theory and practice of management MBA .pptx

Theory and practice of management .

1. Theory & Practice of Management

2. UNIT 4 COORDINATION AND CONTROLLING COORDINATION 4.1 MEANING Harmonious and unified action. It requires effective channels of communication.

3. UNIT 4 COORDINATION AND CONTROLLING COORDINATION 4.2 DEFINITION According to Henry Fayol , “To Coordinate is to harmonise all the activities of a person in order to facilitate its working and its success”. According to George Terry, “Co-ordination deals with the task of blending efforts is order to ensure successful attainment of an objective. It is accomplished by means of planning organising , actuating, and controlling. According to Neoman , “Co-ordination is a part of all phases of administration and that it is not a separate and definite activity”.

4. UNIT 4 COORDINATION AND CONTROLLING 4.3 NATURE OF COORDINATION Co-ordination is to harmonise various activities to ensure the objections of the business with minimum friction and maximum co- ordination an effort to reach business goals by means of planning, organizing and controlling The exercise of each managerial function involves co-ordination.

5. UNIT 4 COORDINATION AND CONTROLLING 4.4 ESSENTIALS OF COORDINATION Co-ordination is the synchronization of human efforts in an organization and management too tries to correlate various managerial functions for achieving business objectives. Every business function has some objectives. In order to achieve these objectives various activities are undertaken, some more important and some less important When various functions are performed by taking into consideration the integration of various activities, the results will be good

6. UNIT 4 COORDINATION AND CONTROLLING 4.5 PRINCIPLES OF COORDINATION Principle of Direct Contract Principle of Early Beginning Principle of Reciprocal Relationship Principle of Continuity

7. UNIT 4 COORDINATION AND CONTROLLING 4.6 IMPORTANCE OF COORDINATION Better Personnel Relations Unity of Direction Essential for Management Efficiency and Economy Helpful in Developing and Retaining of Personnel

8. UNIT 4 COORDINATION AND CONTROLLING 4.7 TECHNIQUES OF EFFECTIVE COORDINATION Goals are Well Defined Simplified Organization Effective Communication Effective Leadership Effective Supervision Co-operation

9. UNIT 4 COORDINATION AND CONTROLLING 4.8 PROCESS OF COORDINATION Through Planning Through Organization Through Directing Through Controlling Through Staffing Through Proper Communication

10. UNIT 4 COORDINATION AND CONTROLLING CONTROLLING 4.9 MEANING A process that measures current performance and guides it towards some predetermined objectives. Under primitive management, when something went wrong and the objectives of control was to reprimand the person responsible for these events and take action against him.

11. UNIT 4 COORDINATION AND CONTROLLING 4.10 DEFINITIONS OF CONTROLLING According to Breach.- "Control is checking current performance against predetermined standards contained in the plans, with a view to ensuring adequate progress and satisfactory performance." According to George R Terry - "Controlling is determining what is being accomplished i.e., evaluating the performance and if necessary, applying corrective measures so that the performance takes place according to plans." According to Billy E Goetz - "Management control seeks to compel events to conform plans". According to Robert N Anthony - "Management control is the process by which managers assure that resources are obtained and used effectively and efficiently."

12. UNIT 4 COORDINATION AND CONTROLLING 4.11 CHARACTERISTICS OF CONTROLLING Control is the function of every manager. Control leads to appraisal of past activities. Control is linked with future, as past cannot be controlled. Control implies taking corrective measures. Control can be exercised only with reference to and or the basis of plans. To some people, control is opposite of freedom. Information or feedback is the guide to control. Control is a continuous activity.

13. UNIT 4 COORDINATION AND CONTROLLING 4.12 STEPS IN CONTROL PROCESS Establishing standards. Measuring and comparing actual results against standards. Taking corrective action.

