The Stone Age | River Valley Civilisation

Here you will learn about the stone age and the rive valley civilisation . Why the early civilisation lived beside the river ? You will get to know all basic concept about history.

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1. From Stone Age To River Valley Civilisations LESSON - 2

2. Prehistory & its sources Artefacts Fossils History & its sources Manuscript Inscription Monuments Coin History & Time Meaning of BC, AD, CE, BCE ALREADY COVERED In LESSON - 1

3. Topics to be discussed- Origin country of early human Stone age Metal age Agriculture age Beginning of civilization

4. INTRODUCTION To determine when human beings in their present form appeared on earth. Scientists depend on archaeological remains and fossils. On the basis of these sources, it has been found that humans evolved (changed or developed) from apes .

5. This process of evolution began in Africa, millions of years ago. Over time, the early humans migrated out of Africa and spread across the other continents. In India , archaeologists have found human remains that are about 5,00,000 years old .

6. The evolution of humans – scientists call this present form of human beings that can walk straight on two legs the Homo sapiens.

7. THE STONE AGES Humans at this earliest stage used stone tools and weapons to protect themselves and to hunt animals for food. So this period is known as the Stone Age. Not all regions of the world, however, experienced the Stone Age at the same time.

8. The Stone Age can be divided into the: • Palaeolithic or Old Stone Age (40,00,000– 10,000 BCE) • Mesolithic or Middle Stone Age (10,000 8000 BCE) • Neolithic or New Stone Age (8000-4000 BCE)

9. TIMELINE

10. The Palaeolithic Age Lasted from about 4 million BCE to about 10,000 BCE. In this age, humans discovered the use of fire and the wheel.

11. FIRE

12. WHEEL

13. The Mesolithic Age Lasted from about 10,000 to 8000 BCE. In this stage, humans learnt to make better and finer tools with stones.

14. TOOLS & WEAPONS

15. The Neolithic Age This was an extremely important age because (human beings discovered agriculture , and invented the axle and the potter's wheel in this period. They started settling in small villages , and also started domesticating (taming) animals, beginning with the dog .

16. AGRICULTURE

17. THE BEGINNING OF CIVILISATION With the discovery of metals , human beings gradually moved from the Neolithic Age into the age of metals . The first metal they learnt to use was copper, followed by bronze and iron. The discovery of metals allowed people to design better and more advanced tools.

18. METAL TOOLS

19. As a result, agriculture improved, and surplus food began to be produced . This meant that people did not have to worry about finding food , like they did in the past, and they could give more time to leisure and thought, discoveries and inventions, and various artistic activities.

20. Trade began and villages gradually grew into towns and cities. Gradually, these changes led to the invention of writing, Governments came up to take care of the needs of the people. Laws were made. When society reached such an advanced stage of development, it came to be known as a civilisation .

21. The mesopotamian civilisation between the tigris and euphrates rivers The egyptian civilisation in the nile valley The indus valley civilisation along the indus river The chinese civilisation on the banks of the river huang They were some of the earliest civilisations of the world. It is interesting to see that all these civilisations prospered on the banks of major rivers . This is why they came to be known as river valley civilisations .

22. RIVER VALLEY

23. TIMELINE

24. What were the conditions necessary for the growth of civilisations ? • People specialising in a variety of occupations • The growth of cities • The development of a script or written language • The establishment of a government that makes and enforces laws • The growth of trade • The building of large monuments

25. Why did the Ancient Civilisations develop along River Valleys? The seasonal flooding of rivers renewed the fertility of the soil in river valleys. This meant that they could use the same plot of land year after year for agriculture . Rivers also provided the water needed to irrigate crops.

26. The rivers helped in transport and trade. Boats could be used to transport the excess grain for trade. River banks provided clay for building houses, brick-making and pottery. Rivers also supported other occupations like fishing .  

27. These river valleys are known as the cradles of civilisation because our life as we know it today, began from here.

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