The Writing Process WR (1),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,.ppt

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1. The Writing ProcessThe Writing Process

2. Stages of the Writing ProcessStages of the Writing Process

There are several stages to the There are several stages to the
Writing Process. Writing Process. Each stage is Each stage is
essential.essential.

PrewritingPrewriting

Writing (Drafting)Writing (Drafting)

RevisingRevising

EditingEditing

PublishingPublishing

3. I. PrewritingI. Prewriting

Choose/narrow your topicChoose/narrow your topic

Determine yourDetermine your

AudienceAudience

PurposePurpose

ToneTone

Point-of-viewPoint-of-view

TenseTense

Explore your topicExplore your topic

Make a planMake a plan

4. Choose/Narrow Your TopicChoose/Narrow Your Topic

Your topic should pass the 3-Your topic should pass the 3-
question test:question test:
1.1.Does it interest me?Does it interest me?
2.2.Do I have something to say Do I have something to say
about it?about it?
3.3.Is it specific?Is it specific?

5. Determine Your AudienceDetermine Your Audience

Your Your AudienceAudience is composed of is composed of
those who will read your writing.those who will read your writing.

Ask yourself:Ask yourself:

Who are my readers?Who are my readers?

What do my readers know about What do my readers know about
my topic?my topic?

What do my readers need to know What do my readers need to know
about my topic?about my topic?

How do my readers feel about my How do my readers feel about my
topic?topic?

6. Audience continued. . .Audience continued. . .

What do my readers expect?What do my readers expect?

Standard Written EnglishStandard Written English

Correct grammar and spellingCorrect grammar and spelling

Accurate informationAccurate information

Logical presentation of ideasLogical presentation of ideas

Followed directions of the Followed directions of the
assignment!!!assignment!!!

What are my length requirements?What are my length requirements?

What is my time limit?What is my time limit?

What does the assignment consist of?What does the assignment consist of?

Is research required?Is research required?

What format should be used?What format should be used?

7. Determine Your PurposeDetermine Your Purpose

PurposePurpose is the reason you are is the reason you are
writing.writing.

Whenever you write, you Whenever you write, you always always
have a purposehave a purpose. Most writing fits . Most writing fits
into one of 3 categories:into one of 3 categories:

Expressive WritingExpressive Writing

Informative WritingInformative Writing

Persuasive WritingPersuasive Writing

More than one of these may be More than one of these may be
used, but one will be used, but one will be primaryprimary..

8. Determine Tone Determine Tone

ToneTone is the mood or attitude you is the mood or attitude you
adopt as you write.adopt as you write.

Serious or frivolous/humorous?Serious or frivolous/humorous?

Intimate or detached?Intimate or detached?

9. Determine Point-of-ViewDetermine Point-of-View

Point-of-viewPoint-of-view is the perspective is the perspective
from which you write an essay.from which you write an essay.

There are 3 points-of-view:There are 3 points-of-view:

First person—”I, we” First person—”I, we”

Second person—”you”Second person—”you”

Third person—”he, she, they”Third person—”he, she, they”

One of the most common errors One of the most common errors
in writing occurs when the writer in writing occurs when the writer
shifts point-of-view shifts point-of-view
unnecessarily!unnecessarily!

10. Determine TenseDetermine Tense

TenseTense is the voice you use to is the voice you use to
designate the time of the action designate the time of the action
or state of being.or state of being.

Present tensePresent tense

Past tensePast tense

Future tenseFuture tense

11. Explore Your TopicExplore Your Topic

Pre-writing Techniques:Pre-writing Techniques:

Brainstorming/ListingBrainstorming/Listing

FreewritingFreewriting

Clustering/MappingClustering/Mapping

QuestioningQuestioning

DiscussingDiscussing

OutliningOutlining

12. Make a PlanMake a Plan

Before you begin drafting your Before you begin drafting your
essay, you should make a plan essay, you should make a plan
(a roadmap).(a roadmap).

Review, evaluate, and organize Review, evaluate, and organize
ideas written in your pre-writing; ideas written in your pre-writing;
then make a plan for your essay’sthen make a plan for your essay’s

Thesis statementThesis statement

SupportSupport

OrderOrder

StructureStructure

13. Thesis StatementThesis Statement

The The thesis statementthesis statement expresses expresses
the MAIN IDEA of your essay, the MAIN IDEA of your essay,
the central point that your essay the central point that your essay
develops/supports.develops/supports.

