third party evaluation of soil conservation schemes
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About This Presentation
third party evaluation of soil conservation schemes
Slide Content
INTERIM REPORT
oF
THIRD PARTY EVALUATION OF SOIL CONSERVATION SCHEMES
CARRIED OUT BY SOIL SURVEY & SOIL CONSERVATION
DEPARTMENT
oF
THIRD PARTY EVALUATION OF SOIL CONSERVATION SCHEMES
CARRIED OUT BY SOIL SURVEY & SOIL CONSERVATION
DEPARTMENT
(Chapter No. Title Page No.
¡introduction 5
11] Background 5
Objectives of the Evaluation is
3 Project Structure and Methodology 5
[Current sinus of the Project Is
[Baseline Data Analysis [7
2.1 Overview of the Projects (District Wise) [7
3|Primary Evaluation [7
3.1introdvetion and Purpose. 3
3.2 [Observation of Transect Walk (Dina Wise) [a
[Detailed Evalwat ise
“£1 flnwoduetion and Purpose 3
42|Kollam los
“Palakkad 12
“fal Koahikods im
45) Wayanad EI
5{Summary and Conclusion EZ
SA |SWOT Analysis har
5[Conciusion us
¡introduction 5
11] Background 5
Objectives of the Evaluation is
3 Project Structure and Methodology 5
[Current sinus of the Project Is
[Baseline Data Analysis [7
2.1 Overview of the Projects (District Wise) [7
3|Primary Evaluation [7
3.1introdvetion and Purpose. 3
3.2 [Observation of Transect Walk (Dina Wise) [a
[Detailed Evalwat ise
“£1 flnwoduetion and Purpose 3
42|Kollam los
“Palakkad 12
“fal Koahikods im
45) Wayanad EI
5{Summary and Conclusion EZ
SA |SWOT Analysis har
5[Conciusion us
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
Soil and water re the to most importan natural resources forthe Nations agricultural
and economic development. With the growing population and ever-increasing demand, both of
these commodities have become rare and valuable. Water sa limited resource in all areas of
development, including domestic agricultural and industrial sectors, and it will become even
more vulnerable in the coming years. The only way to boost agricultural production, especially
in rainfod areas is to conserve every drop of water through watershed-based planning and
‘management and wisely use this water for multiple purposes. A better knowledge of the impact
of different land development and wat ability
and variations in groundwater recharge will be provided by the concurrent evaluation of the
ongoing watershed development programmes in the State.
‘conservation methods on enhancing Water av
Department of Soil Survey & Soil Conservation has been implementing RIDF Schemes
with NABARD assistance since 1995-1996 from tranche 1 onwards. The main objective ofthe
scheme isto bring in improved and sustainable agricultural productivity in the identifica
watershed area by adopting soil and water conservation activities, Two types of projects are
taken up under the scheme viz. Watershod and Land Development Projects & Drainage and
Hood Control Projects aiming to the overall infastncture base of the project area for
facilitating beter agricultural production. The arable land works are implemented in
agricultural lands of he beneficiaries and drainage line works are implemented in common
land under each project. Administrative sanction was received for an outlay of 5482.73 lakhs
for 31 projects under RIDF XXI tranche, spread across the State and the works under all the
projets have been closed and by December 2022, Evaluation ofthese projets in terms of
Various parameters need to be carried out based on various parameters such as groundwater
regime, perennial low of water in sieams, increase in net and gross cropped area, change in
cropping pattem, enhancement in agricultural production and productivity during post project
period, availabilty of water during dry spells, ational area brought under irrigation, utility
1 structures constructed through the project, socio-economic impacts
employment generation and development in the agricultural and related sectors
of rain water harves
Perumaty Panchayat, located in Chittur Block of Palakkad District of Kerala State,
hich has been identified as overexploited with respect o groundwater. The aca is mainly a
semi-arid region as its located near to the border of Tamil Nadu, The Western Ghats Palakkad
Gap region is now deserted and dry as a result ofthe illogical exploitation of groundwater and
excessive reliance on it for domestic, agricultural and industrial uses. To increase groundwater
potential and ensure sustained eco-regeneration, the Department of Soil Survey and Soil
Conservation has suggested a number of natural resource management initiatives. These
include recharge pits, well recharge units, sit detention tanks, earthen bunds, moisture
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
Soil and water re the to most importan natural resources forthe Nations agricultural
and economic development. With the growing population and ever-increasing demand, both of
these commodities have become rare and valuable. Water sa limited resource in all areas of
development, including domestic agricultural and industrial sectors, and it will become even
more vulnerable in the coming years. The only way to boost agricultural production, especially
in rainfod areas is to conserve every drop of water through watershed-based planning and
‘management and wisely use this water for multiple purposes. A better knowledge of the impact
of different land development and wat ability
and variations in groundwater recharge will be provided by the concurrent evaluation of the
ongoing watershed development programmes in the State.
