thermodynmic easy concepts and exericse.pdf

thermodynamics

1. Context questions scene 2
Read the extracts given below and answer the questions that follow:
1. DUNCAN: What bloody man is that? He can report,
As seemed by his plight, of the revolt
The newest state.
a. Who is Duncan addressing the question to in the first line of the extract? What answer does he get?
Answer: Duncan is addressing the question to Malcolm. He gets the answer that the bloody man is a sergeant who fought against his captivity.
b. Who was the traitor in the battle? What did Macbeth do to the traitor?
Answer: The traitor in the battle was the Thane of Cawdor. Macbeth fought bravely against him and executed him.
c. Describe the manner in which Macbeth took his revenge on the traitor.
Answer: Macbeth along with Banquo fought like a canon loaded with double charge of shots; they redoubled their attacks on the enemy and seemed to bathe in the blood
of the enemies, creating a field of skulls (referred as Golgotha).
d. What report did Ross give?
Answer: Ross reported that the Thane of Cawdor had been defeated and that the Norwegian king, Sweno, had started a new assault. However, Macbeth and Banquo fought
bravely and won the day.
e. How did the report of Ross differ from the report of the bleeding Sergeant?
Answer: The bleeding Sergeant reported the bravery of Macbeth in the battle against the Thane of Cawdor. Ross, on the other hand, reported the subsequent events,
including the new assault by the Norwegian king and the final victory of Macbeth and Banquo.
2. Yes, as sparrows, eagles or the hare the lion.
If I say sooth, I must report they were
As cannons over char’g with double cracks;
So they doubly redoubled strokes upon the foe.
a. Who is the speaker? What question was asked to him? What is the irony involved in his answer?
Answer: The speaker is the Sergeant. He was asked by Duncan to report on the battle. The irony in his answer lies in the comparison of Macbeth and Banquo to “sparrows,
eagles or the hare the lion.” Despite being outnumbered and seemingly weaker (like sparrows or hares), they fought fiercely and bravely, overpowering their enemies (like
eagles or lions).
b. What was reported about the two generals? Who were they? How were they rewarded by the king of Scotland?

2. Answer: The two generals, Macbeth and Banquo, were reported to have fought bravely and fiercely in the battle. They were compared to cannons loaded with double
cracks, indicating their powerful and impactful performance in the battle. The King of Scotland, Duncan, rewarded Macbeth by giving him the title of the traitor he defeated,
the Thane of Cawdor.
c. Why is Golgatha referred to after the extract? What is the allusion referred to by Golgatha?
Answer: Golgatha is referred to as the place where Macbeth fought like a hero and killed the traitor. The allusion to Golgatha, also known as the place of the skull, is a
biblical reference to the place outside Jerusalem where Jesus was crucified. It symbolizes a place of great suffering and sacrifice.


d. What did the speaker crave for? Why?
Answer: The speaker, the Sergeant, craved for a drink to quench his thirst. He had been wounded in the battle and was losing blood, which made him thirsty.
e. Who was the other person who came back with a report? What did he say to greet the King?
Answer: The other person who came back with a report was Ross. He greeted the King by saying “God save the King”, a traditional greeting for the monarch.
3. DUNCAN: No more that Thane of Cawdor shall deceive
Our bosom interest. Go pronounce his present death,
And with his former title greet Macbeth.
ROSS: I’ll see it done.
DUNCAN: What he hath lost, Macbeth had won.
a. What had the Thane of Cawdor done to “deceive our bosom interest “?
Answer: The Thane of Cawdor had betrayed King Duncan and Scotland by aligning with Norway in the battle. This act of treason was the deception against Duncan’s “bosom
interest,” or the matters close to his heart, namely the safety and well-being of his kingdom.
b. What is meant by “bosom interest be”? What does King Duncan order to do with the Thane of Cawdor? Describe the irony involved in Duncan’s order.
Answer: “Bosom interest” refers to matters that are deeply personal or of great concern to someone. In this case, it refers to King Duncan’s deep concern for the welfare of
his kingdom. Duncan orders the execution of the Thane of Cawdor for his treason. The irony lies in the fact that Duncan then bestows the title of Thane of Cawdor on
Macbeth, who will also betray him.
c. What does King Duncan mean to say in the last lines of the extract?
Answer: In the last line of the extract, “What he hath lost, noble Macbeth hath won,” King Duncan means that what the Thane of Cawdor has lost due to his treason,
Macbeth has won due to his bravery and loyalty. The title of Thane of Cawdor, which is stripped from the traitor, is given to Macbeth as a reward for his heroism in battle.

