the theories of illness pharmocology pptx

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1. Theories of disease causation

2. opposite to Health What is disease??

3. Definition of disease: “A condition in which body function is impaired, departure from a state of health, an alteration of the human body interrupting the performance of the vital functions.” - Webster.

4. Definition of disease: (Cont.) “The condition of body or some part of organ of body in which its functions are disrupted or deranged” - Oxford English Dictionary

5. How disease is caused? Before the rise of modern medicine, disease was attributed to a variety of spiritual or mechanical forces, including: A punishment from God for a sinful behavior. Weak moral character. Witchcraft.

6. How disease is caused? (Cont.) However, these disease causation interpretations were challenged and changed as the theories of disease causation was developed, changing people’s views of diseases as related to specific agents and other environmental factors.

7. Theories of Illness / Disease Causation Theories of disease causation: Miasma theory. Germ theory. Epidemiological triangle. Web of causation The theory of general susceptibility. The socio-environmental approach.

8. 1-Miasma Theory The word "miasma" comes from ancient Greek and means "pollution". The miasma theory (also called the miasmatic theory) is an obsolete medical theory that held that diseases—such as cholera, or the Black Death—were caused by a  miasma   a noxious form of "bad air", also known as night air. The theory held that the origin of epidemics was due to a miasma, emanating from rotting organic matter.

9. Miasma Theory (Cont.) In the 1850s, miasma was used to explain the spread of cholera in London and in Paris. In China, miasma was thought to be caused by the heat, moisture and the dead air in the Southern Chinese mountains. They thought that insects’ waste polluted the air, water. The miasma theory was consistent with observations that disease was associated with poor sanitation.

10. As a result of the miasma theory The sanitary movement era (The first half of the nineteenth century) Public health measure were concerned with sanitation. Focus was on disease prevention (causes of diseases in population) and the health needs of poor population. The epidemiology were largely involved in population-wide health improvement.

11. 2. Germ Theory

12. Germ theory Germ theory was proposed by Louis Pasteur (1822 –1895) and Robert Koch (1843 –1910). Germ theory postulates that every human disease is caused by a microbe or germ, which is specific for that disease and one must be able to isolate the microbe from the diseased human being.

13. Health problems were believed to be the product of living organisms which entered the body through food, water, air or the bites of insects or animals. It was believed that each disease has a single and a specific cause (mono-causal approach).

14. The result of the Germ Theory: Researches were moved from the community to the laboratory and concentrated on the identification of agents for a given disease. Medical practice became devoted to the destruction or eradication of the agent from individuals already affected.

15. 3. Epidemiological triangle According to this theory, exposure to an agent does not necessarily lead to disease. It was believed that disease is the result of an interaction between agent, host and the environment.

16. Bacteria Viruses Fungi Age Sex Health Behavior Immunity Genetic makeup Air Water Sanitation Noise

17. As a result of the epidemiological triangle theory: It was believed that diseases can be prevented by modifying factors which influence exposure and susceptibility. This is useful in understanding infectious disorders, but less useful in dealing with chronic, degenerative diseases such as heart diseases and diabetes. For these disorders there is no specific agent that could be identified against which individual and population may be protected.

18. 4. Web of causation According to this concept, disorders are developed through complex interaction of many factors. These factors maybe biophysical, social or psychological and may promote or inhibit the disease at more than one point in the causal process. Ultimately, they determine the level of disease in a community.

19. Cause Cause Cause Cause Effect \ Disease

20. 5. Theory of general susceptibility This theory is not concerned with identifying single or multiple risk factors associated with specific disorders. It seeks to understand why some social groups seems to be more susceptible to disease and death in general. This reflects an imperfectly understood general susceptibility to health problems.

21. Examples: Low social class Lung Cancer Respiratory disease Cerebro -vascular disease Ischemic heart diseases Higher rates

22. Examples (Cont.): African American Hypertension Dementia Stroke Diabetes (NIDD) Prostrate cancer Higher risk group

23. 6. The socio-environmental approach This approach is not so much concerned with the causes of disease, rather it seeks to identify the broad factors that make and keep people healthy . It is concerned with the population rather than individuals.

24. Factors that improve people’s health: Based on the socio-environmental approach, five broad factors that can be targeted in order to improve population health : The General socioeconomic cultural and environmental conditions The physical environment. Social and community networks Individual lifestyle factors Age sex & Hereditary Factors

25. As a result of this theory: Health actions shifted from the individual to the community as a whole. Improving health requires political and regulatory actions to modify social, economical and physical environment.