THE TWO SOURCES OF HISTORY (PRIMARY SOURCES & SECONDARY SOURCES)

Sources of History in Reading in Philippine History Subject

1. Sources of history (primary & secondary) GE6: Reading In Philippine History

2. “To be ignorant of what occurred before you were born is to remain always a child.” -Marcus Tullius Cicero

3. Learning Outcomes: Evaluate primary sources for their credibility, authenticity, and provenance

4. Chapter Outline

5. 1. Distinction of Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Sources Primary Sources Secondary Sources Tertiary Sources

6. 2. External and Internal Criticism External Criticism Internal Criticism General Principles for Determining Reliability

7. Categories of Historical sources

8. 1. Documents are written or printed materials that have been produced in one form or another sometimes in the past.

9. 2. Numerical records include any time of numerical data in printed or handwritten form.

10. 3. Oral statements include any form of statement made orally by someone

11. 4. Relics are any objects whose physical or visual characteristics can provides some information about the past.

12. 1. Distinction of Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Sources

13. 1. Primary sources Primary sources give firsthand, original, and unfiltered information.

14. 1. Primary sources Examples are eyewitness accounts, personal journals, interviews, surveys, experiments, historical documents, and artifacts.

15. 1. Primary sources These sources have a close, direct connection to their subjects.

16. Advantages & disadvantages of primary sources

17. Directly address your topic and often provide information that is unavailable elsewhere.

18. Example: the questions you compose for an interview or survey, a test to a particular hypothesis.

19. As eyewitness to the accounts may be too close to the subject, lacking a critical distance.

20. 2. Secondary sources Secondary sources are one step removed from the topic.

21. 2. Secondary sources you must remember that secondary information is filtered through someone else’s perspective and may be biased.

22. Advantages & disadvantages of secondary sources

23. Provide a variety of expert perspectives and insights. Peer review usually ensures the quality of sources such as scholarly articles.

24. Researching secondary sources is more efficient than planning, conducting and analyzing certain primary sources.

25. In contrast, secondary sources are not necessarily focused on your specific topic, you may have to dig to find applicable information.

26. Information may be colored by the writer’s own bias or faulty approach.

27. 3. Tertiary sources Tertiary sources provide third-hand information by reporting ideas & details from secondary sources.

28. 3. Tertiary sources This does not mean that tertiary sources have no value, merely that they include the potential for an additional layer of bias.

29. Advantages & disadvantages of tertiary sources

30. Offer a quick, easy introduction to your topic. They may point to a high-quality primary and secondary sources.

31. May oversimplify or otherwise distort a topic. By rehashing secondary sources, they may miss new insights into a topic.

32. Types of primary sources

33. 1. Autobiographies and memoirs An autobiography is an account of a person’s life written by that person.

34. 1. Autobiographies and memoirs A memoir is a history or record composed from personal observation and experience.

35. 2. Diaries, Personal Letters, & Correspondence A diary is a regularly kept record of the diarist’s activities and reflections.

36. 2. Diaries, Personal Letters, And Correspondence A personal letter is a type of letter that usually concerns personal matters and is sent from one individual to another.

37. 2. Diaries, Personal Letters, & Correspondence A correspondence is a body of letters or communications.

38. An interview is a conversation where questions are asked and answers are given. 3. Interviews, Surveys, & Fieldwork

39. A survey is a list of questions aimed at extracting specific data from a particular group of people. 3. Interviews, Surveys, & Fieldwork

40. 3. Interviews, Surveys, & Fieldwork A field research or fieldwork is the collection of information outside a laboratory, library or workplace setting.

41. 4. Photographs and posters Photographs and posters can illustrate past events as they happened and people as they were at a particular time.

42. 5. Works of art & literature Paintings : a form of visual art where paint or ink is used.

43. 5. Works of art & literature Drawing: a form of visual art in which a person uses various drawing instruments to mark paper or another two-dimensional medium.

44. 5. Works of art & literature Literature: a body of written works.

45. 6. Speeches and oral histories A speech is a form of communication in spoken language, made by a speaker.

46. Types of SECONDARY sources

47. 1. Bibliographies An annotated bibliography Is an organized list of sources, each of which is followed by a brief note or “annotation.”

48. 2. Biographical works A biography is a description of a real person’s life, including factual details as well as stories from the person’s life.

49. 3. Periodicals Periodicals are newspapers, magazines, and scholarly journals- all of which are published “periodically.”

50. A. Newspaper is a periodical publication containing written information about current events.

51. B. Magazine and Journal Magazines journals may be published weekly, monthly, quarterly, annually, or at some other interval.

52. 4. Literature reviews and review articles (e.g., movie reviews, book reviews)

53. A literature review is an evaluative report of information found in the literature related to your selected area of study.

54. The film review is a popular way for critics to assess a film’s overall quality and determine whether or not they think the film is worth recommending.

55. A book review is a form of literary criticism in which a book is analyzed based on content, style, and merit.

56. Types of Tertiary Sources

57. 1. General references such as dictionaries, encyclopedias, almanacs, and atlases.

58. 2. Crowd sources Wikipedia, YouTube, message boards, and social media sites like Twitter and Facebook. 3. Search sites

59. Repositories of Primary Sources

60. A library is a collection of sources of information and similar resources, made accessible to a defined community for reference or borrowing.

61. An archive is an accumulation of historical records or the physical place they are located.

62. A museum is an Institution that cares for (conserves) a collection of artifacts and other objects of artistic, cultural, historical, or scientific importance.

63. A historical society is an organization dedicated to preserving, collecting, researching, and interpreting historical information or items.

64. In library science, special collections (Spec. Coll. Or S.C.) are libraries or library units that house materials requiring specialized security and user services.

65. Document Collection

66. Document collection is used in Historical Research and in other research designs in combination with other ways of data collection.

67. 1. Found Documents: Produced by Organizations 1. Formal records: personnel, sales records, shareholder reports, minutes of the meeting

68. 1. Found Documents: Produced by Organizations 2. Informal communications: notes, memos, email

69. 1. Found Documents: Produced by Organizations 3. Public records: electoral registers, registers of births, marriages, and deaths

70. 2. Found Documents: Produced by Individuals 1. Personal papers: diaries, logs, letters, phone texts, emails

71. 2. Found Documents: Produced by Individuals 2. Documents from everyday lives: shopping lists, bus & train tickets.

72. 3. Found Documents: Publications Academic literature Popular literature Guides, manuals

73. 4. Found Documents: Secondary data 1. Research data and field notes from previous studies.

74. 4. Found Documents: Secondary data 2. Publicly funded surveys 3. Internal organizational research

75. 5. Found Documents: Multimedia 1. Photos, videos, comic strips, signposts, models 2. Sound and music

76. 5. Found Documents: Multimedia 3. Electronic sources–screenshots, websites, online communities’ archives

77. 6. Researcher Generated Documents 1. Field notes 2. Photographs 3. Diagrams

78. 6. Researcher Generated Documents 4. Storyboards 5. Use case scenarios