3. d. What did the King of Norway crave preceding the extract?
Answer: The King of Norway, Sweno, craved a treaty of peace. He wanted to bury his men in Scotland for a certain price, which indicates his desire for an end to the conflict.
e. Who is Ross? Who did he compare Macbeth’s valour to?
Answer: Ross is a Scottish nobleman. He compared Macbeth’s valour to that of Bellona’s bridegroom, implying that Macbeth fought as fiercely as the husband of the Roman
goddess of war, which is a metaphor for the Roman god of war, Mars.
Essay question
Q. Summarize the descriptions of the battle between Macbeth and (1) Macdownald and (ii) the Norwegian King as given by the Sergeant and by Ross, adding a comment
of your own.
Answer: The Sergeant and Ross both describe the battle, but they do it in their own ways based on what they saw.
The Sergeant starts by saying that it was hard to tell who would win the battle. Macdonwald, who had a big army, seemed like he might win. But Macbeth, who was very
brave, fought his way through the enemy and killed Macdonwald. He didn’t even say goodbye, he just killed him and put his head on the castle wall. Then, the King of
Norway started a new attack. But Macbeth and his friend Banquo fought back bravely. The Sergeant said that they were as scared as eagles are of sparrows, or lions are of
hares, which is a funny way of saying they weren’t scared at all. The battlefield was very bloody and scary, like Golgotha, where Jesus was crucified. After telling this story,
the Sergeant collapsed.
Ross came next and gave his own description of the battle. He said that at first, the Norwegian King’s flags were flying high, which scared the Scottish army. But the Thane of
Cawdor, who was supposed to be on their side, turned out to be a traitor. Even though it seemed like the Scottish army might lose, everything changed when Macbeth
stepped in. Ross said that Macbeth was like the husband of the war goddess Bellona, which means he was very brave. He fought against the Norwegian King and won, which
made the Scottish army victorious.
Both descriptions are very detailed, but the Sergeant’s is more dramatic, while Ross’s is more realistic. Ross’s description is probably more accurate because he saw the
battle himself. Both descriptions show that Macbeth is a great warrior, but they tell the story in slightly different ways. These differences aren’t very important to the overall
story of the play.



SCENE 1
Context questions
Read the extracts and answer the questions given below:

4. 1. ALL: Fair is foul, and foul is fair:
Hover through the fog and filthy air
a. Where are the speakers? Who are they?
Answer: The speakers are in an open field (referred to as “the heath”). They are the three witches.
b. Name the animals mentioned in the scene.
Answer: The animals mentioned in the scene are a cat (referred to as Graymalkin) and a toad (referred to as Paddock).
c. Explain the lines:
Fair is foul, and foul is fair
Hover through the fog and filthy air
Answer: These lines are spoken by the witches in the play, and they set the tone for the paradoxical and chaotic events that follow in the story. “Fair is foul, and foul is fair”
suggests that appearances can be deceptive, what seems to be good can be bad, and vice versa. This theme of the reversal of moral values is central to the play. The second
line, “Hover through the fog and filthy air,” suggests the witches’ association with dark, murky, and unclean places, symbolizing their evil nature.
d. Where do they plan to meet and whom? Who calls them?
Answer: The witches plan to meet on the heath after the battle is over. They plan to meet Macbeth, as indicated by the line “There to meet with Macbeth.” It is the third
witch who calls them to meet Macbeth.
e. What is the significance of this scene and what does it foretell?
Answer: The first scene of Macbeth serves as an introduction to the play’s themes of deception, chaos, and the reversal of natural order. The witches’ meeting sets the tone
for the rest of the play, suggesting that the events to follow will not adhere to the natural order of things. The witches’ plan to meet Macbeth after the battle foreshadows
the pivotal role they will play in his life, influencing his decisions and actions, and ultimately leading to his downfall.
2. First witch: I come Graymalkin
Second witch: Paddock calls
Third witch: Anon.
a. Where are the witches?
Answer: The witches are on the heath, an open field.
b. What is the first question asked by the first witch?
Answer: The first witch asks, “When shall we three meet again? In thunder, lightning, or in rain?”
c. Write in your own words the meaning and significance of the answer given by the second witch.

5. Answer: The second witch responds to the first witch’s question by saying, “Paddock calls.” This means that her familiar, a toad named Paddock, is summoning her. The
significance of this line is that it shows the witches’ connection to the supernatural and their animal familiars, which are often associated with witchcraft.
d. On what note does the scene end?
Answer: The scene ends with the witches chanting their paradoxical mantra, “Fair is foul, and foul is fair,” and planning to fly away through the fog and filthy air. This sets a
tone of ambiguity, deception, and chaos for the rest of the play.
e. Who are Graymalkin and Paddock?
Answer: Graymalkin and Paddock are the familiars of the witches. Graymalkin is a cat, the familiar of the first witch, and Paddock is a toad, the familiar of the second witch.
These familiars are spirits in animal form that serve the witches.
Essay questions
Q. “The first appearance of the witches strikes the keynote of the character of the drama”
Answer. These lines are from the first scene of the first act in the play “Macbeth.” The scene starts with a sense of chaos in nature, with thunder and lightning. The witches,
who represent disorder and conflict, meet in this stormy setting on a barren heath, adding to the eerie atmosphere. They speak in a mysterious way and plan to meet
Macbeth on the heath after the battle.
You might wonder why Shakespeare starts the play with the witches. The reason is straightforward. The play is a tragedy about the victory of evil, and this opening scene
sets the tone for the audience to accept this unnatural world. The witches create an aura of guilt and evil that persists throughout the play. Their cryptic conversations make
us uncomfortable, and from the moment we first hear them, we sense that they revel in evil for its own sake, turning what is fair into something foul.
The witches appear in a storm on a desolate heath, a place where evil reigns. The storm not only matches their strange appearance and rituals but also symbolizes the
current turmoil in Duncan’s kingdom and the chaos of battle and murder.