‘conservation methods on enhancing Water av
Department of Soil Survey & Soil Conservation has been implementing RIDF Schemes
with NABARD assistance since 1995-1996 from tranche 1 onwards. The main objective ofthe
scheme isto bring in improved and sustainable agricultural productivity in the identifica
watershed area by adopting soil and water conservation activities, Two types of projects are
taken up under the scheme viz. Watershod and Land Development Projects & Drainage and
Hood Control Projects aiming to the overall infastncture base of the project area for
facilitating beter agricultural production. The arable land works are implemented in
agricultural lands of he beneficiaries and drainage line works are implemented in common
land under each project. Administrative sanction was received for an outlay of 5482.73 lakhs
for 31 projects under RIDF XXI tranche, spread across the State and the works under all the
projets have been closed and by December 2022, Evaluation ofthese projets in terms of
Various parameters need to be carried out based on various parameters such as groundwater
regime, perennial low of water in sieams, increase in net and gross cropped area, change in
cropping pattem, enhancement in agricultural production and productivity during post project
period, availabilty of water during dry spells, ational area brought under irrigation, utility
1 structures constructed through the project, socio-economic impacts
employment generation and development in the agricultural and related sectors
of rain water harves
Perumaty Panchayat, located in Chittur Block of Palakkad District of Kerala State,
hich has been identified as overexploited with respect o groundwater. The aca is mainly a
semi-arid region as its located near to the border of Tamil Nadu, The Western Ghats Palakkad
Gap region is now deserted and dry as a result ofthe illogical exploitation of groundwater and
excessive reliance on it for domestic, agricultural and industrial uses. To increase groundwater
potential and ensure sustained eco-regeneration, the Department of Soil Survey and Soil
Conservation has suggested a number of natural resource management initiatives. These
include recharge pits, well recharge units, sit detention tanks, earthen bunds, moisture
conservation pis, bio fencing, retaining walls, check dams, ventilated crossbars, contour
\renches and alternate water sources with financial outlay of Rs. 5000 lakhs since 2029. So
far, an amount of Rs. 218.86 lakhs have been spent in treating an area of 740 ha by elevating
the groundwater table and converting the land from an overexploited zone to a critical zone.
‘The present evaluation proposes to assess the impact of soil and water conservation works
caried out in Perumaty Panchayath using a number of criteria, such as groundwater regime,
increase in nt and gross cropped arca, change in cropping patter, enhancement in agricultural
production and productivity, availability of water during dry spell, additional area brought
under inigation, socio-economic impacts and development in the agricultural and related
Monitoring and Evaluation (MALE) is recognised to be a key element in understanding
and effectively documenting the outcome of any programme. The concurren and post project
evaluation of the schemes by team of technical experts will how Bight ito the positive and
negative aspects ofthe activites / works carried out by the department. [the impact analyses
or development initiatives are curied out propery, they will be beneficial for beter resource
utilization in the future and forthe spread of information to other people as wel. I will aid in
the effective design and execution of programs forthe development of watersheds as well as
any necessary mid-cours adjustments tothe ongoing initiatives.
1.2 Objectives of the Evaluation
The primary objective of this evaluation study is to condact a comprehensive
assessment ofthe RIDF XXI projects implemented by the Department of Soil Survey and Soil
Conservation across Kerala. The specific objectives areas follows:
© To analyse the groundwater level variations due to soil conservation measures adopted
in he study ara and it effect om agricultural production,
Accordingly, the technical programme is formulated a follows
‘© Collection of groundwater data from observation wells maintained by the Groundwater
Department / Cental Ground Water Board.
+ Analysis the groundwater level variations due to soil conservation measures adopted in
the study are,
+ Evaluation of the effect of soil and water conservation measures on agricultural
production onthe basis of change in cropped area und erp production
Main items ofthe observation to be made
+ Present ground water level data
storial ground water level data
Satelite data (DEM and LANDSAT)
Present data on cropped area and cropping pattern
Historical data on cropped area and cropping pater
\renches and alternate water sources with financial outlay of Rs. 5000 lakhs since 2029. So
far, an amount of Rs. 218.86 lakhs have been spent in treating an area of 740 ha by elevating
the groundwater table and converting the land from an overexploited zone to a critical zone.
‘The present evaluation proposes to assess the impact of soil and water conservation works
caried out in Perumaty Panchayath using a number of criteria, such as groundwater regime,
increase in nt and gross cropped arca, change in cropping patter, enhancement in agricultural
production and productivity, availability of water during dry spell, additional area brought
under inigation, socio-economic impacts and development in the agricultural and related
Monitoring and Evaluation (MALE) is recognised to be a key element in understanding
and effectively documenting the outcome of any programme. The concurren and post project
evaluation of the schemes by team of technical experts will how Bight ito the positive and
negative aspects ofthe activites / works carried out by the department. [the impact analyses
or development initiatives are curied out propery, they will be beneficial for beter resource
utilization in the future and forthe spread of information to other people as wel. I will aid in
the effective design and execution of programs forthe development of watersheds as well as
any necessary mid-cours adjustments tothe ongoing initiatives.
1.2 Objectives of the Evaluation
The primary objective of this evaluation study is to condact a comprehensive
assessment ofthe RIDF XXI projects implemented by the Department of Soil Survey and Soil
Conservation across Kerala. The specific objectives areas follows:
© To analyse the groundwater level variations due to soil conservation measures adopted
in he study ara and it effect om agricultural production,
Accordingly, the technical programme is formulated a follows
‘© Collection of groundwater data from observation wells maintained by the Groundwater
Department / Cental Ground Water Board.
