thinking and reasoning.pptxcccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc

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1. Miss . Kajal more M.Sc. nursing Tutor THINKING

2. P e o p l e thi n k - t h a t ’ s o b vi o u s . Human are rational beings & our rationality consists in our a b i l i t y t o thi n k & r eas o n . It is because of our capacity for better thinking that we are superior to other animals in learning & in making adjustment. During most of our waking hours, & even when we are a sl e ep & d r eam i n g , w e a r e t hi n ki n g , W h a t a r e y o u t hi n ki n g a b ou t r ight n o w . 2/6/2015 2

3. Thinking is an activity concerning ideas, symbolic in character initiated by a problem or task which the individual is facing, involving some trial & error but under the directing influence of that p r o b le m & u l t i m a t el y lea d ing t o a c on c l u s i o n o r sol u t ion o f t he problem. --------Warren Thinking is the organization & reorganization of current learning in the present circumstances with the help of learning & past experiences. -------- - V in a c k e (1 968 ) Thinking is the perceptual relationship which provides for the sol u t ion o f t he p r o b l e m . M a i e r 2/6/2015 3

4. It i s es s ential l y a co g n i ti v e a ct i v i t y . It is always directed to achieve some end or purpose. I t i s de s c r ib ed as a pr o b le m - s o lv i n g b eh a v i o r . I t i s a s y m b olic a ct i v i t y . I t i s me n t al exp l orat i o n i n s te a d of m otor exploration. It can sh i ft v e r y r a p i dl y . It i s i nte r n a l a ct i v i t y . 2/6/2015 4

5. P er c eptu a l o r c on c r e t e thin k ing Conceptual or abstract thinking C r e a t i v e t h in k ing L o g i c a l t hi n ki n g/ r eas o n ing Pr o b le m solvi n g C o n v erge n t V s Di v erge n t t h in k ing 2/6/2015 5

6. It is b a s e d on p e rc e p ti o n . Perception is the process of interpretation of sensation a cc o r d i n g to o n e ’ s e xp e r ie n c e . It is also called concrete thinking as it is carried over the p e rc e p ti o n o f a ct u a l o r c o n c r e te & e v e n t s . It is one-dimentional & literal thinking which has limited use of metaphor without understanding nuances of meaning. Being the simplest form of thinking, small children are mostly b e n e fitt ed b y this ty pe of t h i n ki n g . 2/6/2015 6

7. It does not require the perception of actual objects or events. It is also called abstract thinking as it makes the use of c o n c e p ts o r abstrac t i d e a s . It is superior to perceptual thinking's as it economizes efforts in understanding & helps in discovery & invention. It is ability to appreciate nuances of meaning. It is multidimensional thinking with ability to use metaphors & h y p o t h e ses a p p r op r i a t e l y . Language plays an important part in conceptual thinking. 2/6/2015 7

8. It refers to the ability for original thinking, to create or d i s c o v e r s o m e t h i n g n e w . It is the ability to integrate the various elements of the s it u a ti o n i n to a ha r mo n i o u s whole t o c r e a te s o m e t h i n g n o v e l. I n o t h e r w o rd s , c o g n iti v e acti v ity d i r e ct e d t o w ar d s s o me c r e a ti v e w o r k r e f e r s to c r e a ti v e t h i n kin g . Creative thinkers are great boons to the society as they enrich t h e kn o wle d ge o f m a n ki n d . The c r e a ti v e t h i n k e r t r i e s to a c hi e v e s o m e t h i n g n e w , t o p r odu ce s o m e t h i n g o r i g i n a l & s o m e t h i n g un ique 2/6/2015 8

9. It is the cognitive process of looking for reasons for beliefs, conclusion, actions or feelings. It is the process of drawing conclusions based on evidence. It is form of controlled thinking in which the thought process is directed consciously towards the solutions of a problem. Reasoning is the highest form of thinking to find out causes & p r e d ict e f f e ct s . An individual tries to solve a problem by incorporating two or m o r e a s p ects o f his p a s t e xp e r ie n c e . 2/6/2015 9

10. Cou nt… It i s c las s i f i ed i n t o ; Inductive reasoning: This is process of reasoning from parts to the whole, from example to generalizations. It is carried out generally within the field known as informal logic or critical thinking. Deductive reasoning: Th i s m o v es f r o m t he w h o l e t o p a r t , f r o m generalization to underlying concepts to examples. Formal logic is d e s c r i bed a s “ t he s c i en c e of d ed u c t ion . ” Abductive reasoning: It is cognitive process often involves both inductive & d ed u c t i v e arg u m en t s . 2/6/2015 10

