Theories of trade cycle

1. Theories of Trade cycle/business cycle Presented by: Pahul mahajan Pearl arora Rubbaljeet kaur Sagar pruthi Sakshi goomer Shivani bedi

2. Introduction of trade cycle It is a cyclic process It refers to ups and downs in the level of economic activity It is a period during which trade expands then slow down and then expands again

3. Phases of business cycle

4. Cont’d Prosperity or boom Peak Downturn or recession Recovery

5. Reasons for expansion Rise in national output Rise in consumer & capital expenditure Rise In the price of raw materials and finished goods Rise in the level of employment

6. Reasons for recession Due to Discrepancy between demand and supply Which Leads to decline in investment Decline in income Decline in consumption and production Employment rate falls Demand for consumer and capital goods decreases Borrowings decreases Unemployment increases

7. Reasons for depression INTRO- It marks the end of pessimism and beginning of optimism and the process begins in the labour market, phase of trough is reached Fall in the stock prices comes to end Optimism takes the way in the stock market Investment increases Employment gradually increases Recovery in production and wage income Consumption of consumer and capital goods increases

8. Reasons for recovery Employment is generated in construction sector Wage income further increases Consumption expenditure increases Factors of production are being fully employed Consumption of durable goods and variety items goes up

9. Theories of trade cycle/business cycle Climatic or Sunspot theory The psychological theory Innovation theory Monetary theory Over-investment theory Over-production theory Keynes’ theory

10. Sunspot theory Offered by Mr . Jevan . Trade cycles are caused by sun spots. Sunspots appear on the face of the sun. Almost at regular intervals of 10.4 years.

11. SPOT APPEARS SUN EMITS LESS HEAT CROP YIELD WILL BE LOW INCOME OF FARMER FALLS LESS PURCHASING POWER

12. Drawback Based on only agro based theory Good or bad crop can only be one factor of depression or expansion but they cannot account for all the features The trade cycle occur at regular intervals of 10.4 years, while length of the trade cycle is 7 to 8 years

13. The psychological theory Given by professor PIGOU Trade cycles are caused by the optimistic and pessimistic attitude of the businessman OPTIMISTIC Brisk businessman earn high profits and expands the investment and production Overestimate the future demand of goods and increase the production

14. Psychological theory (cont’d) PESSIMISTIC businessman puts less investment and less production Rate of employment and rate of profit decreases Supply exceeds the demand so price falls.

15. Drawbacks Considers only psychological views of businessman Ignore other factors

16. Monetary theory Takes money supply into consideration Deals with money expansion and contraction Money contraction - demand falls, rate of interest increases- decreased borrowings Money expansion – demand rises, rate of interest decreases- increased borrowings

17. Criticism Trade cycle is not purely monetary phenomenon It is world wide phenomenon

18. Innovation theory Innovation can be of various types 1-new product 2-new market 3-niche market 4-new technology 5-new source of raw material

19. Innovation theory Innovation leads to more production Ultimately increase in aggregate demand Further increase in income of business

20. Drawback of innovation theory The full employment assumption is unrealistic. Bank is not the only source of finance for every innovation in business. Many times the profits are ploughed back to finance innovations. Innovation cannot be the sole cause of business cycle.

21. Over investment theory Natural rate of interest is determined at a point where savings(voluntary)= investment if market ROI < natural ROI then,businessman demands more investment,capital,more prod.,more income,more labour,more demand

22. Cont’d If market ROI> natural ROI then reduction in capital demanded , less prod. , less labour , less income , less demand

23. Over prod. theory If economic system is capitalism,all the entrepreneurs wants to produce goods which are profit making Leads to high competition because of entry of new firms Profit making possibility : high Due to over production activity, initially everything increases

24. Cont’d Thereafter as a result firms starts withdrawing resulting in Less demand Less income Less production Less labour

25. Keynes theory 1)concept of marginal efficiency of capital( mec ) MEC:- rate where price of capital=yield from capital Example: buying of a machinery- how much return will we get in the coming years 2)Says that depression & unemployment is there because there is decrease in the aggregative demand.

26. Now aggregative demand can be increased: 1.investment 2.consumption and we know in short run consumption cant be increased….but so can investment SO,by controlling the investment, depression & unemployment can be reduced in the short run.

27. 3) Yield depends on the expectations (psychology):: yield is the only factor affecting MEC and yield is affected by the psychology of the entrepreneur….

28. Possible causes of trade cycle MEC & efficiency cant be the only reasons……… therefore al the theories have an equal impact on the trade cycle….