THEORIES AND MODELS OF NURSING

ROYALTY TELEVISION

1. FUNDAMENTALS OF NURSING UNIT:4 THEORIES AND MODELS OF NURSING 2/23/2021 JONES H.M-MBA/DMS 1

2. INTRODUCTION. Nursing models provide a knowledge base for nurses to practice in an efficient manner. They provide explicit frames of reference for professional nursing practice by identifying who the care recipient is, what the relevant environment is and what aspects of health are to be considered. THEORIES AND MODELS OF NURSING 2/23/2021 JONES H.M-MBA/DMS 2

3. The nursing theories on the other hand specify innovative goals for nursing practice, they also give ideas to improve practice and coordinate care. DEFINITION OF KEY TERMS Model ” A symbolic representation of concepts or variables and interrelation among them” Polit and Hungler (1995). Concept “An image or idea held in the mind” Baillie’re Nurses dictionary (2005). or THEORIES AND MODELS OF NURSING 2/23/2021 JONES H.M-MBA/DMS 3

4. The nursing theories on the other hand specify innovative goals for nursing practice, they also give ideas to improve practice and coordinate care. DEFINITION OF KEY TERMS Model ” A symbolic representation of concepts or variables and interrelation among them” Polit and Hungler (1995). Concept “An image or idea held in the mind” Baillie’re Nurses dictionary (2005). or THEORIES AND MODELS OF NURSING 2/23/2021 JONES H.M-MBA/DMS 4

5. A concept is a mental image of event or reality. Model of Nursing “A systematically constructed, scientifically based and logically related set of concepts which identify the essential components of nursing practice together with the theoretical basis of theseconcepts and values required for their use by the practitioner” (Chalmers and Aggletone,1986). THEORIES AND MODELS OF NURSING 2/23/2021 JONES H.M-MBA/DMS 5

6. HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES Until fairly recently, nursing science was derived principally from social, biologic, and medical science theories. However, from the 1950s to the present, an increasing number of nursing theorists have developed models of nursing that provide bases for the development of nursing theories and nursing knowledge. THEORIES AND MODELS OF NURSING 2/23/2021 JONES H.M-MBA/DMS 6

7. Theory is a set of concepts and definitions, relationships, and assumptions that project a systematic view of phenomena (Fawcett, 1995). Nursing theory It is the conceptualization of some aspects of nursing communicated for the purpose of describing, explaining, predicting and or prescribing nursing care ( Meleis ,1997). THEORIES AND MODELS OF NURSING 2/23/2021 JONES H.M-MBA/DMS 7

8. Nursing theory is a group of related concepts, definitions & statements that propose a view of nursing phenomena from which to describe, explain or predict outcomes. WHY LEARN THEORIES ? Theory Guides the Professional Nurse in; Organizing and analyzing patient data THEORIES AND MODELS OF NURSING 2/23/2021 JONES H.M-MBA/DMS 8

9. Understanding connections between pieces of data. Discriminating between important and less pertinent data. Making sound clinical judgments based on evidence. Planning effective nursing interventions. Predicting and evaluating outcomes of interventions. THEORIES AND MODELS OF NURSING 2/23/2021 JONES H.M-MBA/DMS 9

10. TYPES OF NURSING MODELS AND THEIR APPLICATION. 1. OREM’S NURSING MODEL Proposed by Dorothea Elizabeth Orem in the 1970s. It is also refered to as the self care model. Dorothea Orem’s theory is composed of three related theories which are theory of self-care, theory of self-care deficit and the theory of nursing systems. Orem identified universal self care needs THEORIES AND MODELS OF NURSING 2/23/2021 JONES H.M-MBA/DMS 10

11. which need to be met for an individual to gain, restore, or maintain health. The model is commonly applied/ used in chronic illness. A, Theory of self care Implies the practice of activities that the individual initiates and perform on their own behalf in maintaining life, health and well being. Under this theory you address the universal self care needs. THEORIES AND MODELS OF NURSING 2/23/2021 JONES H.M-MBA/DMS 11

