The second urbanization

social grade 6

1. chapter 9-The Second Urbanization 1 History – Lesson 9 The Second Urbanization

2. chapter 9-The Second Urbanization 2 The change from village or rural life to city or urban life is called Urbanization. The pace of urbanization increased in the Post Mauryan phase. So this phase is referred as second urbanization.

3. chapter 9-The Second Urbanization 3 FEATURES OF SECOND URBANIZATION

4. chapter 9-The Second Urbanization 4 Use of iron tools and implements. Increase in agricultural production. Trade and craft guilds. Expansion of internal and external trade. Use of coins or metal money. Emergence of urban centres. Use of northern black polished ware pottery. Discovery of ring wells. Life in the villages.

5. chapter 9-The Second Urbanization 5 Use of iron tools

6. chapter 9-The Second Urbanization 6 2. Increase in A gricultural P roduction Agriculture was the main occupation of the people. It increased due to use of iron ploughshare. A variety of crops were produced using new methods of agriculture. The method of transplanting seedlings or small plants revolutionized agricultural production. Methods of irrigation had also improved as canals, wells, tanks and artificial lakes were used to irrigate fields.

7. chapter 9-The Second Urbanization 7 3. Trade and Craft Guilds During this period, trading classes grew and prospered. People belonging to a particular trade or craft were organized into groups called guilds or shrenis and framed their own rules. The guilds were of two types- a. Merchant guilds b. Craft guilds Merchant guilds were guilds of traders or merchants. The craft guilds were guilds of weavers, goldsmiths, carpenters, leather workers and ivory workers.

8. chapter 9-The Second Urbanization 8 Importance of Guilds provided technical training organized trade activities helped in procuring raw materials Helped in selling goods Served as banks were rich people could deposit their money. Provided loans to the members for trading activities.

9. chapter 9-The Second Urbanization 9 4. Expansion of internal and External trade With growth of towns and cities, both internal and external trade flourished. Maritime trade flourished between India and other countries. The Periplus of Erythraean Sea, written by a Greek sailor gives account of ports visited by him in India. Lets read an extract by him- page 83

10. chapter 9-The Second Urbanization 10 5. Use of Coins or Metal Money In the Mauryan period, punch- marked coins were found along with copper coins. In the Post-Mauryan period, several types of coins were found. Traders and merchants used coins to pay taxes to the kings Inscriptions were introduced on coins and technique of minting coins improved considerably. Use of coins facilitated trade. There was extensive use of metal money.

11. chapter 9-The Second Urbanization 11 6. Emergence of urban centres Towns and cities grew under the patronage of kings and traders. Each urban center had a unique function. Madurai, Pataliputra, Ujjain and Shravasti developed into capital cities. Vaishali and Varanasi were centres of art and craft.(ivory making, textiles) Ujjain famous for bead making. Kodumanal – industrial center (because of mineral resources and the availability of precious stones like sapphire and Quartz.) Madurai, Nagarjunakonda, Amravati and Kondapur- trade routes Tamuluk, Bharuch, Muziris, Arikamedu, K averipattinam, Alangakulam, K oral - port town

12. chapter 9-The Second Urbanization 12 7. Use of Northern B lack Polished Ware Glossy surface Black in color Pottery was made of clay and was exposed at high temperature in the kiln, which led to blackening of outer surface. A coating of fine black slip (mixture of clay, water and some other materials) was applied to pottery to give a mirror like shine.

13. chapter 9-The Second Urbanization 13 8. Discovery of ring wells Ring wells were rows of pots of ceramic rings placed one on the top of other. These were probably used as toilets, drains or as garbage bins.

14. chapter 9-The Second Urbanization 14 Different kinds of people lived in the villages during the second urbanization. In southern part of I ndia, people were divided into 3 main classes- Vellalars- rich landowners Uzhavars- ordinary ploughmen Kadasiyar/ adimai-landless labourers (including slaves) 9. Life In The Villages

15. chapter 9-The Second Urbanization 15 In North India, the village headman was known as Grama bhojaka. His post was hereditary. He was the largest land owner and had many slaves and workers to work on his land. On behalf of the king, he collected taxes from the people in the villages. He also sometimes performed the functions of a policeman and a judge. Besides Gramabhojaka, there were many independent farmers. They were smaller landowners called grihapatis. Below them came the dasa and karmakaras who did not own land and earned their livelihood by working in the fields.

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