The pre-osmanli muslim world by dr olsi.

The pre-osmanli muslim world by dr olsi.

1. The Pre-Osmanli Muslim World

2. Islam before the conversion of the Turks Islam came in 610 Prophet Muhamed created the state of Medinah in 622 The first Muslim incursions into Anatolia came in during the Ummayad Caliphate (41-132 A.H./661-750 C.E.). The Ummayad Muslim army had Abû Ayyûb Khâlid b. Zayd al- Ansârî , the famous sahâbî (companion of the Prophet) in one of this raids. Ottomans believe that he died in the walls of Constantinople in 49/669 and was buried outside the city walls where a mosque on his name exists. When “opening” Constantinople to Islam in 857/1453 Sultan Mehemmed II (al- Fâtih ) is reported to have appealed to his shaykh ( Sûfî leader) Akshemseddîn to locate this place, which he did. The Abbâsids made assaults against Anatolia as well. Khalifah Haroun ar -Rashid (170-193/786-809) defeated the Eastern Roman Emperor Nikephoros at the battle of Krasos near Ereğli , Konya.

3. Islamic state’s history Prophet Muhamed created the state of Medinah in 622 Prophet died in 632 Abu Bakr will rule as Caliph until 634 Umar will rule until 644 Usman will rule until 656 Ali will rule until 661 The Ummayad Caliphate will rule the world of Islam from 661-750 C.E. The Abbasids will rule the world of Islam from 750 – 1258 (when Mongols will sack Baghdad). 1516 Ottomans will become the new Caliphs of Islam – take the title from the last Abbasid Caliph in Cairo. The Ottomans will remain the Caliphs of Islam until 1924 The Khulafa Al Rashidun Era 634 - 661

4. Islam and the Turks The ancient Turks are believed to have lived in the Altay mountains south of the Yenisey River. Some of the ancient Turkish tribes were: The Oghuz, Turkomans, Uygurs, Kazaks, Bulgars, Pechenegs, Selcuks, Cumans, Tatars, Yuruks, Karliks etc Islam spread in Turkestan via merchants and Arab conquest. Qutaybah b. Muslim opened Bukhârâ to Islam and built the first mosque there in 94/713.

5. Turks and Islam The ancient Turks lived in the Altay mountains south of the Yenisey River.

6. The Turkic States

7. Major Turkic nations

8. The place of the Turks in the world map

9. Bulgars: the first Turks to convert to Islam and develop their own state in history between the 7 and 13 th century. The conversion of Turks to Islam is one of the most important events in world history. Islam spread quite early among the northern Turks. We see the Bulgars (in Arabic sources: Saqalibah ) emerging as the first Muslim Turkish state in history. The Bulgars of Volga embraced Islam in 922, thus becoming the first Turkish Muslim state. The Mongols under Batu Khân , attacked Bulgars in 1236 and destroyed all their cities. However the Bulgars and other Turkic groups – mainly Tatars will survive the Mongols and from 1282-1452 will create the Golden Horde Turkic Muslim state. Some of the Bulgar Turks moved to the region of Dobruja due to pressure by the Khazars . This branch of the Bulgars, i.e. the Danube Bulgars, in time of Pars Khan (859-890) converted to Christianity in 864. During the time of Boris Khan, the Danube Bulgars became Christian, mixed with Slavs and become Slavonic people.

10. Another state that the Turks will create will be the Kara- Khanid Khanate (840-1212 C.E.), which was established in Afghanistan and parts of Turkestan (present day China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgystan, Uzbekistan)

11. Some of the Turkish tribes in the Eurasian Space

12. Turkic Khanates in Russia – Central Asia

13. The Seljuk Empire 1037–1194, was another very important state that Oghuz Turks will create. At the time of its greatest extent, the Seljuk Empire controlled a vast area, stretching from western Anatolia and the Levant in the west to the Hindu Kush in the east, and from Central Asia in the north to the Persian Gulf in the south. The Seljuk Empire 1037–1194

14. Muslims came to Anatolia for the first time in a expedition at the time of the second khalifah Omar b. al Khattâb (13-23/634-644) under the sahâbî ‘İyâz b. Ganm in 18/639. Islam in Anatolia Following the 1071 Seljuq victory over the Byzantine Empire at the Battle of Manzikert and the subsequent conquest of Anatolia, Oghuz clans began settling in present-day Anatolia. Anatolia, known as Asia Minor, is a large peninsula in Western Asia. It constitutes the majority of modern-day Turkey. The region is bounded by the Turkish Straits to the northwest, the Black Sea to the north, the Armenian Highlands to the east, the Mediterranean Sea to the south, and the Aegean Sea to the west. The Bosporus and Dardanelles straits separates Anatolia from Thrace / or the Balkan peninsula of Southeast Europe.