+ Analysis the groundwater level variations due to soil conservation measures adopted in
the study are,
+ Evaluation of the effect of soil and water conservation measures on agricultural
production onthe basis of change in cropped area und erp production
Main items ofthe observation to be made
+ Present ground water level data
storial ground water level data
Satelite data (DEM and LANDSAT)
Present data on cropped area and cropping pattern
Historical data on cropped area and cropping pater
1.3 Project Structure.
‘To ensure scientific rigor and inclusivity, the evaluation study is designed 10 be
implemented in two distinct but interlinked phases, covering both quantitative and qualitative
data collection methods
Phase I: Preliminary Field Assessment through Transeet Walks
In the first phase, a representative sample of 12 projects was selected—one from each
ofthe 12 districts where RIDF XXI projects were implemented, These projects were chosen to
ensure diversity in geography, ageo-limatie zones, and conservation activites. The activites
‘under tis phase include:
Field visits (Transect Walks) to each ofthe 12 sample projec sites.
‘© Visual inspection of structural interventions like check dams, recharge structures,
bunds and other physical components
+ Photographic documentation and rapid assessments of the condition, usage, and
community accessibility ofthe structures
+ Preliminary stakeholder interactions
immediate benefits and concerns.
local farmers and officials to understand the
‘This phase lid the groundwork for identifying key issues and gaining contextual
understanding of each si
Phase IT; Detaled Evaluation and Participatory Rural Appraisal
“The second phase involves an in-depth evaluation of the selected sample projects. This
includes both quantitative surveys and participatory tools such as:
© Structured household surveys among beneficiary farmers to collect data on land use,
‘cropping pattern, water availability, and income variations,
+ Interviews with departmental officials involved in planning and implementation 10
gather administrative insights and feedback
‘© Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) sessions in each selected location, involving focus
group discussions and matrix ranking exercises to asses the relative effectiveness of
diferent interventions from the community's perspective.
‘© SWOT Analysis at each site 10 understand site-specific challenges, botlenecks, and
potential.
Juation is guided bya set of core parameters, including:
+ Groundwater regime and water table changes,
‘© Changes in cropped area and types of crops
+ Rainwater harvesting and structure usability
‘© Availability of irigation and water during dry spells.
+ Socio-economic upliftment and employment generation,
s
‘To ensure scientific rigor and inclusivity, the evaluation study is designed 10 be
implemented in two distinct but interlinked phases, covering both quantitative and qualitative
data collection methods
Phase I: Preliminary Field Assessment through Transeet Walks
In the first phase, a representative sample of 12 projects was selected—one from each
ofthe 12 districts where RIDF XXI projects were implemented, These projects were chosen to
ensure diversity in geography, ageo-limatie zones, and conservation activites. The activites
‘under tis phase include:
Field visits (Transect Walks) to each ofthe 12 sample projec sites.
‘© Visual inspection of structural interventions like check dams, recharge structures,
bunds and other physical components
+ Photographic documentation and rapid assessments of the condition, usage, and
community accessibility ofthe structures
+ Preliminary stakeholder interactions
immediate benefits and concerns.
local farmers and officials to understand the
‘This phase lid the groundwork for identifying key issues and gaining contextual
understanding of each si
Phase IT; Detaled Evaluation and Participatory Rural Appraisal
“The second phase involves an in-depth evaluation of the selected sample projects. This
includes both quantitative surveys and participatory tools such as:
© Structured household surveys among beneficiary farmers to collect data on land use,
‘cropping pattern, water availability, and income variations,
+ Interviews with departmental officials involved in planning and implementation 10
gather administrative insights and feedback
‘© Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) sessions in each selected location, involving focus
group discussions and matrix ranking exercises to asses the relative effectiveness of
diferent interventions from the community's perspective.
‘© SWOT Analysis at each site 10 understand site-specific challenges, botlenecks, and
potential.
Juation is guided bya set of core parameters, including:
+ Groundwater regime and water table changes,
‘© Changes in cropped area and types of crops
+ Rainwater harvesting and structure usability
‘© Availability of irigation and water during dry spells.
+ Socio-economic upliftment and employment generation,
s
1.4 Current Status ofthe Project
As of the submission of this interim report, the project is midway through its
implementation. The following milestones have been completed:
© Selection and transet walk inspection of all 12 sample projet si
+ Detailed evaluations of 4 sample projects located in the districts of Wayanad,
Kozhikode, Palakkad, and Kollam have been completed
+ PRA sessions and stnctured data collection have been conducted in the above-
mentioned districts.
+ Initial data entry and analysis of beneficiary survey responses and departmental
feedback are underway.
‘The remaining detailed evaluations in the remaining $ disricis are scheduled to be
completed inthe forthcoming months, following the same methodology adopted in the first
our district
As of the submission of this interim report, the project is midway through its
implementation. The following milestones have been completed:
© Selection and transet walk inspection of all 12 sample projet si
+ Detailed evaluations of 4 sample projects located in the districts of Wayanad,
Kozhikode, Palakkad, and Kollam have been completed
+ PRA sessions and stnctured data collection have been conducted in the above-
mentioned districts.
+ Initial data entry and analysis of beneficiary survey responses and departmental
feedback are underway.
‘The remaining detailed evaluations in the remaining $ disricis are scheduled to be
completed inthe forthcoming months, following the same methodology adopted in the first
our district
CHAPTER2
DISTRICT WISE BASELINE DATA ANALYSIS
2.1 Overview of the Projects (District Wise)
‘THIRUVANANTHAPURAM.
