The partition of africa

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1. The Partition of AfricaThe Partition of Africa

3. North Africa
Sahara Desert and Fertile land along the
Mediterranean
Close ties to the Muslim world
Early 1800’s, under control of Ottoman
Empire

4. West Africa
Grasslands
Islamic reform movement
Usman dan Fodio: Jihad: holy struggle to
revive and purify Islam
Forest regions: Asante kingdom: traded
with Europeans and controlled smaller
states

5. East Africa
Islam
Port cities: Mombasa and Kilwa
Slave ports to the Middle East
Ivory and copper exchanged for cloth and
firearms from India

6. Southern Africa
Shaka united the Zulu nation in early
1800’s
Mass migrations and wars create chaos
1830’s: Zulus vs. Boers

7. European Contact
Explorers fascinated by African
geography: Mungo Park and Richard
Burton
Missionaries: Catholic and Protestant
sought to convert natives (children in need
of guidance) to Christianity

8. Dr. David Livingstone
Crisscrossed Africa for 30 years
Less bias than most Europeans
Opposed slave trade
End of slave trade would come from
opening up interior to trade and
Christianity

9. King Leopold II of Belgium
Sent Henry Stanley to explore Congo River basin
“civilizing mission”
Dreamed of conquest and profit
Exploited riches of the Congo
Belgian overseers brutalizing villagers
Forced to work for almost nothing, savagely
beaten and mutilated
International outraged forced Leopold to turn
control of Congo over to Belgian Gov’t

10. Berlin Conference 1884
European countries arguing over land
To avoid bloodshed, met in Berlin to divide up
Africa
No Africans present at Conference
No European power could claim a part of Africa
unless they set up a government office in the
area.
20 years later, European powers partitioned
almost the entire continent

11. European’s Spoils
France: Mediterranean and N. Africa, empire was
as large as continental United States at its height
Britain: smaller and more scattered than France,
but included more heavily populated regions
Portuguese: Angola and Mozambique
Italy: Libya and horn of Africa
Germany: eastern and southwestern

13. The Africans Strike Back
Armed resistance across the continent
Ethiopia was one of the only areas in
Africa (besides Liberia) to successfully
hold off the Europeans (Italy)
Age of Imperialism led to the development
of a western-educated African Elite

14. Egypt and IranEgypt and Iran

15. Egypt: Muhammad Ali
Muhammad Ali appointed governor in 1805
“father of modern Egypt”
Improved tax collection, reorganized landholding
system, backed irrigation projects, increased
Egyptian participation in world trade
Western military experts to help build well
trained, modern army
Conquered Arabia, Syria, Sudan

16. Suez Canal

17. Suez Canal
1859 Ferdinand de Lesseps (French)
organized a company to build the canal.
Egypt increasingly under foreign control
100 miles long, links Med. with Red
1875 ruler of Egypt couldn’t pay loans
taken out for the canal, so had to give up
his shares in it to Britain

18. Protectorate
Egyptian nationalists revolted against
foreign influence in 1882
Britain made Egypt a protectorate
Governor of Egypt was still an official of
the Ottoman government but followed
policies dictated by Britian
Protectorate=Puppet government

19. Iran
Qajar shahs ruled Iran from 1794-1925
exercised absolute power
Improved finances, sponsored building of
telegraph lines and railroads, experimented
with a liberal constitution
Russia and Britain battled for influence

20. Why Britain and Russia?
Britain wanted to
protect interests in
India
Russia wanted to
protect southern
frontier

21. Spheres of Influence
Russia operated in the North and Britain in
the south
Oil discovered in 1900’s
Both persuaded Iranian government to
grant concessions or special economic
rights and sent troops into Iran