importance of moral
accountability in one’s actions.

3. Human Acts (Actus Humani)
-refer to “actions that proceed from insight into the
nature and purpose of one’s doing from the consent
of free will” (Peschke 1985; 247).
DEFINITION OF HUMAN
ACTS
DEFINITION OF HUMAN
ACTS
“An act which proceeds from the deliberate free
will of man” -(Paul Glenn 1965; 3)
Baldemeca et al. 1984;92 - “A human act is also that
which is classified as good or bad, right or wrong,
and thus, subject to morality and its norms”

4. 3 IMPORTANT ELEMENTS FOR AN
ACT TO BE STRICLY CONSIDERED
AS HUMAN ACT:
3 IMPORTANT ELEMENTS FOR AN
ACT TO BE STRICLY CONSIDERED
AS HUMAN ACT:
Knowledge 1.
Freedom2.
Voluntariness or Consent 3.

5. ACTS OF MANACTS OF MAN
-happen in the person “personally”
“All human acts are acts of man,
but not all acts of man are
human acts.”
ACTS OF MANACTS OF MAN
-are those that human share with animals
whose actions and movements emanate from
purely sensual nature.

6. BASIC ELEMENTS OF
HUMAN ACTS
BASIC ELEMENTS OF
HUMAN ACTS
Ramon Agapay, in a book entitled
“Ethics and the Filipino; A Manual on
Morals for Students and Educators
(2008; 21), lists down and briefly
expounds on the following
characteristics for an act to be
considered a human act (see also
Tabotabo et al. 2011 & Gualdo, 2000: 27)
2. The act must be performed in
freedom.
-must be done by an agnet who is
acting freely, with his/her own
volition and power.
3. The act must be done
voluntarily.
-must be performed by an agent
who decides willfully to perform
the act.
1. The act must be deliberate.
-must be performed by a
conscious agent.

7. MAJOR DETERMINANTS OF THE
MILITARY OF HUMAN ACTS
MAJOR DETERMINANTS OF THE
MILITARY OF HUMAN ACTS
Determinants of morality refer to factors that
determine the goodness, rightness, or immorality of
actions with knowledge, freedom, and consent, based on
the objective norm of morality.

8. FOUR TYPES OF CIRCUMSTANCES THAT AFFECT
THE MORALITY OF THE ACT (BALDEMECA ET. AL.
1984:94; ALSO IN MONTEMAYOR 1985: 67):
FOUR TYPES OF CIRCUMSTANCES THAT AFFECT
THE MORALITY OF THE ACT (BALDEMECA ET. AL.
1984:94; ALSO IN MONTEMAYOR 1985: 67):
Mitigating circumstances reduce moral
good or evil in an act, such as
murdering innocent people without
premeditation or admitting guilt, thereby
reducing the severity of the act and its
punishment.
1.
2. .Aggravating circumstances increase
moral good or evil in an act without
adding a new species, like making
murder worse by nighttime execution and
superior weapon use by a known
recidivist.
3. Justifying circumstances A person with
murder can deemed innocent if they can
prove they killed a superior aggressor in
defense of their own life.
4. Specifying circumstances The moral
quality of a murder act is influenced by
the circumstances sorrounding it, such as
the murderer’s marital status or the fact
that the victim is the same.

9. Is the subject or the person who does or
receives the action.
Is the setting of an action. Every act is done
in a particular place.
Although one’s intention may be morally good, if the
means of attaining the end are illicit or unlawful,
one’s act are immoral. “The end does not justify the
means.”
WHOWHO
WHEREWHERE
BY WHAT
MEANS
BY WHAT
MEANS
There are also seven specific kinds of circumstances which affect the morality of
human action. They basically provide practical answers to particular questions as to
the WHO, WHERE, BY WHAT MEANS, WHY, TO WHOM, HOW and WHEN of the act
(See Agapay 2008:65-67; Panizo; also in Glenn, & Babor):

10. is the intention or the motive that moves the
agent to an action.
answers the question as to the way or manner the act was
carried or performed. This circumstances also involves
different conditions or modalities such as voluntaries,
consent, violence, fear, ignorance.
is the time of the action performed. Every act is done
at a particular and specific time.
WHYWHY
HOWHOW
WHENWHEN
TO WHOMTO WHOM
refers to the recipient of the action, or the person to
whom the act is done.

11. PRINCIPLES GOVERNING
CIRCUMSTANCES
(AGAPAY 2008:66-67)
PRINCIPLES GOVERNING
CIRCUMSTANCES
(AGAPAY 2008:66-67)
Agapay’s principles govern circumstances,
which can either increase or decrease
the wrongfulness of an evil act, increase
or decrease the merits of a good act, or
temporarily exempt someone from the a
required act.
The act itself, or the object of the act, refers
to the action performed by an agent,
determining its intrinsic or extrinsically good
or evil nature. It is the substance of the
moral act and the basic factor of morality.
THE ACT OF THE OBJECT OF THE ACT11..THE ACT OF THE OBJECT OF THE ACT1.
2. THE MOTIVE OR THE ITENTION 2. THE MOTIVE OR THE ITENTION
The motive is the purpose or intention
behind an act, answering the question “WHY
the person does what they do?” It is an
integral part of morality and can modify
particular act’s moral worth. Four principles
are considered under the motive or intention:

12. An indifferent act can become morally good or
morally evil depending upon the intention of the
person doing the act.
Depending on one’s motive or intention, a particular act or conduct can be
modified in its moral worth. Thus, under the motive and or intention, there
are four principles to be considered. They are as follows (See Agapay 2008:
64-65: Panizo 1964; 43-44: Glenn 1968):
2.1 2.1
An objectively good act becomes morally evil due to a
wrong or bad motive. 2.22.2
2.42.4
An intrinsically (objectively) morally good act can
receive added goodness, if done with an equally noble
intention or motive.
2.32.3
An intrinsically evil act can never become morally good
even if it is done with a good motive or intention.

13. 3. THE CIRCUMSTANCES 3. THE CIRCUMSTANCES
Moral goodness or badness of an act is
determined by the object, agent's motive, and
the circumstances surrounding the
performance.
Circumstances refer to the various conditions
outside of the act. They are not, strictly speaking,
part and parcel of the act itself. Circumstances are
conditions that influence, to a lesser or greater
degree, the moral quality of the human act. They
either "affect the act by increasing or lessening its
voluntariness or freedom, and thus, affecting the
morality of the act" (Salibay 2008: 33).

14. THANK
YOUYOU
for your attention