Thiruvanamhapuram districts contains 4 Watershed Projects namely
1. Mangulakkal Watershed and Drainage Line Management Project
11. Keerhperoor Watershed Project
IIL, Thevancode Watershed Project
IV. Kalivilakam Watershed Project
1. Mangalakkal Watershed and Drainage Line Management Project
‘The Mangalakkal Watershed and Drainage Line Management Projet, located in the
Vellanadu Block of Thiruvananthapurum District, was implemented with a Focus on holistic
watershed development to enhance land productivity, reduce erosion, and improve water
availability. The project spans across the ecologcally significan Neyyar River Basin covering
parts of Kulathummal, Veeranakavo, and Perumkulam villages, and the panchayats of
Kartakada and Poovachal. The projet encompasses a total area of 640 hectares, with varying
soil types including later, red soil, sandy clay, and loam. The area is characterized by
‘moderately high sol erosion and seasonal water stress
Agro-Climatic and Hydrological Profle
Soil Type: Laterite, Red, Sandy Clay, Loam
Drainage Type: Watershed, 640 ha
Erosion Status: Moderately High
River Basin: Neyyar
Water Sources:
Daains: 6 Nos
© Ponds: 3 Nos
DISTRICT WISE BASELINE DATA ANALYSIS
2.1 Overview of the Projects (District Wise)
‘THIRUVANANTHAPURAM.
Thiruvanamhapuram districts contains 4 Watershed Projects namely
1. Mangulakkal Watershed and Drainage Line Management Project
11. Keerhperoor Watershed Project
IIL, Thevancode Watershed Project
IV. Kalivilakam Watershed Project
1. Mangalakkal Watershed and Drainage Line Management Project
‘The Mangalakkal Watershed and Drainage Line Management Projet, located in the
Vellanadu Block of Thiruvananthapurum District, was implemented with a Focus on holistic
watershed development to enhance land productivity, reduce erosion, and improve water
availability. The project spans across the ecologcally significan Neyyar River Basin covering
parts of Kulathummal, Veeranakavo, and Perumkulam villages, and the panchayats of
Kartakada and Poovachal. The projet encompasses a total area of 640 hectares, with varying
soil types including later, red soil, sandy clay, and loam. The area is characterized by
‘moderately high sol erosion and seasonal water stress
Agro-Climatic and Hydrological Profle
Soil Type: Laterite, Red, Sandy Clay, Loam
Drainage Type: Watershed, 640 ha
Erosion Status: Moderately High
River Basin: Neyyar
Water Sources:
Daains: 6 Nos
© Ponds: 3 Nos
Main Crops:
Name of he rp areainne
Corona 30
Banana 20.
Rubber 10
Vegeiales, Papper, Tuber crops and
ES 50
Area in hectare vs Crops
BB.
7 ?
Key Problems Identified (Bassline)
crops
rosion in arable and sloping lands
Seasonal wate searcity especialy during summer months
Poor moisture retention and inadequate water harvesting infrastructure
Low irigation coverage and crop yield variability
Degraded drainage lines lading o water stagnation and gull formation
Name of he rp areainne
Corona 30
Banana 20.
Rubber 10
Vegeiales, Papper, Tuber crops and
ES 50
Area in hectare vs Crops
BB.
7 ?
Key Problems Identified (Bassline)
crops
rosion in arable and sloping lands
Seasonal wate searcity especialy during summer months
Poor moisture retention and inadequate water harvesting infrastructure
Low irigation coverage and crop yield variability
Degraded drainage lines lading o water stagnation and gull formation
Physical Interventions
a. Arable Land Treatment
b. Drainage Li
Intervention
‘Stone Pitched Contour Bund
Strip Terraces 8409 Nos
“Moisture Conservation Pts 739 Nox
Roof Water Harvesting & Recharging | 15 Nos
10 & Gully Treatment
‘Structure
Check Dam Type A Sm tenathy |4Nos
Check Dam Type B 2m lengthy | 6Now
Retaining Wall Type A (2m height) [25630 m
Retaining Wall Type B (1.5 m height) [$490 m
Reaining Wall Type C (1 mheigh) [2.5385 m
‘Retaining Wall Type C (1 m height) [3000 m
Ring Ponds 54 Now
‘Wate: Harvesting Sucre 1No
a. Arable Land Treatment
b. Drainage Li
Intervention
‘Stone Pitched Contour Bund
Strip Terraces 8409 Nos
“Moisture Conservation Pts 739 Nox
Roof Water Harvesting & Recharging | 15 Nos
10 & Gully Treatment
‘Structure
Check Dam Type A Sm tenathy |4Nos
Check Dam Type B 2m lengthy | 6Now
Retaining Wall Type A (2m height) [25630 m
Retaining Wall Type B (1.5 m height) [$490 m
Reaining Wall Type C (1 mheigh) [2.5385 m
‘Retaining Wall Type C (1 m height) [3000 m
Ring Ponds 54 Now
‘Wate: Harvesting Sucre 1No
IL. Keezhperoor Watershed Project
Project Overview
The Keezhperoor Watershed Projet, implemented in Chirayankeezhu Taluk of
Thinuvananthapıram District, covers a geographical area of 700 hectares, with a tratable area
of 600 hectares. The project spans the Kilimanoor Block, including the villages of Kilimanoor,
