The War Of The Roses

1. ASSALAMU ALAIKUM WR.WB

2. Map of England and France 1455-1494

3. The war of the Roses was a civil war within a larger political war (Hundred Years’ War). The civil war involves the descendants of Edward III. It began with the struggle between Richard II and Henry of Bolingbroke in 1399 was ultimately resolved by a change of dynasty (Plantagenet Tudor) in 1487. Th e first step in this civil war was in 1400 when Henry IV took power from Richard II and established the Lancaster (red rose) branch of the family on the English throne. Throughout both the political war over Edward III claims to the throne of France and durin g the internal conflict in the royal family, the stress on the English nobility as a whole was considerable as faction s developed and resources were stretched. The of the roses

4. What were the Wars of the Roses? The Wars of the Roses were intermittent civil wars fought by members of the House of Lancaster and the House of York. Both houses were branches of the Plantagenet royal house, tracing their descent from King Edward III.

5. The rivalry between the house of York and the House of Lancaster started when King Richard II was overthrown by his cousin, Henry Bolingbroke, Duke of Lancaster, in 1399. But the Wars of the Roses actually began on May 22 th , 1455 with First Battle of St Albans when Richard, Duke of York and his ally, Richard, Earl of Warwick defeated the Lancastrians under Edmund Beaufort who was killed. York captured Henry VI. What was the cause of the Wars of the Roses? Why were they called the Wars of the Roses? The White Rose was the symbol of Yorkers supporters who opposed the rival House of Lancaster, whose symbol was the Red Rose of Lancaster. The opposition of the two parties, symbolized by the red and white roses gave the wars their name - the Wars of the Roses. The Wars of the Roses ended with King Henry VII who started the Tudor dynasty and symbolically united the White and Red Roses to create the Tudor Rose.

6. Family tree Henry VII (1457 - 1509) Edward IV Henry IV Henry V Richard III Henry VII I

7. ( 1312 – 1377) reigned 1327 – 1377 Son of Edward II (deposed_ and Isabella, a princess of France who would have inherited the French if it were not for Salix law. Hundred Years’ War (1337 – 1453) was fought in part to pursue Edward’s III claims to the French throne. He won major battles at Crecy (1346) and Poitiers (1356), but in the end lost much of the English territory in France that had been held since the time of Henry II and Eleanor of Aquitaine. Black Death (bubonic plague) devastated the English population during his reign (1348 – 1349) and the country suffered major economic and social upheaval. 13 children, including 4 sons who survived him. Edward III

8. Edward III, after a victory in the Battle of Crecy, laid siege to Calais and Philip VI of France ordered the city to hold out. Philip failed to lift the siege and Starvation forced the city to parley for surrender. Edward offered to spare the people of the city if any six of its top leaders would surrender themselves to him, Presumably to be executed. One of the wealthiest of the town leaders, Eustache de Saint Pierre, volunteered first and five other burghers soon joined him. Although the burghers expected to be executed, their lives were spared by the intervention of England’s Queen, Philippe of Hainault, who persuaded her husband by saying it would be a bad omen for her unborn child. This incident weighing royal authority against mercy would have been an example for Henry V. The Burghers of Calais Augusta Rodin, the Burgher of Calais, 1885

9. (1367 – 1400); reigned 1377 – 1400 Son of Edward, the black prince and Joan, the “ Fair maid “ of Kent During his childhood the country was ruled by a council of nobles headed by his uncle, Joan of gaunt, duke of Lancaster. With the help of his council the reign began well. During the peasants’ Revolt in 1381 young Richard showed poise. However the social divide between landowners and peasants would continue to fester throughout the 14 th century. Richard was not a warrior king like his grandfather, and gave too much attention to a small group of favorite Coutiers . This created tension between Richard and his royal uncles (dukes of Gloucester and Lancaster). Richard turned his attention from the long standing war in France to Ireland, where English overlords were threatened. in 1399 Richard became a tyrant, executing his uncle Gloucester and stripping his cousin Henry of Bolingbroke of money and lands he should have inherited from his father (John of gaunt, Duke of Lancaster ), and exiling him. Henry raised an army to reclaim his lost estates. Army nobles rallied to his cause, including Henry Percy, the earl of Northumberland (father of Harry “Hotspur” Percy). Richard delayed too long in returning from Ireland, was unable to counter Henry’s challenge, and was forced to abdicate. Deposed by Henry of Bolingbroke, and Richard was imprisoned in Pontefract Castle in 1400, where he “Died”. Richard II (1377 – 1400)

10. A diptych is a hinged, portable altarpiece On the left, the world of the living, it is drab. And the colors are rather lifeless. A forest provides a margin between this world and the world of heaven, which is filled with color. On the left are 3 saints, all dead, who have come from heaven to be with Richard II, the kneeling figure, as he presents himself and England to the virgin and C hrist child. The 3 figures are an allusion to the “Wise Men” and the Feast of the Epiphany (Jan 6 th ), which was Richard II’s birthday. So this is an “Adoration of the Magi” symbol. The two English kings, Edmund the Martyr and Edward the confessor, support Richard as a legitimate king. The Wilton Diptych Century 1395 National Gallery of Art, London International Gothic style The Wilton Diptych : Explained