14. Thesis continued. . .Thesis continued. . .

Your thesis SHOULD:Your thesis SHOULD:

Accurately predict your essay’s Accurately predict your essay’s
direction, emphasis, and scopedirection, emphasis, and scope

Make no promises that the essay Make no promises that the essay
will not fulfillwill not fulfill

Be direct and straightforwardBe direct and straightforward

NOT be an announcement, NOT be an announcement,
statement of opinion, or statement statement of opinion, or statement
of fact.of fact.

15. SupportSupport

Be sure to evaluate the Be sure to evaluate the
information in your prewriting information in your prewriting
carefully in order to choose the carefully in order to choose the
bestbest support for your topic. support for your topic.

Primary Support—major ideas or Primary Support—major ideas or
examplesexamples that back up your main that back up your main
pointspoints

Secondary Support—Secondary Support—detailsdetails which which
further explain your primary further explain your primary
supportsupport

16. Support continued. . .Support continued. . .

Basics of good supportBasics of good support

Relates to main pointRelates to main point

Considers readers, i.e. provides Considers readers, i.e. provides
enough informationenough information

Is detailed and specificIs detailed and specific

17. OrderOrder

The Order is the sequence in The Order is the sequence in
which you present your ideas.which you present your ideas.

There are 3 types of order:There are 3 types of order:

Time (chronological) orderTime (chronological) order

Space orderSpace order

Emphatic order (order of Emphatic order (order of
importance: least-to-most, most-importance: least-to-most, most-
to-least)to-least)

18. Structure/OrganizationStructure/Organization

Consider how your essay will Consider how your essay will
be organized; then create an be organized; then create an
Outline.Outline.

Sample Outline of standard Sample Outline of standard
5-paragraph essay:5-paragraph essay:
A.A.IntroductionIntroduction
B.B.Body Paragraph 1Body Paragraph 1
C.C.Body Paragraph 2Body Paragraph 2
D.D.Body Paragraph 3Body Paragraph 3
E.E.ConclusionConclusion

19. II. WritingII. Writing

During the Writing Stage, you During the Writing Stage, you
shouldshould

Create your essay’s TitleCreate your essay’s Title

Compose a draftCompose a draft

A A DraftDraft is the first whole version of all is the first whole version of all
your ideas put together; it’s a “dress your ideas put together; it’s a “dress
rehearsal.”rehearsal.”

You should plan to revise your Draft You should plan to revise your Draft
several times throughout the writing several times throughout the writing
process.process.

20. Creating Your Title Creating Your Title

Your essay’s title Your essay’s title shouldshould::

Be originalBe original

Be a reasonable lengthBe a reasonable length

Reflect your topicReflect your topic

Be lively and attention-gettingBe lively and attention-getting

Your title Your title should NOTshould NOT::

Be generic/repeat the assignmentBe generic/repeat the assignment

Be in ALL CAPSBe in ALL CAPS

Be in Be in boldfaceboldface, “quotation marks,” , “quotation marks,”
underlinedunderlined, or , or italicizeditalicized

Be followed by a periodBe followed by a period

21. Titles, continuedTitles, continued

Capitalization Rules for Titles:Capitalization Rules for Titles:

Always capitalize the first letter of Always capitalize the first letter of
the first word and the last word.the first word and the last word.

Capitalize the first letter of each Capitalize the first letter of each
“important” word in between the “important” word in between the
first and last words.first and last words.

Do not capitalize articles (a, an, the)Do not capitalize articles (a, an, the)

Do not capitalize coordinating Do not capitalize coordinating
conjunctions (and, but, or, etc.)conjunctions (and, but, or, etc.)

Do not capitalize prepositions (on, at, Do not capitalize prepositions (on, at,
in, off, etc.)in, off, etc.)

22. Effective vs. Ineffective TitlesEffective vs. Ineffective Titles

Topic: Cheating in CollegeTopic: Cheating in College

Effective Titles:Effective Titles:

Cheaters Never Win!Cheaters Never Win!

Cheating in Higher EducationCheating in Higher Education

Why Do Students Cheat?Why Do Students Cheat?