Madavoor, and Vellllor, and falls under the juridiction of Kilimanoor, Madavoor, and
[Nagaroor Grama Panchayaths It lis within the Poovanapara River Basin and focuses on
prehensive watershed development through soil and water conservation in moderately
exosion-prone zones,
Agro-Climatic and Hydrological Profile
Soil Type: Lateritic and Alluvial Soil
Soll Depth: 20 em
Erosion Status: Moderately High
‘Vegetation: Rubber, Coconut, Tapioca, Banana, Vegetables
‘Vegetation Density: Medium
Source of Irrigation: Pond:-based manual and flow irrigation (25 ha)
Water Sources:
Open Wells: 2,700
Tanks: 2
Ponds: 5
© Steams: 5
Water Table (from Ground Level:
m [pr
Terrain [P| Monsoon
om [som [530m
Down Hi [250m [200m
Cropping Pattern
Crop Type | Area Ula)
Rubber [345
a PE
Paddy [85
10
Project Overview
The Keezhperoor Watershed Projet, implemented in Chirayankeezhu Taluk of
Thinuvananthapıram District, covers a geographical area of 700 hectares, with a tratable area
of 600 hectares. The project spans the Kilimanoor Block, including the villages of Kilimanoor,
Madavoor, and Vellllor, and falls under the juridiction of Kilimanoor, Madavoor, and
[Nagaroor Grama Panchayaths It lis within the Poovanapara River Basin and focuses on
prehensive watershed development through soil and water conservation in moderately
exosion-prone zones,
Agro-Climatic and Hydrological Profile
Soil Type: Lateritic and Alluvial Soil
Soll Depth: 20 em
Erosion Status: Moderately High
‘Vegetation: Rubber, Coconut, Tapioca, Banana, Vegetables
‘Vegetation Density: Medium
Source of Irrigation: Pond:-based manual and flow irrigation (25 ha)
Water Sources:
Open Wells: 2,700
Tanks: 2
Ponds: 5
© Steams: 5
Water Table (from Ground Level:
m [pr
Terrain [P| Monsoon
om [som [530m
Down Hi [250m [200m
Cropping Pattern
Crop Type | Area Ula)
Rubber [345
a PE
Paddy [85
10
Area in Hectare vs Crops
0
200
z
10
id Faber ed cops Poot
crops
Key Problems Identified (Baseline)
“Moderate to high oil erosion, especially in sloping lands
Shallow soil depth wih limited moisture retention
Limited irrigation potential and high dependence on rainfall
Declining groundwater levels in uphil regions
Fragmented landholdings and mixed cropping challenges
Inadequate awareness of modern conservation practices among farmers,
"
0
200
z
10
id Faber ed cops Poot
crops
Key Problems Identified (Baseline)
“Moderate to high oil erosion, especially in sloping lands
Shallow soil depth wih limited moisture retention
Limited irrigation potential and high dependence on rainfall
Declining groundwater levels in uphil regions
Fragmented landholdings and mixed cropping challenges
Inadequate awareness of modern conservation practices among farmers,
"
Physical Interventions
A. Arable Land Treatment
[Work Type [Quantity (Nos /m)
[Stone Pitched Contour Bund [56.503,73 m? + 4199.70 ni + 1670.19 m? + 3080 m
rip Terraces [2785 + 387 + 1165 + 200 Now
[Moisture Conservation Pits [4217 +22 +9 + 1000 Nos
[Well Recharge Units 10 Nos
D. Drainage Line & Structural Works
Structure [Quantity
[Retaining Wall Type A 139220 Rm.
Retaining Wall Type B [68230 Rm + 85 Rm
(Check Dams [7 Nos
Side Pitching of Drains (1.5 m height) [424.50 Rm
(One Side Pitching of Drains (1 mheigh) _ [50390 Rm
€: Water Harvesting & Storage Structures
Structure Type [Quantity
[Water Harvesting Structure Type A 3
IRing-Type Strvtures [65 +9+16:+ 10 Nos
[Ramp (1.5 m Widih) 2 Nos
[Foot Bridge Eno.
12
A. Arable Land Treatment
[Work Type [Quantity (Nos /m)
[Stone Pitched Contour Bund [56.503,73 m? + 4199.70 ni + 1670.19 m? + 3080 m
rip Terraces [2785 + 387 + 1165 + 200 Now
[Moisture Conservation Pits [4217 +22 +9 + 1000 Nos
[Well Recharge Units 10 Nos
D. Drainage Line & Structural Works
Structure [Quantity
[Retaining Wall Type A 139220 Rm.
Retaining Wall Type B [68230 Rm + 85 Rm
(Check Dams [7 Nos
Side Pitching of Drains (1.5 m height) [424.50 Rm
(One Side Pitching of Drains (1 mheigh) _ [50390 Rm
€: Water Harvesting & Storage Structures
Structure Type [Quantity
[Water Harvesting Structure Type A 3
IRing-Type Strvtures [65 +9+16:+ 10 Nos
[Ramp (1.5 m Widih) 2 Nos
[Foot Bridge Eno.
12
Thevancode Watershed Project
Project Overview
‘The Thevancode Watershed Project, implemented across the Vellamad and
Perumkadavita blocks of Thiruvananthspuram Disrct, focuses on conserving sol and water
resources through integrated watershed development activities. Located in the Neyyar River
Basi, the project spans a total aca of 720 hectares covering the villages of Kallikkad and
Poovachal, I is aimed at improving agricultural productivity, managing erosion, enhancing,
and promoting sustainable rural livelihoods.