11. It is a t oo l , s k i l l & a p r o c e s s . It is a tool because it can help you solve an immediate problem or t o a c h i e v e a g o a l. It is a skill because once you have learnt it you can use it repeatedly, like the ability to ride a bicycle, add numbers or speak a language. It is also a process because it involve taking a number of steps. You can engage in problem solving if you want to reach a goal & ex p e r i e n c e o b s t a c le s o n t he w a y . A t t he po int a t w h i c h y o u c o m e u p a g a inst a b a rr i e r y o u c a n en g a ge in a p r o b le m s o lvin g p r o c ess t o h elp y o u a c h i e v e y ou r g o a l. 2/6/2015 11

12. Count… Every time you use a problem solving process, you are increasing y ou r p r o b le m s o lvin g skill. A seven-step problem solving cycles; I d e n t ify t h e p r o b lem E x p l o r e t h e p r o b lem Set g o a ls L o o k a t a l t e r n a t i v es Sele c t a po s s i b l e s o l u t ion Imple m ent a po s s i b l e sol u t ion evaluation 2/6/2015 12

13. Convergent thinking is cognitive processing of information around a common point, an attempt to bring thoughts from d if f e r e n t d i r e cti o n s i n to a un i o n f o r c o mmo n c o n clu s i o n Divergent thinking starts from a common point & moves outward into a variety of perspectives. Eg; teachers use the content as a vehicle to prompt diverse or unique thinking among students rather than a common view. 2/6/2015 13

14. There are six levels of thinking / learning within cognitive hi e rar c hy o f b e h a v i o r s ; L e v e l1 : K n o wle d ge L e v e l 2 : C o mp r e h e n s i o n L e v e l 3 : A pp lic a ti o n L e v e l 4 : A n a l y s is L e v e l 5 : Sy n t h e s is L e v e l 6 : E v al u a ti o n 2/6/2015 14

15. It i n v ol v e r ecall of f a cts, p r i nc i ple s & te r m s i n the f o r m s i n wh i c h th e y a r e le a r ned. Key words: who, what, when, omit, where, which, choose, find, how, define, label, show, spell, list, mat c h, n a m e , r el a t e , tell, r ecall, select. E g ; When d i d ------------- - -- - -- - -- - -- - happen? Which one ? 2/6/2015 15

16. It r ep r e s ent t he l o w e s t f o r m o f und e r s t a nd in g . The student knows what is being communicated without relating it t o o t h er m a t e r ial o r see ing it in i t s f u lle s t m e a n in g . It demonstrates understanding of facts & ideas by organizing, comparing, translating, interpreting, giving descriptions & stating m a in ide a s . Key words: Compare, contrast, demonstrate, interpret, explain, extend, illustrate, infer, outline, relate, rephrase, translate, sum m a r iz e , sh o w , c l a s s if y . Eg ; W h a t fa c t s o r ide a s sh o w ------------ - ? W h i c h is the b est a n s w e r ---------- ? 2/6/2015 16

17. It involve the use of abstractions in concrete situation such as nursing or other specific situations. It is s o lvin g p r o b le m s b y a pp l yi n g a c q u i r ed k n o wle d g e , fa c t s, t e c h n iq u es & r u le s in a d iffe r e n t w a y . Key words: apply, build, choose, construct develop, interview, make use of, organize, experiment with plan, select, solve, u t il i z e , mo d el, ide n t if y . Eg ; W h a t w ou l d r e s u l t i f ------------- - ? C a n y o u ma k e u se o f t h e f a c t s t o ------- - ? 2/6/2015 17

18. It is e x a m i n ing & b r e a k ing in f o r m a t ion into p a r t s b y ide n t ifying motives or causes; making inferences & finding evidence to support generalization. Key words: analyze, categorize, compare, contrast, discover, dissect, divide, examine, inspect, simplify, survey, take part in, test for, distinguish, list, distinction, theme, relationships, f u n c t io n , m o t i v e , i n fe r ence s , a s s u m p t io n , c on c l u s i on . Eg ; W h a t a r e k e y p a r t s o r fe a t u r es o f ------------ - ? W h a t mot i v e is t h e r e ---------------- - ? What evidence can you find---------------? www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com 2/6/2015 18

19. It i s c o m p i l i n g i n f o r m a t i o n t o ge t her i n a d i ffe r ent w a y b y combining element in a new pattern or proposing alternative solution. Key words: build, choose, combine, compile, compose, construct, create, design, develop, estimate, formulate, imagine, invent, makeup, originate, plan, predict, propose, solve solution etc. E g ; C a n y o u p r opo se a n al t e r n a t i v e ---------- - ? C a n y o u f o r m ul a t e a t heo r y f o r ---------- - ? Wh a t fa c t s c a n y o u c o m p i l e ---------- - ? www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com 2/6/2015 19

