Theories of Urban Form or City Design.pdf

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1. THEORIES
OF
URBAN FORM
Presented by Lorraine Ronquillo
MMEP –PCU Graduate Studies

2. UNDERSTANDING
URBAN NSO censuses in 1970, 1975, 1980, 1990, 2000
followed same concepts of urban and rural areas
•According to these concepts, an area is considered
URBAN if (1970- 2003):
a.In their entirety all cities and municipalities having a
population density of at least 1,000 persons per km2
b.Poblaciónes or central districts of municipalities and
cities which have a population density of at least 500
persons per km
2
•There is no commonly-agreed
international definition of what
constitutes “urban”;
•it varies from country to country as
the United Nations has left it to
individual countries.
URBAN Definition In The Philippines

3. UNDERSTANDING
URBAN
c. Poblacionesor central districts (not included in above),
regardless of the population size which have the following
d. Barangays having at least 1,000 inhabitants which meet
the conditions set forth in above, and where the occupation
of the inhabitants is predominantly non-fishing.
•There is no commonly-agreed
international definition of what
constitutes “urban”;
•it varies from country to country as
the United Nations has left it to
individual countries.
URBAN Definition In The Philippines
All areas not falling under any of the above
classifications are considered rural.

4. UNDERSTANDING
URBAN
•There is no commonly-agreed
international definition of what
constitutes “urban”;
•it varies from country to country as
the United Nations has left it to
individual countries.
NEW OPERATIONAL DEFINITION
NSCB RES #9 (SERIES 2003)
•If a barangay has a population size of 5,000 or more, then
a barangay is considered urban, or
•If a barangay has at least one establishment with a
minimum of 100 employees, a barangay is considered
urban, or
•If a barangay has 5 or more establishments with a
minimum of 10 employees, and 5 or more facilities
within the two-kilometer radius from the barangay hall,
then a barangay is considered urban.
URBAN Definition In The Philippines

5. URBAN PLACE vs
CITY
•“Urban” is determined by physico-
spatial, economic, demographic
and cultural characteristics
•While modern concept of “city” is
defined by charter or Legal Act
after complying with income,
territorial size, population,
referendum requirements.
•City from civitat (community),
civis (citizen), Old French „cite,‟
in ancient Greece, ‘polis‟ for
city-state
Common characteristics of “Urban Place” and “City”
are that they are aggregations of people to better
realize some activities and perform vital functions.
Distinguishing characteristics of urban are:
•Populationsize
•Populationdensity
•Cultural
heterogeneity
•MultipleFunctions
•Level of
Administration
➔rural has relatively small population,
usually kinship-based.
➔rural population is dispersed, to be near
farms and fisheries.
➔rural culture is rather homogenous,with
strong socialcontrols.
➔rural tends to be self-contained, focused
on its own people & economy
➔rural is concerned only of its territory
while urban administers multiple
jurisdictions.

6. URBAN FORM
•The physical layout and organization
of a city.
•Encompasses the spatial
arrangement of buildings, streets,
public spaces, and infrastructure.
Influenced by factors like:
•Topography
•Historical development patterns
•Economic forces
•Social and cultural preferences
Importance of Urban Form
•Land Use: How different areas within the city are designated
and utilized (residential, commercial, industrial, etc.)
•Density: The concentration of buildings and people within a
specific area.
•Street Network: The layout and connectivity of streets and
roads.
•Public Spaces: Parks, plazas, and other areas dedicated to
social interaction and recreation
.
•Infrastructure
: The systems that support the city's functioning,
such as transportation networks, water supply, and waste
disposal.

7. THEORIES OF
URBAN FORM
•These theories attempt to explain
how cities develop, how their
physical and social structures take
shape, and the various factors that
influence their unique layouts.
Theory Planning Advocate
Concentric
Zone
Ernest Watson Burgess
(1886-1966)
Sector Theory
Homer Hoyt (1895-
1984)
Multiple Nuclei
Edward Ullman and
Chauncy Harris (1945)
Concentric
Zone –Sector
Theory
Peter Mann (1965)

8. CONCENTRIC
ZONE THEORY
(BURGESS)
•Ernest Burgess (1925)
proposed this theory
•City expands outward in
rings around the Central
Business District (CBD)
(Burgess Model/Bull’s Eye Model
/Concentric Ring Model
/Concentric Rings Model)

9. CONCENTRIC
ZONE THEORY
(BURGESS)
•Each zone has distinct
characteristics:
CBD: Commerce, finance,
offices
Zone in transition: Deteriorating
housing, warehouses
Zone Characteristics
Zone 1:
Central
Business
District
(CBD)
•”loop”district
•location of mosttertiary
employment and urban
transport infrastructure
making it the most
accessiblezone.
Zone 2:
Zone of
Transition
(residential)
•area of olderindustry
•low income and mixof
low-enduses
•near labor andmarket
•where transport
terminals (port and
railyards) are located

10. CONCENTRIC
ZONE THEORY
(BURGESS)
•Each zone has distinct
characteristics:
Zone of working-class homes:
Affordable housing for factory
workers
Zone of better residences: More
affluent neighborhoods
Commuter zone: Suburbs with
single- family homes
Zone Characteristics
Zone 3: Zoneof
Low CostHomes
Working Class
Residence Ring
(slums, contains
poorest segment of
urbanpopulation)
Zone 4: Zoneof
Better
Residences
High Class Apartment
and Single FamilyRing
(including shopping &
commercial) –white
collar workers and
middle classfamilies
Zone 5:
CommuterZone
(sub-urban and
semi-rural)
Middle classand
upper incomegroups

11. SECTOR THEORY –
1939 (HOMER
HOYT)
•Homer Hoyt (1939) presented
this theory
•City grows in wedge- shaped
sectors influenced by
transportation routes
•Sectors with similar land uses
develop along major roads and
railways
•Factors like prevailing winds and
topography can also influence
sector formation

12. SECTOR THEORY –
1939 (HOMER
HOYT)
– CBD
– Wholesale and light
manufacturing
(factories/industry) –
transitional
– Low-class residential (old
inner city area)
– Middle-class
residential
– High class residential
(modern suburbs)

13. Multiple Nuclei
Theory (Chauncy
Harris and Edward
Ullman,1945)
•Charles Harris and Edward
Ullman (1945) developed this
theory
•Cities feature multiple centers of
economic activity, not just a
single CBD
•These secondary nuclei can be
industrial hubs, university
districts, or shopping centers
•Transportation networks connect
these nuclei, facilitating
movement within the city

14. Multiple Nuclei
Theory (Chauncy
Harris and Edward
Ullman,1945)
1– CBD
2– Wholesale and light
manufacturing
3– Low class residential
4– Middle-class
residential
5– High-class residential
6 – Heavy manufacturing
7 – Outlying business
district
8– Residential suburb
9– Industrial suburb

15. Concentric –Sector
Theory (Peter
Mann, 1965)
1Structure of a city is a
complex interplay between
rings and sectors
(combination of Burgess
and Hoyt)
2Main feature: commuter
village separated from built
up areas

16. THEORIES OF
URBAN FORM
•These theories attempt to explain
how cities develop, how their
physical and social structures take
shape, and the various factors that
influence their unique layouts.
Theory Planning Advocate
Concentric
Zone
Ernest Watson Burgess
(1886-1966)
Sector Theory
Homer Hoyt (1895-
1984)
Multiple Nuclei
Edward Ullman and
Chauncy Harris (1945)
Concentric
Zone –Sector
Theory
Peter Mann (1965)