Agro-Climatic and Hydrological Profle
Drainage Type: Dendritic
Soil Types: Laterie Soil, Red Soil, Sandy Clay Loum Soil
Erosion Status: Moderately High
Vegetation: Rubber, Coconut, Arecanut, Pepper, Tuber Crops, Tapioca, Vegetables,
Banana, Betel Vine, Sugarcane
+ Water Sources:
Daains:9 Nos
Cropping Pattern
‘Crop Category ‘Area (ila)
Rubber 410
Vegetables, Pepper, Tuber Crops & Others | 160
Coco ©
Banana oo
Paddy 30
hectare vs Crops
E
Lu
&
== AB
8
Project Overview
‘The Thevancode Watershed Project, implemented across the Vellamad and
Perumkadavita blocks of Thiruvananthspuram Disrct, focuses on conserving sol and water
resources through integrated watershed development activities. Located in the Neyyar River
Basi, the project spans a total aca of 720 hectares covering the villages of Kallikkad and
Poovachal, I is aimed at improving agricultural productivity, managing erosion, enhancing,
and promoting sustainable rural livelihoods.
Agro-Climatic and Hydrological Profle
Drainage Type: Dendritic
Soil Types: Laterie Soil, Red Soil, Sandy Clay Loum Soil
Erosion Status: Moderately High
Vegetation: Rubber, Coconut, Arecanut, Pepper, Tuber Crops, Tapioca, Vegetables,
Banana, Betel Vine, Sugarcane
+ Water Sources:
Daains:9 Nos
Cropping Pattern
‘Crop Category ‘Area (ila)
Rubber 410
Vegetables, Pepper, Tuber Crops & Others | 160
Coco ©
Banana oo
Paddy 30
hectare vs Crops
E
Lu
&
== AB
8
Key Problems Identified (Baseline)
Soil erosion on sloping terrains due to sparse vegetation and conventional farming
Inadequate irigaion facilities and seasonal scarcity of water.
Low groundwater recharge potential
Degraded drainage lines and poor structural suppor.
Underatiized rainwater with minimal harvesting infrastructure.
Productivity constraints due 10 shallow soil and moisture sess,
Physical Interventions
a. Arable Land Treatment
Intervention [Quantity
¡Stone Pitched Contour Bunds 25,731.99 00
Strip Terraces 19585 Nos
‘Moisture Conservation Pits 1,373 Nos
b. Drainage Line & Water Management Structures
Structure [Quantity
[Ring Ponds (Wel [69 Nos
‘Stone Pitching [1452 Rm
(Check Dams - Type Bm) [6 Nos
(Check Dams Type @ m) Nes
(Check Dams = Type D 2m, Jungle Stone) |? Nos
[Retaining Wall Type À (2 m height) [324 Rm
Retaining Wall Type D (1.5 m height) 1,023.05 Rm
[Retaining Wall Type © (1 m height) (5447 Rm
[Retaining Wall Type D (13 m height) [494.5 Rm
¡Sol Erosion Stabilization Structure 1.000 km
[Roof Water Harvesting & Recharge Units [30++26= 56 Nos
‘Dugout Ponds (6m x 6n [2 Nos
[PCC 1:3:6 Top Laying (Concrete Work) 9.15
[PCC Formwork Aroa sm
Foot Slab 3
“4
Soil erosion on sloping terrains due to sparse vegetation and conventional farming
Inadequate irigaion facilities and seasonal scarcity of water.
Low groundwater recharge potential
Degraded drainage lines and poor structural suppor.
Underatiized rainwater with minimal harvesting infrastructure.
Productivity constraints due 10 shallow soil and moisture sess,
Physical Interventions
a. Arable Land Treatment
Intervention [Quantity
¡Stone Pitched Contour Bunds 25,731.99 00
Strip Terraces 19585 Nos
‘Moisture Conservation Pits 1,373 Nos
b. Drainage Line & Water Management Structures
Structure [Quantity
[Ring Ponds (Wel [69 Nos
‘Stone Pitching [1452 Rm
(Check Dams - Type Bm) [6 Nos
(Check Dams Type @ m) Nes
(Check Dams = Type D 2m, Jungle Stone) |? Nos
[Retaining Wall Type À (2 m height) [324 Rm
Retaining Wall Type D (1.5 m height) 1,023.05 Rm
[Retaining Wall Type © (1 m height) (5447 Rm
[Retaining Wall Type D (13 m height) [494.5 Rm
¡Sol Erosion Stabilization Structure 1.000 km
[Roof Water Harvesting & Recharge Units [30++26= 56 Nos
‘Dugout Ponds (6m x 6n [2 Nos
[PCC 1:3:6 Top Laying (Concrete Work) 9.15
[PCC Formwork Aroa sm
Foot Slab 3
“4
IV. Kalivilakam Watershed Project
‘The Kalivlakam Watershed Projet, situated in Thiruvananthapuram district,
encompasses the villages of Vazbichal und Outasekharamangalam, under the Perumkadavila
block and the Amboor and Ottasekharamangalam panchayaths. The watershed falls within the
Attoor River Basin and covers a total arca of 533 hectares, The projet aimed to address sil
srosion, improve agricultural productivity, ensure water conservation, and sustain rural
livelihoods through various watershed management interventions.