12. Universal Self-Care Needs (Requis ites) 1.The maintenance of a sufficient intake of air 2. The maintenance of a sufficient intake of food 3. The maintenance of a sufficient intake of water 4. provision of care associated with elimination processes and excrements. 5. activity balance with rest. 6.The maintenance of balance between solitude and THEORIES AND MODELS OF NURSING 2/23/2021 JONES H.M-MBA/DMS 12

13. social interaction ( time spent alone balances with time spent with others). 7)The prevention of hazards to human life, human functioning and human well bein g. 8) Being normal (Maintaining normalcy) Promotion of human functioning and development within social groups in accordance with human potential, known human limitations and the human desire to be normal. THEORIES AND MODELS OF NURSING 2/23/2021 JONES H.M-MBA/DMS 13

14. Self care agency You look at the individual’s ability to perform self care activities. Will the patient manage or will there be need for a self care agent.  Self-care Agent – refers to the person who provides the self care. ( the individual patient, the nurse or family member). THEORIES AND MODELS OF NURSING 2/23/2021 JONES H.M-MBA/DMS 14

15. B. Theory of self care deficit Self care deficit provides a guide for the selection of methods for helping and understanding the patient’s roles in self care. Self care deficit occurs when the demand to care for oneself is greater than the individual’s capacity or ability to meet it. It is the self care deficit that determines the need for THEORIES AND MODELS OF NURSING 2/23/2021 JONES H.M-MBA/DMS 15

16. nursing care. Nursing is required when the client is incapable of continuous and effective self care. Methods of help that can be used in meeting the self care deficit include; Acting or doing for Guiding Teaching THEORIES AND MODELS OF NURSING 2/23/2021 JONES H.M-MBA/DMS 16

17. Supporting Providing an environment to promote the patient’s ability to meet current or future demands. C. Theory of nursing systems Focus upon; The specific roles and responsibilities of the patient and the nurse in the nurse patient relationship. THEORIES AND MODELS OF NURSING 2/23/2021 JONES H.M-MBA/DMS 17

18. It specifies/ describes how the client’s self care needs will be met by the nurse, client or both. With this theory, the nurse determines whether there is a legitimate need for nursing care and if a self care deficit exists. It is also the time when a nurse plans care and identifies what should be done and who should do it. THEORIES AND MODELS OF NURSING 2/23/2021 JONES H.M-MBA/DMS 18

19. The nursing system can be wholly compensatory, partly compensatory or supportive educative. Wholly compensatory - when the nurse or caregiver does all care for patient. Patient is unable to care for themselves. Partly compensatory –when the patient can do some care for them self but still relies on the nurse or caregiver for THEORIES AND MODELS OF NURSING 2/23/2021 JONES H.M-MBA/DMS 19

20. assistance. Supportive educative - person is able to perform required self care, but can not do without assistance . Key Components of Care The nature of people Orem views a person as a functional integrated whole with a motivation to achieve self-care. For a healthy individual, Orem identified eight THEORIES AND MODELS OF NURSING 2/23/2021 JONES H.M-MBA/DMS 20

21. Universal self care needs that require satisfaction. The Causes of Problems Likely to Require Nursing Interventions Universal needs. Developmental- Conditions that support life processes and promote specific developmental stages( Infancy, childhood, adolescence). Health deviations. THEORIES AND MODELS OF NURSING 2/23/2021 JONES H.M-MBA/DMS 21

22. Nursing intervention is required only when individuals (or their relatives and significant others) are unable to achieve or maintain a balance between self care abilities and self-care demands. The Nature of the Assessment Process Orem Calls assessment ‘investigative operation’ The Nurse has to assess those demands being THEORIES AND MODELS OF NURSING 2/23/2021 JONES H.M-MBA/DMS 22

23. made on the individual for self care. Assess also the Individual’s ability to meet these demands. Assess the self care deficit and reasons for it which could be: Insufficient knowledge to respond to self care demands Insufficient skill to carry out the self care activities THEORIES AND MODELS OF NURSING 2/23/2021 JONES H.M-MBA/DMS 23