20. It is presenting & defending opinion by making judgment about information, validity of ideas or quality of work based on a set of criteria. Key words: award, choose, conclude, criticize, decide, defend, d e t e r m in e , e v a l u a t e , ju d g e , jus t if y , m eas u r e , c o m p a r e , m a r k , r a t e , r e c o m m e n d , p r io r i t iz e , p r o v e , di s p r o v e e t c . Eg ; W h a t is y ou r op ini o n o f ------------- - ? Would it be better if---------------? H o w w ou l d y o u r a t e t h e ---------------- - ? www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com 2/6/2015 20

21. 1. Cl u tt er c r e a t es c onf us i on . G e t o rga n ized & w o r k w i t h a f r e s h c a n v a s . On an average, we spend about 45 minutes a day looking for t hi n gs e g ; Whe r e a r e m y k e ys? Keep only the current project you are working on in front of you. www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com 2/6/2015 21

22. Multi-tasking is highly over-rated & causes a loss of upto 40% efficiency. Get yourself one hour of focused seclusion to work on your important task. It will increase both productivity, creativity & morale. www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com 2/6/2015 22

23. Go to a gallery, pick up an art book or spend time with nature. 4. Th i s i s a best p r a c t i c e t h a t all o ws y o u t o v i su a l i z e & m a p y ou r p r o j e c t s, & s t r a t e g i e s . It i s als o a l i fe s a v i n g m e m o r y d e v i c e t h a t w i l l help y o u r e m e m ber mo r e & o rga n i z e y ou r t hin k in g . www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com 2/6/2015 23

24. When you have been working on something for more than an hour, you start loosing concentration & focus. S o , s t o p , get u p & w a l k a r oun d & t hen go b a c k t o y ou r w o r k . www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com 2/6/2015 24

25. T H I N K I N G I N R E L A TIO N T O L A N G U A GE A N D C O MM U N IC A TION Through the use of language, we can develop complex & a b s t r a ct c o n c e p t s . W e l e a r n t h r ou gh d i s c u ss i o n t h e e ss e n tial c hara ct e r i s tics o f con cept s . Language like thought is directed to some purpose or goal. It has a unity & organization about the goal. Language is the symbolic vehicle by which thought is carried. Language allow new learning to be communicated to others & s a v ed f o r f u tu r e g e n e r a ti o n s . The use of language – the communication of information. Language provides us with categories that we use to construct ou r v i e w of p e op l e & e v e n ts in the w o rl d a r oun d u s . www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com 2/6/2015 25

26. 1. Psychosis www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com 2/6/2015 26 2 . d elusion

27. 1. P s y c h o sis It is a m e n t a l d i s o r d er in w h i c h r e a li t y t es t ing is n o t intac t ; b eh a vior m a y viol a t e g r o ss soc i a l no r m s . It is just opposite to neurosis in which reality testing is intact & b eh a vi o r m a y no t vi o l a t e s o c ial no r m s . Many psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia, mania, d e p r es s ion e t c . c o m e und er p sy c h o s i s . It incl u d e v a r io u s d i s t u r b a n ces in t h in k in g . 2/6/2015 27

28. 2. D e l u sion It is false, persistent, irrational belief not shared by persons of same age, race, education standard which cannot be altered by logical arguments. Delusio n s a r e c lassif i ed into: P e r secuto r y d e l u sion D e l u sion of r e f e r e nce D e lusio n of influ ence D e l u sion of g u i lt H y p o c h o n d r i c a l d e lusion Nih ilist ic d e lusion D e l u sion of g r a n d e ur www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com 2/6/2015 28

29. REASONING www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com 2/6/2015 29

30. D E F IN A TIO N O F R E A S ON I NG Reasoning is step-wise thinking with a purpose or g o a l in mind. - (G a r r ett - 1968) Reasoning is combining past experience in order to solve a problem which cannot be solved by mere r ep r oduct i o n of e a rlie r so l ution s . - ( M a n n - 1967) 2/6/2015 30

31. N A TUR E O F R E A S ONI N G It i s a f o r m of lo g i cal th i nk i ng It is characterized by rigid control that keeps it in close cont a ct with r e a lit y . It is always directed towards the achievement of a specif i c g o a l. Reasoning does not occur unless a question has a r i sen f o r w h i c h the r e i s n o r ea d y a n s w e r . 2/6/2015 31

32. T Y PES O F REASONING Inductive Reasoning ( P r o c eed f r o m s p ec i f ic f acts o r o bse r v a ti on to g e n eral principles.) F o r e x am p l e , i r o n e xp a n d when he a t e d Deductive Reasoning ( P r o c eed f r o m g e n eral p r inc i p le s to s p ec i f ic situations) F o r e x am p les , m a t t er e x p a n d s when he a t e d ; ir o n is a f o r m o f m a t t er & th u s e x p a n d s when heated. 2/6/2015 32

33. Thank you 2/6/2015 33