Baseline Profile
Parameter Details
Total Arca 533 hectares
Soil Type Laterie, Red soil, Sandy clay, Loam
Erosion Status Moderately Hi
‘Coconut, Rubber, Banana, Mixed crops (vegetables, pepper, tuber,
others)
Water Sources $ Drains, 1 Pond
Main Crops and Arca
fons larcainna
feoconut ol
[banana El
[uber 249)
[vegas
Ipeppr. tuber
lope and
lovers ss
15
‘The Kalivlakam Watershed Projet, situated in Thiruvananthapuram district,
encompasses the villages of Vazbichal und Outasekharamangalam, under the Perumkadavila
block and the Amboor and Ottasekharamangalam panchayaths. The watershed falls within the
Attoor River Basin and covers a total arca of 533 hectares, The projet aimed to address sil
srosion, improve agricultural productivity, ensure water conservation, and sustain rural
livelihoods through various watershed management interventions.
Baseline Profile
Parameter Details
Total Arca 533 hectares
Soil Type Laterie, Red soil, Sandy clay, Loam
Erosion Status Moderately Hi
‘Coconut, Rubber, Banana, Mixed crops (vegetables, pepper, tuber,
others)
Water Sources $ Drains, 1 Pond
Main Crops and Arca
fons larcainna
feoconut ol
[banana El
[uber 249)
[vegas
Ipeppr. tuber
lope and
lovers ss
15
Area in hectare vs Crops
200
10
2
crops
Works Executed
A. Soil and Moisture Conservation Structures
Quantity
Aer Executed
ca |
Strip Terraces ESTI
Moisture Conservation Pits ‘941 nos
B. Water Harvesting and Recharge
Quantity
Ant Executed
Roof Water Harvesting & Recharge Systems | 20nos
Ring Ponds 72:
Check Dams (Type À = Im) nos
€. Drainage Line and Stream Bank Treatment
Quantity
Activity Frs
‘One-side pitching for steam bank protection (DR masonry) — | 1130 Rm
D. Retaining Structures
ani
Tire Fm
HE Wall Type A Gm) [RI
Reiainng Wall Type B (Sm) 3054
Retaining Wall Type C (Im) 1545
16
200
10
2
crops
Works Executed
A. Soil and Moisture Conservation Structures
Quantity
Aer Executed
ca |
Strip Terraces ESTI
Moisture Conservation Pits ‘941 nos
B. Water Harvesting and Recharge
Quantity
Ant Executed
Roof Water Harvesting & Recharge Systems | 20nos
Ring Ponds 72:
Check Dams (Type À = Im) nos
€. Drainage Line and Stream Bank Treatment
Quantity
Activity Frs
‘One-side pitching for steam bank protection (DR masonry) — | 1130 Rm
D. Retaining Structures
ani
Tire Fm
HE Wall Type A Gm) [RI
Reiainng Wall Type B (Sm) 3054
Retaining Wall Type C (Im) 1545
16
KOLLAM
Kollam District includes 2 Watershed Projects namely:
1. Maruthamonpally Watershed Project
11. Aratukkadav Watershed Project
‘Maruthamonpally Watershed Project
Project Overview
“The Maruthamonpally Watershed Project was implemented in the Pooyappally and
Velinalloor Panchayaths of Kottarakkara and Chadıyamangalam Taluks, Kollam District.
Encompassing a total area of 460 hectares, with 400 hectares marked as retable, he project
aimed to enhance agricultural productivity. control soi erosion, and improve water resource
‘management in this semisloping and agrarian train. With a total outlay of 2112 lak, the
project was completed by 30th September 2022, and created 1,691 man-days of employment.
‘The project focused on soil and water conservation, drainage line treatment, and
agricultural development, ensuring environmental sustainability and improved livelihoods.
Key Project Details
Parameter Details
District Kollam
Taluk Kotarakkara & Chadayamangalam
Block Kotarakkara & Chadayamangalam
Panchayath Pooyappally and Velinalloor
Total Area 460 ha
‘Treatable Aroa 400 ha
Project Cost 212 lakhs
Date of Completion 30/09/2022
Employment Generated 1,691 man-days
Maintenance Agency _ Concemed Grama Panchayath
7
Kollam District includes 2 Watershed Projects namely:
1. Maruthamonpally Watershed Project
11. Aratukkadav Watershed Project
‘Maruthamonpally Watershed Project
Project Overview
“The Maruthamonpally Watershed Project was implemented in the Pooyappally and
Velinalloor Panchayaths of Kottarakkara and Chadıyamangalam Taluks, Kollam District.
Encompassing a total area of 460 hectares, with 400 hectares marked as retable, he project
aimed to enhance agricultural productivity. control soi erosion, and improve water resource
‘management in this semisloping and agrarian train. With a total outlay of 2112 lak, the
project was completed by 30th September 2022, and created 1,691 man-days of employment.
‘The project focused on soil and water conservation, drainage line treatment, and
agricultural development, ensuring environmental sustainability and improved livelihoods.
