THE-PROCESS-OF-REPRODUCTION-(MANDAUE CITY COLLEGE).pptx

Gender and Society 101

1. THE PROCESS OF REPRODUCTION GROUP 5

2. DEFINITION OF TERMS: Ovulation – the process when a mature ovum is released from the ovary and travels to the fallopian tube for possible fertilization. Fertilization – union of the sperm and the ovum. Zygote – is a single-celled organism resulting from a fertilized egg. Conception – the process that begins with fertilization of an egg by the sperm and ends with implantation. Pregnancy – the process when an offspring develops within the mother’s womb.

3. HOW DOES ONE OVULATE? The major landmark of puberty among females is the onset of the menstrual cycle, the monthly ovulation cycle the leads to menstruation (loss of blood and tissues lining the uterus) in the absence of pregnancy. The menstrual cycle is from the first day of a period until the day before the next period starts. Normally, it lasts around 28 days, on the average, but can be as short as 21 or as long as 40. Whatever the length, ovulation will happen about 10-16 days before the start of the next period.

4. HOW DOES PREGNANCY OCCUR? Conception to Birth o Egg Inseminated o Zygote o 24 hours (first division) o Fertilized ovum divides a few hours after fusion o and divides anew every 12-15 hours

5. HOW DOES PREGNANCY OCCUR? Conception to Birth o Embryo o 25 days - heart chamber developing o 32 days - arms & hands are developing o 45 days - heart pumping rate is twice as the mother's o 51 days - developing retina, nose and fingers o Fetus' continual movement in the womb is necessary for the muscular and skeletal growth o 12 weeks - genitals are yet to be determined

6. WHAT CAN BE DONE TO PREVENT TEENAGE PREGNANCY? Equipping the youth with the knowledge, skills, and attitudes necessary to protect themselves against unwanted pregnancy and provide them access to reproductive healthcare are needed. Chart for Contraception: (next slide)

7. Type of Contraceptive Method Picture How it Works Effectiveness Benefits Instruction for Use Male Condom: rubber sheath that fits over the penis Rolled over the penis 80-85% Low cost, easily accessible, and reduces risk of STDs/STIs Do not use with oil- based lubricants such as creams and lotions Implantable Hormone Device Continuous release of hormones 99% Continuous birth control for five years Implant of the capsule in the upper arm; done by the doctor Calendar Method: Allows the woman to keep track of “safe” days for sex. Theoretically 85% but in reality about 60% No cost and under the control of the woman Woman must keep track with the help of a calendar

8. Type of Contraceptive Method Picture How it Works Effectiveness Benefits Instruction for Use Sterilization: vasectomy for males and tubal ligation for females Passageway for the sperm or the egg is surgically tied Theoretically 100%, but exceptions have been known to take place Highly effective, permanent, and one time expense Doctor performs an operation Birth control Pill: contains synthetic estrogen Alters natural ovulation cycle Theoretically 99-100%, but women have conceived on the “pill” Low cost, easily available, and controlled by the woman Taken daily after menstrual cycle begins

9. Type of Contraceptive Method Picture How it Works Effectiveness Benefits Instruction for Use Withdrawal Removal of the penis from the vagina before ejaculation Theoretically, 85% but in reality, about 70% No cost under the control of the man and woman involved Dependent on the man Intrauterine Device (IUD) Inserted inside the uterus by a Doctor Theoretically 95-98% Long-lasting and relatively inexpensive

10. WHAT ARE THE HEALTH EFFECTS OF EARLY PREGNANCY IN THE GROWING ADOLESCENT? There are serious health risks associated with early pregnancy because a young woman's body is not mature enough to handle bearing a child. When a woman is under 20, the pelvic area (the bone surrounding the birth canal) is still growing and may not be large enough to allow the baby to easily pass through the birth canal. This can result in what is called an "obstructed labor".

11. WHAT ARE THE HEALTH EFFECTS OF EARLY PREGNANCY IN THE GROWING ADOLESCENT? Obstructed labor is dangerous to both mother and child and requires the help of trained medical professionals. Under the best circumstances, the young woman will have an operation called a "caesarean section" in which a cut is made in the abdomen and the baby is removed directly from the uterus.

12. WHAT ARE THE HEALTH EFFECTS OF EARLY PREGNANCY IN THE GROWING ADOLESCENT? Other complications: o Excessive vomiting o Severe anemia o Hypertension o Convulsions o Difficulty in breast feeding o Premature and low birth weight babies o Infection o Prolonged labor o High maternal mortality or death.

13. WHAT ARE THE HEALTH EFFECTS OF EARLY PREGNANCY IN THE GROWING ADOLESCENT? The risk of having serious complications during pregnancy or childbirth is much higher for girls in their early teens than for older women. Ages of 20-30 years are the safest period of women's life for child bearing. The pelvis, or the bony birth canal, of a girl can grow wider by as much as 20% between the time she begins menstruating and the time she is 16 years old. This widening of the pelvis can make the crucial difference between a safe delivery and obstructed labor.

14. SUMMARY Reproduction involves the ova and sperm to fuse. Their union can lead to the creation of a new life through pregnancy. This has explored the process of pregnancy and the changes that happen during pregnancy. We have discussed the various ways of preventing pregnancy so that the growing adolescent would be empowered to choose to avert from early pregnancy that can lead to various life-threatening complications.

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