The rise of nationalism in europe part 1

Rise of Nationalism in Europe - Contents

1. The Rise of Nationalism in Europe Prepared By Gowri Baskar

2. Causes of French Revolution Social Inequality due to estates system Tax burden on third estate

3. Causes of French Revolution The Rise of bourgeoisie - rich men and women of the Third Estate Age of Enlightenment - Enlightenment philosophers like  John Locke, Jean-Jacques Rousseau  and  Baron de Montesquieu  questioned the  traditional absolute authority of the monarch  and  divisions of society like the Estates System . Financial Crisis due to costly wars – American war of independence against Britain

4. Causes of French Revolution Extreme weather conditions and poor harvest. Rise in cost of bread - poor harvests  caused the price of flour to increase dramatically, which in turn raised the price of bread . Parliments successful opposition to reforms Extravagant lifestyle of French Monarchy. These large expenditures by the French monarchy caused  dissatisfaction among the people  who began to view its leaders as  wasteful  while they suffered due to the poor economic state of the nation. This in turn led to  national unrest  and ultimately the Revolution.

5. Napoleonic / Civil code – 21 st March 1804 Marked the end of feudalism and the liberation of serfs where it took effect. The Code recognized the principles of civil liberty, equality before the law (although not for women in the same sense as for men), and the secular character of the state, freed peasants from serfdom and manorial dues.

6. Making of Nationalism in Europe Germany, Italy, Switzerland – kingdoms, duchies and cantons – mid 18 th century. No common identity or culture. Important factors Rise of new middle class Spread of ideology of liberalism New spirit of conservatism and Treaty of vienna Rise of revolutionaries

7. Making of Nationalism in Europe The Habsburg Empire ruled over Austria Hungary. In Hungary, half of the population spoke Magyar while the other half of the spoke a variety of dialects. Besides these three dominant groups, there also lived within the boundaries of the empire. The only tie binding these diverse groups together was a common allegiance to the emperor.

8. Aristocracy Socially and politically, a landed aristocracy was the dominant class on the continent. The members of this class were by a common way of life that cut across regional divisions. Their families were often connected by ties if marriages. This powerful aristocracy was, however, numerically a small group.

9. The new middle class Industrialization began in England in the second half of the eighteenth century, but in France and parts of the German states it occurred only during the nineteenth century. New social groups came into being: a working-class population middle classes made up of industrialists, businessmen, professional. It was among the educated, liberal middle classes that ideas of national unity following the abolition of aristocratic privileges gained popularity.

10. Liberal nationalism Also known as Civic nationalism Is a form of nationalism identified by political philosophers who believe in an inclusive form of nationalism that adheres to traditional liberal values of freedom, tolerance, equality, and individual rights. Civic nationalists often defend the value of national identity by saying that individuals need a national identity in order to lead meaningful, autonomous lives and that democratic polities need national identity in order to function properly. Ernest Renan is often thought to be an early civic nationalist.

11. The right to vote and to get elected was generated exclusively to property-owning men. Men without property and all women were excluded from political rights. Women and non-propertied men and women organised opposition movements demanding equal political rights. The abolition of state-imposed restrictions on the movement of goods and capital. A merchant travelling in 1833 from Hamburg to Nuremberg to sell his goods would have to pass through 11 customs barriers and pay a customs duty of about 5% at each one of them.

12. New conservation after 1815 Defeat of Napoleon. In 1815, representatives of the European powers – Britain, Russia, Prussia and Austria – who had collectively defeated Napoleon, met at Vienna to draw up a settlement for Europe.

13. Treaty of Vienna - 1815 Also known as “Treaty of General Alliance” The Bourbon dynasty, which had been deposed during the French Revolution, was restored to power, and France lost the territories it had annexed under Napoleon. Prussia – new territories on its western frontier Austria – control of northern Italy German confederation of 39 states – left untouched Russia – part of Poland

14. The revolutionaries Revolutionary at this time meant a commitment to oppose monarchical forms and to fight for liberty and freedom. Giuseppe Mazzini, born in Genoa in 1807, he became a member of the secret society of the Carbonari . He was sent into exile in 1831 for attempting a revolution in Liguria. Secret societies were set up in Germany, France, Switzerland and Poland. Metternich described him as ‘The most dangerous enemy of our social order’.

15. Revolution 1830 - 1848 When the France sneezes’, Metternich once remarked, ‘the rest of the Europe catches cold’. An event that mobilized nationalist feelings among the educated elite across Europe was the Greek war of independence. Greece had been the part of the Ottoman Empire since the fifteenth century. Greeks living in exile and also from many west Europeans who had sympathies for ancient Greek culture.

16. The development of nationalism did not come about only through wars and territorial expansions. National feelings were kept alive through music and languages. July Revolution – Belgium breaking away from United kingdom of Netherlands Treaty of Constantinople – 1832 – Greece – Independent nation

17. Hunger, Hardship and Revolt 1830 – great economic hardship in Europe. First half of 19 th century – huge increase in population 1845 – Silesia village revolt against contractors. 1848 - food shortage and widespread unemployment Barricades were erected and Louis Philippe was forced to flee.

18. 1848 – Revolution of the Liberals European countries – Germany, Italy, Poland, Austro-Hungarian Empire, men and women of liberal middle class – demand for creation of nation state. Demands Constitution Freedom of press Freedom of association

19. May Revolution 18 th May 1848 – 831 elected representatives marched – Frankfurt Parliament Prepared draft constitution for Germany nation to be headed by a monarchy subject to a parliament Friedrich Wilhelm IV – King of P russia rejected. Parliament dominated by middle class, troops were called in and forced assembly to disband.

20. Political rights to women Controversial within liberal movement. Women formed own political associations. Founded newspapers and took part in political movement. NOTE: Serfdom and bonded labour were abolished in Hadsburg dominions and Russia