Ineffective Titles:Ineffective Titles:

Don’t Do It!Don’t Do It!

CheatingCheating

Students Cheat for Many Different Students Cheat for Many Different
Reasons.Reasons.

23. Writing a DraftWriting a Draft

Basics of a good draft:Basics of a good draft:

Has a fully developed introduction Has a fully developed introduction
and conclusionand conclusion

Has fully developed body Has fully developed body
paragraphs, each containing a paragraphs, each containing a
topic sentence, at least two topic sentence, at least two
examples, and detailed supportexamples, and detailed support

Follows standard structure and Follows standard structure and
uses complete sentencesuses complete sentences

24. Write Your IntroductionWrite Your Introduction

Your introductory paragraph Your introductory paragraph
should do the following:should do the following:

Be a minimum of 5-6 sentencesBe a minimum of 5-6 sentences

Tell the audience what to expect Tell the audience what to expect
from your discussion (thesis)from your discussion (thesis)

Move from general to specific, with Move from general to specific, with
the thesis as the last sentence in the thesis as the last sentence in
the introthe intro

Get the reader’s attentionGet the reader’s attention

Set the tone for the rest of the Set the tone for the rest of the
essayessay

25. Introduction, continuedIntroduction, continued

Strategies for developing an Strategies for developing an
Introduction includeIntroduction include

Providing background informationProviding background information

Telling a personal anecdoteTelling a personal anecdote

Beginning with a quotationBeginning with a quotation

Using an oppositeUsing an opposite

Asking a questionAsking a question

26. Write Your Body ParagraphsWrite Your Body Paragraphs

Each body paragraph should Each body paragraph should
develop one of the specific develop one of the specific
points mentioned in the thesis.points mentioned in the thesis.

Each BP should contain:Each BP should contain:

Topic Sentence—main idea of BPTopic Sentence—main idea of BP

Primary Support—examples Primary Support—examples

Secondary Support—detailsSecondary Support—details

27. Body Paragraphs: Topic SentenceBody Paragraphs: Topic Sentence

A A Topic SentenceTopic Sentence expresses the expresses the
main idea of the body paragraph.main idea of the body paragraph.

Begin each body paragraph with a Begin each body paragraph with a
Topic Sentence thatTopic Sentence that

Narrows the focus of the paragraphNarrows the focus of the paragraph

Accurately predicts the direction of the Accurately predicts the direction of the
paragraphparagraph

Refers back to the Thesis statementRefers back to the Thesis statement

28. Body Paragraphs continuedBody Paragraphs continued

Body paragraphs must haveBody paragraphs must have

UnityUnity—everything refers back to —everything refers back to
main pointmain point

SupportSupport—examples and details—examples and details

CoherenceCoherence—all points connect to —all points connect to
form a whole; one point leads to form a whole; one point leads to
anotheranother

29. Body Paragraphs: UnityBody Paragraphs: Unity

UnityUnity is achieved when is achieved when
everything refers back to the everything refers back to the
main pointmain point

ALL SENTENCES SHOULD ALL SENTENCES SHOULD
RELATE BACK TO TOPIC RELATE BACK TO TOPIC
SENTENCE & THESIS.SENTENCE & THESIS.

Do not include any ideas that are Do not include any ideas that are
irrelevant or off-topic.irrelevant or off-topic.

30. Body Paragraphs: SupportBody Paragraphs: Support

SupportSupport is achieved through is achieved through
adequate examples and details.adequate examples and details.

Each body paragraph should include Each body paragraph should include
at least two examples to support the at least two examples to support the
main idea of the paragraph.main idea of the paragraph.

Each example should include at Each example should include at
least one specific detail that further least one specific detail that further
illustrates the point.illustrates the point.

31. Body Paragraphs: CoherenceBody Paragraphs: Coherence

Coherence Coherence is achieved when all is achieved when all
points connect to form a whole; points connect to form a whole;
one point leads to another.one point leads to another.

Coherence is mainly achieved Coherence is mainly achieved
through the use of transitions.through the use of transitions.

TransitionsTransitions—words & phrases —words & phrases
which connect your sentences so which connect your sentences so
that your writing flows smoothly.that your writing flows smoothly.