24. Motivation to achieve self care Assess whether the individual’s present state allows for safe involvement in self-care. Assess the patient’s potential for re establishing Self-care in the future. Orem emphasises the importance of involving the patient , family and significant others in the care. THEORIES AND MODELS OF NURSING 2/23/2021 JONES H.M-MBA/DMS 24

25. The patient or family member should be involved from the onset of care. The Nature of the Planning and Goal Setting Goals are patient centred. Short term, intermediate or long term goals can be set. Negotiate with the patient whether the nursing interventions should be: Wholly compensatory – act for the patient THEORIES AND MODELS OF NURSING 2/23/2021 JONES H.M-MBA/DMS 25

26. completely Partly compensatory- share certain tasks with the patient Supportive educative – consultative and facilitative The Nature of the Process of Evaluating the Care Given Evaluated in terms of the patient’s or family’s THEORIES AND MODELS OF NURSING 2/23/2021 JONES H.M-MBA/DMS 26

27. subsequent ability to perform self care. THE ROLE OF THE NURSE. Major role is complementary one Nurses may intervene in the lives of patients in order to: help the individual to sustain health recover from disease and injury or cope with the effects of disease and injury . THEORIES AND MODELS OF NURSING 2/23/2021 JONES H.M-MBA/DMS 27

28. 2. HENDERSON’S MODEL OF NURSI NG Henderson’s model of Nursing emphasizes the existence of both biological and psychological even social needs that can sometimes lead to a need for nursing care. Henderson came up with 14 fundamental needs for a person to stay healthy. THEORIES AND MODELS OF NURSING 2/23/2021 JONES H.M-MBA/DMS 28

29. 14 fundamental needs 1. To breath normally. 2. To eat and drink adequately. 3. To eliminate body waste. 4. To move and maintain desired posture. 5. To sleep and rest. 6. To Select suitable clothing (dress and undress). THEORIES AND MODELS OF NURSING 2/23/2021 JONES H.M-MBA/DMS 29

30. 7. To Maintain body temperature within normal range. 8. To keep body clean and well groomed. 9. To avoid dangers in the environment that cause injury to ourselves and others. 10. To communicate to others in expressing our needs, fears and dangers. 11. To worship according to one’s faith. 12. To work in such a way that there is a sense of THEORIES AND MODELS OF NURSING 2/23/2021 JONES H.M-MBA/DMS 30

31. accomplishment. 13. To play and participate in social activities/ recreation of your choice. 14. To learn, discover and satisfy curiosity that lead to normal development and health. ROLE OF A NURSE The role of a nurse is to maintain or restore independency. THEORIES AND MODELS OF NURSING 2/23/2021 JONES H.M-MBA/DMS 31

32. to meet the 14 fundamental needs and help. A person can fail to meet the 14 fundamental needs because of lack of skills, knowledge, will or strength. The nursing intervention will seek to replace, add, reinforce or increase the strength, knowledge, skill or will of the client to enable them meet the 14 fundamentals needs. THEORIES AND MODELS OF NURSING 2/23/2021 JONES H.M-MBA/DMS 32

33. 3. NANCY,ROPER& LOGAN THEORY This model is focused on activities of living which can influence man well being. It identifies 6 factors which can influence the health of man. These factors are; Biological factors, Psychological factors, Social-cultural factors, Environmental factors, Spiritual factors and Political factors. THEORIES AND MODELS OF NURSING 2/23/2021 JONES H.M-MBA/DMS 33

34. The activities of daily living are derived from these factors. The Nancy Roper Logan theory is mostly used in acute care settings. ACTIVITIES OF DAILY LIVING Maintaining a safe environment Communicating Breathing THEORIES AND MODELS OF NURSING 2/23/2021 JONES H.M-MBA/DMS 34

35. Eating and drinking Eliminating Personal cleansing and dressing Controlling body temperature Mobilising Working and playing THEORIES AND MODELS OF NURSING 2/23/2021 JONES H.M-MBA/DMS 35

36. Expressing sexuality Sleeping Dying. According to this theory a nurse must be able to help the client to maintain these activities in order to fulfill the basic needs. The nurse must prioritize the needs of the patient in relation to the condition. THEORIES AND MODELS OF NURSING 2/23/2021 JONES H.M-MBA/DMS 36

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