15. The Seljûk Turks who had dominated Persia, Syria, and the Caucasus under Çağrı Beğ, came to the Caucasus in 1015 and attacked Eastern Anatolia. Tuğrul Beğ, entered Anatolia in 1054 and arrived at Erzurum. The war that decided the future of Anatolia took place at Manzikert on 26 August 1071. The Seljuk Sultan Muhammad Alp Arslan (r. 455-465/1063 - 1072) commanded a Muslim army that marched through Persia to Anatolia. In the 1070s, after the battle of Manzikert, the Seljuk commander Suleiman ibn Qutulmish . In 1075, he captured the Byzantine cities of Nicaea ( İznik ) and Nicomedia (İzmit). Two years later, he declared himself sultan of an independent Seljuk state and established his capital at İznik . Suleiman was killed in Antioch in 1086 by Tutush I, the Seljuk ruler of Syria, and Suleiman's son Kilij Arslan I was imprisoned. When Malik Shah died in 1092, Kilij Arslan was released and immediately established himself in his father's territories. In 603/1206 the Seljuk Turks terminated the Christian rule over Antalya on the Mediterranean coast and “opened” this city to Islam. During the time of sultan Giyaseddin Keyhusrev , the Seljuks fought their last battle with the Eastern Romans over Anatolia in Antakiya in 607/1210. The Battle of Manzikert was fought between the Byzantine Empire and the Seljuk Empire on 26 August 1071 near Manzikert, (modern Malazgirt in Muş Province, Turkey). In this battle the Byzantine army was defeated. Emperor Romanos IV Diogenes was captured by Alp Arslan. From this date onwards the Turks will continue their invasion of Anatolia and this will bring Turkification and Islamization.

16. Mongol invasions of Anatolia occurred at various times, starting with the campaign of 1241–1243 that culminated in the Battle of Köse Dağ. Real power over Anatolia was exercised by the Mongols after the Seljuks surrendered in 1243 until the fall of the Ilkhanate in 1335. Because the Seljuk Sultan rebelled several times, in 1255, the Mongols swept through central and eastern Anatolia. The Ilkhanate garrison was stationed near Ankara. By the end of the 14th century, most of Anatolia was controlled by various Anatolian beyliks due to the collapse of the Seljuk dynasty of Rum. The Turkmen Beyliks were under the control of the Mongols through declining Seljuk Sultans. The Beyliks did not mint coins in the names of their own leaders while they remained under the suzerainty of the Ilkhanids. The Ottoman ruler Osman I was the first Turkish ruler who minted coins in his own name in the 1320s, for it bears the legend "Minted by Osman son of Ertuğrul". Since the minting of coins was a prerogative accorded in Islamic practice only to be a sovereign, it can be considered that the Ottomans became independent of the Mongol Khans. The Mongol invasion of Anatolia

17. The Turkmen Beyliks as of 1300

18. The Sultanate of Rum or Rum Seljuk Sultanate was a Sunni Muslim ruled state, established over conquered Byzantine territories and peoples (Rûm) of Anatolia by the Seljuk Turks following their entry into Anatolia after the Battle of Manzikert (1071). The name Rûm was a synonym for the Byzantine Empire. It derives from the Arabic name for ancient Rome, الرُّومُ ar-Rūm in Greek Ῥωμαῖοι. The Sultanate of Rum seceded from the Great Seljuk Empire under Suleiman ibn Qutalmish in 1077, six years after the Byzantine provinces of central Anatolia were conquered at the Battle of Manzikert (1071). Its capital at first was at İznik and then at Konya. It reached the height of its power during the late 12th and early 13th century, when it succeeded in taking key Byzantine ports on the Mediterranean and Black Sea coasts. In the east, the sultanate reached Lake Van. The Seljuk sultans succumbed to the Mongol invasion at the 1243 Battle of Köse Dağ. For the remainder of the 13th century, they acted as vassals of the Ilkhanate. Their power disintegrated during the second half of the 13th century. The dissolution left behind many small beyliks, among them that of the Ottoman dynasty, which eventually conquered the rest and reunited Anatolia to become the Ottoman Empire.

19. Rise of the Ottomans / Osmanlis (c. 1299–1453) As the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum declined in the 13th century, Anatolia was divided into a patchwork of independent Turkish principalities known as the Anatolian Beyliks. One of these beyliks, in the region of Bithynia on the frontier of the Byzantine Empire, was led by the Turkish tribal leader Osman I (d. 1323/4). Osman's early followers consisted both of Turkish tribal groups and Byzantine Muslims and Christians. Osman extended the control of his principality by conquering Byzantine towns along the Sakarya River. A Byzantine defeat at the Battle of Bapheus in 1302 contributed to Osman's rise as well. The ideology of Osman’s state was the Ghaza – the battle for spreading Islam in the land of the non-believers. In the century after the death of Osman I, Ottoman rule began to extend over Anatolia and the Balkans and his descendants will became the main protectors of Islam in the world.