11. Explanation . . . continued Edmund the martyr (reigned c. 841) was defeated by the Vikings in 870 and taken prisoner. He refused to give up his Christian faith and was executed, possibly by an arrow (his symbol). Edward the Confessor (reigned 1042 – 1066 ) was a simple man of faith who give his ring to a beggar when he had nothing else to offer. The ring was later returned to him through the intervention of St. John the Evangelist. The ring is a symbol of his piety and character. He built Westminster Abbey. John the Baptist is generally shown on art as wearing an animal skin and carrying a lamb (a symbol of Jesus as the Angus Dei, or Lamb of God). His presence gives Richard II religious support. Richard II’s personal badge was the white hart and he wears it. He was born on January 6 th . The Feast of the Epiphany, so the 3 “Wise Men” flanking him are symbolic of the pilgrimage to the Christ Child; the implication is that Richard II seeks support (as England) from the Holy Family. The right panel is vibrant with color, signifying that heaven is spiritually richer than earth. The banner of the red cross is both the emblem of St. George, the patron saint of England, and of the crusades in which Plantagenet kings had participated. In kneeling before the Virgin and Child as the banner is offered, Richard II is dedicating himself to a chivalrous ideal. This is in keeping with both the International Gothic style and with the concepts of Realism where ideas/ideals are the only things that truly exist.

12. John of Gaunt (1340 – 1399); 3 rd surviving son of Edward III ; 1 st Duke of Lancaster; father of Henry IV (Bolingbroke). Principal regent for Richard II during his minority, Gaunt was the Richest and most powerful of the royal Dukes; as the acting ruler of England, he was associated with the failed economic and social policies of his father Edward III. Patron of the arts, including of the poet Geoffrey Chaucer (whose wife Philippa was the sister of Gaunt’s 3 rd wife Katherine) ; also protector of John Wycliffe, the religious reformer. His considerable fortune and estates were declared forfeit to the crown in 1399 because Richard II had banished Gaunt’s heir, Henry of Bolingbroke.

13. (1366 – 1413); eldest son of John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster and Blanche of Grossmann, a major English heiress; father of Henry V. While a first cousin and childhood playmate of Richard II, Henry of Bolingbroke participated in a rebellion of nobles against Richard. Although spared at that time, he was later banished and his estates confiscated on his father’s death. Leads a rebellion to reclaim his own estates; captured Richard and forces his abdication and imprisonment. Takes the throne, bypassing the Richard’s designated heir, Roger Mortimer (House of York). Warrior king; crusader; suppresses the Lollard movement (followers of Wycliffe); puts down the rebellion of Henry “Hotspur” Percy, the Earl of Northumberland, with the help of his eldest son, Henry of Monmouth (Henry V). Henry IV (Bolingbroke)

14. (1386 – 1422); Eldest t son of Henry IV; born in Monmouth, Wales, so called Henry of Monmouth as a youth Treated kindly by Richard II during Henry of Bolingbroke exile; went to Ireland with Richard; returned to England when his father took the throne. As a young man he was both personally riotous in behavior and a very capable soldier. Different in domestic policy from his father and was more decisive in foreign affairs. Unification of the body of Richard II with honor, reconciled with the heirs of those nobles who had suffered under his father, and brought young Edmund Mortimer into royal favor. He was practical and took a wider view on issues, being both expedient and merciful. Consolidated power as the King of England and effectively accomplished what generations of his ancestors had failed to achieve through decades of war: the unification of the crowns of England and France in a single person. Henry V

15. What happened to the concept of the English monarch between Richard II and H enry V ? Medieval philosophy moved from Realism to Nominal's and the monarch becomes valued as a man as well as a head of state. The Richard II of the Wilton Diptych is an embodiment of the concept of realism in medieval philosophy. Ideas (such as honor or humanity) exist in their own right and are important generalization. Ideas exist; particulars do not exist independently of ideas. As monarch Richard stands for the honor of England and maintains its ideas. Henry V is a monarch who works within the concepts of Nominal's. This philosophical school says that particulars exist for themselves , not as manifestation of ideals. Each situation or individual has its own value. So Henry V is not the concept of honor, but an honorable man, he can, therefore, give value to other particulars (his subjects, specific battles) and be a role model as well as a monarch.

16. When Henry V died young, he left an infant son, Henry VI. During his childhood the government was in chaos with fiscal instability, corruption, lack of law and order, and the loss of much of Henry V’s lands in France. As an adult Henry VI was not a strong king and suffered from mental illness. Disaffected nobles turned to the York line who would have been the legitimate heirs had not Henry IV taken the throne from Edmund Mortimer in 1400. A civil war was the result, as the Yorks (white rose) tried to take the throne from Henry, the last surviving Lancaster (red rose). Edward IV and Richard III are kings from the York branch if the family who twice took the throne from Henry VI and his wife Margaret of Anjou during the civil war. Shakespeare tells the story of the first part of this family conflict (Richard II, Henry IV, Henry V) in four of his histories. He completes the saga of the actual War of the Roses in three early plays about Henry VI and in his great Richard III, thus covering the whole period 1399 to 1485. When Henry V died young, he left an infant son, Henry VI. During his childhood the government was in chaos with fiscal instability, corruption, lack of law and order, and the loss of much of Henry V’s lands in France. As an adult Henry VI was not a strong king and suffered from mental illness. Disaffected nobles turned to the York line who would have been the legitimate heirs had not Henry IV taken the throne from Edmund Mortimer in 1400. A civil war was the result, as the York's (white rose) tried to take the throne from Henry, the last surviving Lancaster (red rose). Edward IV and Richard III are kings from the York branch if the family who twice took the throne from Henry VI and his wife Margaret of Anjou during the civil war. Shakespeare tells the story of the first part of this family conflict (Richard II, Henry IV, Henry V) in four of his histories. He completes the saga of the actual War of the Roses in three early plays about Henry VI and in his great Richard III, thus covering the whole period 1399 to 1485. How does all this relate to the War of the Roses which began in 1453?

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