32. Write Your ConclusionWrite Your Conclusion

The concluding paragraph The concluding paragraph
shouldshould

Contain a minimum of 5 Contain a minimum of 5
sentencessentences

Refer back to the main point, but Refer back to the main point, but
not simply not simply repeatrepeat the thesis the thesis

Make an observation on what is Make an observation on what is
writtenwritten

NOT introduce any new ideasNOT introduce any new ideas

Create a sense of closureCreate a sense of closure

33. III. RevisingIII. Revising

RevisingRevising is finding & correcting is finding & correcting
problems with problems with contentcontent; changing the ; changing the
ideas in your writing to make them ideas in your writing to make them
clearer, stronger, and more clearer, stronger, and more
convincing.convincing.

Revising looks at the “Big Picture”—Revising looks at the “Big Picture”—
the Idea level.the Idea level.

34. Revision StrategiesRevision Strategies

Look forLook for

Unity Unity

Does everything refer back to main point?Does everything refer back to main point?

Does each topic sentence refer to the thesis?Does each topic sentence refer to the thesis?

Does each sentence in each BP refer back to the Does each sentence in each BP refer back to the
topic sentence?topic sentence?

Detail and support Detail and support

Does each BP contain at least two examples?Does each BP contain at least two examples?

Is each example followed by at least one Is each example followed by at least one
supporting detail?supporting detail?

Coherence Coherence

Are all points connect to form a whole?Are all points connect to form a whole?

Are transitions used to move from one idea to the Are transitions used to move from one idea to the
next? next?

35. Revision TipsRevision Tips

Take a break from your draft Take a break from your draft
before attempting to revise.before attempting to revise.

Read your draft out loud and Read your draft out loud and
listen to your words.listen to your words.

Imagine yourself as your reader.Imagine yourself as your reader.

Look for consistent problem Look for consistent problem
areas.areas.

Get feedback from peers.Get feedback from peers.

Get help from a tutor!Get help from a tutor!

36. IV. EditingIV. Editing

EditingEditing is finding and correcting is finding and correcting
problems with grammar, style, problems with grammar, style,
word choice & usage, and word choice & usage, and
punctuation.punctuation.

Editing focuses on the “Little Editing focuses on the “Little
Picture”—Word level.Picture”—Word level.

37. Editing StrategiesEditing Strategies

Keep an Keep an Error LogError Log to help you to help you
identify your problem areas and identify your problem areas and
improve your writingimprove your writing..

When editing, review your paper When editing, review your paper
for one type of error at a time; for one type of error at a time;
don’t try to read through looking don’t try to read through looking
for everything at once.for everything at once.

38. Editing TipsEditing Tips

Work with a clean printed copy, Work with a clean printed copy,
double-spaced to allow room to double-spaced to allow room to
mark corrections.mark corrections.

Read your essay backwards.Read your essay backwards.

Be cautious of spell-check and Be cautious of spell-check and
grammar-check.grammar-check.

Read your essay out loud.Read your essay out loud.

Get feedback from peers.Get feedback from peers.

Work with a tutor!Work with a tutor!

39. Self-ReviewSelf-Review

You should never move to peer You should never move to peer
review without first completing a self-review without first completing a self-
review (revising & editing); you want review (revising & editing); you want
your peer to look for mistakes that your peer to look for mistakes that
you were unable to catch yourself!you were unable to catch yourself!

After you have reviewed your own After you have reviewed your own
work, make the necessary work, make the necessary
corrections and print a clean, revised corrections and print a clean, revised
copy before moving on to peer copy before moving on to peer
review.review.

40. Peer-ReviewPeer-Review

It is important to make the peer It is important to make the peer
review process useful.review process useful.

Basics of useful feedback:Basics of useful feedback:

It is given in a positive wayIt is given in a positive way

It is specificIt is specific

It offers suggestionsIt offers suggestions

It is given both verbally and in writingIt is given both verbally and in writing

41. PublishingPublishing
Writing is communication—if
you have written something, you
must have intended for
someone to read it, even if that
person is only yourself.
 
When you publish a document,
you are releasing it to the public
for others to read.
 

42. PublishingPublishing
Not all of your writing will be
taken through the publishing
stage, but even turning a paper
in to your teacher constitutes
“publishing.”

So what do you do after you get So what do you do after you get
your paper back?your paper back?

This is an extra step in the writing This is an extra step in the writing
process known as reflecting.process known as reflecting.