14. UNIT 4 COORDINATION AND CONTROLLING 4.13 TYPES OF CONTROLLING Future oriented control and Past-oriented controls.

15. UNIT 4 COORDINATION AND CONTROLLING 4.14 ESSENTIALS OF EFFECTIVE CONTROL SYSTEMS Suitable Timely and Forward Looking Objective and Comprehensive Flexible Economical: Acceptable to Organization Members Motivate People to High Performance Corrective Action Reflection of Organization Pattern Human Factor Direct Control Focus on Strategic Points

16. UNIT 4 COORDINATION AND CONTROLLING 4.15 SCOPE OF CONTROLLING Control over policies Control over organization Control over personnel Control over wages and salaries Control over costs Control over methods Control over capital expenditures Control over research and development Control over external relations Overall control

17. UNIT 4 COORDINATION AND CONTROLLING CONTROL TECHNIQUES 4.16 MEANING To achieve objective firm has to devise a monitoring system which will keep the management informed about the implementation of its plans and policies. A control system should be devised to evaluate the performance of various segments of the enterprise.

18. UNIT 4 COORDINATION AND CONTROLLING 4.17 TYPES OF CONTROL TECHNIQUES 1. Traditional Control Techniques 2. Modern Control Techniques Budgeting and Budgetary Control Cost Control Production Planning and Control Inventory Control Break Even Analysis Profit and Loss Control Statistical Data Analysis Return on Investment Control Programme Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT) Management Information System (MIS) Management Audit

19. UNIT 4 COORDINATION AND CONTROLLING MANAGEMENT BY OBJECTIVES (MBO) 4.18 MEANING MBO provides for a regular review of performance. MBO is one of the techniques by which executives can improve organizational performance and effectiveness.

20. UNIT 4 COORDINATION AND CONTROLLING 4.19 DEFINITION OF MBO According to Koontz and Weihrich , "Management by objectives is a comprehensive managerial system that integrates many key managerial activities in a systematic manner and that is consciously directed toward the effective and efficient achievement of organisational and individual objectives. S.K. Chakravarty defines it as. "MBO is a result-centered, non-specialist, operational managerial process for the effective utilisation of material, physical, and human resources of the organisation by integrating the individual with the organisation and organisation with the environment." Pros Reddin says that MBO is the establishment of effectiveness areas and effectiveness standards for management positions and as produce conversion of all these into measurable time sound objectives linked vertional , and horizontally with future planning”.

21. UNIT 4 COORDINATION AND CONTROLLING 4.20 FEATURES OF MBO MBO is not merely a technique but a philosophy to management. various objectives of the organization and of individuals are collectively decided by superiors and subordinates. The corporate, departmental and individual objectives are used as a yardstick to measure performance. MBO provides for a regular review of performance. The objectives in MBO provide guidelines for appropriate system and procedures.

22. UNIT 4 COORDINATION AND CONTROLLING 4.21 PROCESS OF MBO Setting Objectives at the Top Clarifying Organizational Roles Setting Subordinates Objectives Recycling Objectives

23. UNIT 4 COORDINATION AND CONTROLLING 4.22 MERITS OF MANAGEMENT BY OBJECTIVES Better Managing Clarifying Organization Encouraging personal commitment Developing controls

24. UNIT 4 COORDINATION AND CONTROLLING 4.23 FEATURES OR DEMERITS OF MANAGEMENT BY OBJECTIVES Failure to Teach MBO Philosophy Failure to Give Guidelines to Goal setters Difficulty in Setting Goals Emphasis on Short Term Objectives Danger of Inflexibility

25. UNIT 4 COORDINATION AND CONTROLLING 4.24 PREREQUISITES FOR INSTALLING MBO PROGRAMME Defining Purpose Support from Top Management Training for MBO Programme Participation Feedback

26. UNIT 4 COORDINATION AND CONTROLLING QUESTIONS What are the techniques of effective co-ordination? Define controlling and discuss its characteristics. Discuss various control Techniques. Define MBO and describe its features. What is the process of MBO?