Thinking - Psychology for Bsc Nursing

Types of thinking - Psychology

1. GROUP 5 Presents

2. TYPES OF THINKING

3. THINKING : DEFINITION

Thinking is a problem solving process in which we use ideas or symbols in places of overt activity .
-------- Glimer (1970)

4. TYPES OF THINKING 1. PERCEPTUAL /CONCRETE THINKING

2. CONCEPTUAL / ABSTRACT THINKING

3. REFLECTIVE OR LOGICAL THINKING

4. CREATIVE THINKING

5. CRITICAL THINKING

5. PERCEPTUAL THINKING • Simplest form of thinking.
• The basis of this type of thinking is perception ; interpretation of sensation according to one’s experience.
• Also called as concrete thinking.
It is carried by the perception of actual or concrete objects and events.
•It is thinking of a lower order
• Seen in children

6. CONCEPTUAL or ABSTRACT THINKING *It is an abstract thinking where one makes use of concepts the generalized ideas and language
*It economizes efforts in understanding and problem solving.

7. REFLECTIVE or LOGICAL THINKING *It aims at complex problems *It reorganizations of all the relevant experiences and finding new ways of reacting to a solution or removing an obstacles instead of simple association of experience or ideas . *It takes logic in to account

8. CREATIVE THINKING • created thinking is chiefly aimed at creating something new. • it is search of new relationships and associations to describe and interpret the nature of things events and situations. • it is not bound by any pre-established rules. • thinking of scientist or inventors is an example of creative thinking.

9. CRITICAL THINKING • Critical thinking is a process of higher order and well disciplined thought. • it involves the use of cognitive skills like a conceptualization, interpretation,analysis,synthesis and evaluation for arriving at an unbiased, valid and reliable judgement of the gathered or communicated information or data as a guide to ones belief and action.

10. TWO MAIN TYPES OF THINKING

11. CONTROLLED THINKING . Controlled and regulated thinking. . Close touch with reality. Examples: Reasoning, Problem solving, creative thinking

12. FREE THINKING . There is no restriction in thinking process . . Enhance imagination. . Help with problem solving. . Increases creativity.

Examples : Imagination, Day dreaming, Dreaming

13. REASONING It is one of the methods of finding solution to a problem

14. DEFINITION Reasoning is stepwise thinking with a purpose or goal in mind

15. TYPES 1 Inductive reasoning 2 Deductive reasoning

16. INDUCTIVE REASONING • Inductive reasoning is the process of reasoning that moves from specific observations to broader generalizations. • Involves moving from specific to general. Eg : Iron expands when heated; water also expands when heated ; air also expands when heated.

17. DEDUCTIVE REASONING • It is just the opposite of inductive reasoning. • In deductive reasoning we proceed from general principles to specific situations. • Eg : matter expands when heated; iron is a form if matter and thus expands when heated.

18. Problem solving *It is the process of overcoming difficulties that appear to interfere with the attainment of goal. It is a procedure of making adjustment in spite of interference

19. STEPS IN PROBLEM SOLVING 1.problem awareness :The first step in problem solving behavior of an individual concern his awareness of the difficulty or problem that needs a solution.

20. 2. problem understanding :The difficulties or problem experienced by the individual should be properly identified by a careful analysis.He should be clear about his problem. The problem should then be pinpointed in terms of specific goals and objectivesobjectives . Thus all the difficulties and obstacles in the path of the solution must be properly named and identified and what is to be got through the problem solving effort should them be properly analysed

21. 3.Collection of relevant information •In this step , the individual is required to collect all the relevant information about the problem through all possible sources. •He / she consult experienced people,read available literature,revive old experiences

22. 4.Formulation of hypothesis or hunch for possible solutions • In the light of the collected relevant information and nature of his problem , he /she explore various possibilities for solving one 's problem.

23. 5.Selectiom of a proper solution • In this step all the possible solutions are closely analyzed and evaluated. • It can help the individual to consider a suitable solution for his problem out of many possible solutions.

24. 6. Verification of the concluded solution or hypothesis : The solution arrived at or conclusion drawn must further be verified by applying it in the solution of various similar problems and only if the derived problems should the same be applied .

25. John Bransford and Barry Stein (1984)advocate five steps that are basically associated with the task of problem solving.They referred to these steps as 'IDEAL' thinking and arranged them in the following order: I- - identifying the problem D- -defining and representing the problem E- - exploring posible strategies A- -acting on the strategies L- - looking back and evaluating the effects of one's activities

26. Creative Thinking Creative thinking is a process in which the individual generates an original, unusual and productive solution to a problem. It is defined as personal, imaginative thinking which produces a new, novel and useful solution.

27. STAGES OF CREATIVE THINKING Stage I – Preparation Stage II – Incubation Stage III – Insight Stage IV – Verification Stage V - Revision

28. STAGE I - PREPARATION - The creative thinker formulates the problem and collects the facts and materials necessary for arriving at new solution. - Failing to solve the problem the thinker turns away from it either deliberately or involuntarily. STAGE II - INCUBATION - This stage is initiated when the creative thinker turns away from the problem.- During this stage the ideas that were interfering with the solution of the problem starts to fade.

29. STAGE III - INSIGHT- During this stage the creative thinker experiences sudden appearance of the solution to his problem which is termed as 'insight’

30. STAGE IV – VERIFICATION - During this stage the insight is tested to see if it satisfactorily solves the problem. - If not staisfactory , the thinker is back at the beginning of creative thinking process.

31. STAGE V - REVISION – During this stage any modifications needed are made. - The creative thinker never considers his solution as perfect or final. It is open for modifications or revision at any essential time .

32. • Thinks freely and independently •Creative thinkers •No restrictions

33. Only forms mental image about object or situations

34. Day dreaming • Impossible become possible •Develop power of imagination •Not to spend more time

35. Dreaming • Mental activity during sleep • some solve problems • some depends on what happened during the day

36. THANK YOU