Key Project Details
Parameter Details
District Kollam
Taluk Kotarakkara & Chadayamangalam
Block Kotarakkara & Chadayamangalam
Panchayath Pooyappally and Velinalloor
Total Area 460 ha
‘Treatable Aroa 400 ha
Project Cost 212 lakhs
Date of Completion 30/09/2022
Employment Generated 1,691 man-days
Maintenance Agency _ Concemed Grama Panchayath
7
Objectives of the Project
To control soil erosion through arable land treatment and stabilization structures.
To improve infiltration and water retention, thereby rising the groundwater table
+ Toenhunce cropping area and productivity, especially for vegetables and mixed
crops.
+ Tostrengthen rural ivelihood by providing employment and increasing farm
+ Tocreate coo friendly and sustainable watershed structures for long-term benefits.
Agricultural Impact (Pre & Post Development)
Crop Type | Pre-Development Ha) | Post-Development (Ha)
Coconut 35 =
Vegetables 3 10
Paddy 25 25
‘Cashew 10 10
Plan 10 10
Tapioca 30 2
Pepper 5 5
Mixed Crops 0 5
Banana 10 10
Rubber 150 150.
pre development in hectre and post development in hectre
pr opi ec. post deepen! cr :
10
10
EPIA
18
To control soil erosion through arable land treatment and stabilization structures.
To improve infiltration and water retention, thereby rising the groundwater table
+ Toenhunce cropping area and productivity, especially for vegetables and mixed
crops.
+ Tostrengthen rural ivelihood by providing employment and increasing farm
+ Tocreate coo friendly and sustainable watershed structures for long-term benefits.
Agricultural Impact (Pre & Post Development)
Crop Type | Pre-Development Ha) | Post-Development (Ha)
Coconut 35 =
Vegetables 3 10
Paddy 25 25
‘Cashew 10 10
Plan 10 10
Tapioca 30 2
Pepper 5 5
Mixed Crops 0 5
Banana 10 10
Rubber 150 150.
pre development in hectre and post development in hectre
pr opi ec. post deepen! cr :
10
10
EPIA
18
Executed Works and Interventions
a. Arable Land Treatment
‘Component Quantity
Stone Pitched Contour Bunds | 2602.03 m? + 4638.39 m+ 354.7 m8
Staggered Trenches 84 + 468 + 115 Nos
Reveiment slope protection) | 22.4 rm + 153.1 rm
Strip Terracing (for rubber) | $891 + 1483 + 1000 Nos
Stabilization Stctures [9709 em + 1660 em
1 Treatment
Structure Quantity
Retaining Wal (1 mheight) — [505+5535+97+50rm
Retaining Wall (1.5 mbeigho |563+ 20.6 115+200rm
‘Concrete Check Dam (4m width)
No
Ring Ponds 2+2+15N0s
19
a. Arable Land Treatment
‘Component Quantity
Stone Pitched Contour Bunds | 2602.03 m? + 4638.39 m+ 354.7 m8
Staggered Trenches 84 + 468 + 115 Nos
Reveiment slope protection) | 22.4 rm + 153.1 rm
Strip Terracing (for rubber) | $891 + 1483 + 1000 Nos
Stabilization Stctures [9709 em + 1660 em
1 Treatment
Structure Quantity
Retaining Wal (1 mheight) — [505+5535+97+50rm
Retaining Wall (1.5 mbeigho |563+ 20.6 115+200rm
‘Concrete Check Dam (4m width)
No
Ring Ponds 2+2+15N0s
19
IL Arattukadavu Watershed Project
Project Overview
The Aratukadavu Watershed Project, situated in Elumad Panchayath of
Chadayamangalam Block, Kollam District, is comprehensive initiative aimed at mitigating
soil erosion, conserving. rainwater, improving. agricultural productivity, and restoring
ccological balance in the tikkara River Basin, The project covers a total area of 374 hectares,
‘with 330 hectares identified as treatable land,
Key Project Details
Parameter Description
District Kellam
‘Taluk Kortarakkara
Block CChadayamangalam
Panchayath Elamad
River Basin Ita
Toral Area 378 ha.
Trestble Area 330ha
Terrain Features Millocks, sloping terrain, valleys
Hydrological Note Surplus ranof in monsoon, drought in summer.
Objectives of the Project
© Control and prevent soil erosion.
+ Promote in-situ rainwater conservation,
+ Improve groundwater recharge and availability during dry season
‘© Stabilize stream banks to prevent gully formation and and degradation
‘© Increase agricultura production and productivity through moisture conservation
+. Facilitate ecological restoration using sustainable interventions.
Agricultural Land Use and Productivity
Crop ‘Area (ha)
Paddy 25
Rubber 265
‘Coconut 15
Tapioca 10
Banana 15
Mixed Crops 7
Vegetables 3
Project Overview
The Aratukadavu Watershed Project, situated in Elumad Panchayath of
Chadayamangalam Block, Kollam District, is comprehensive initiative aimed at mitigating
soil erosion, conserving. rainwater, improving. agricultural productivity, and restoring
ccological balance in the tikkara River Basin, The project covers a total area of 374 hectares,
‘with 330 hectares identified as treatable land,
Key Project Details
Parameter Description
District Kellam
‘Taluk Kortarakkara
Block CChadayamangalam
Panchayath Elamad
River Basin Ita
Toral Area 378 ha.
Trestble Area 330ha
Terrain Features Millocks, sloping terrain, valleys
Hydrological Note Surplus ranof in monsoon, drought in summer.
Objectives of the Project
© Control and prevent soil erosion.
+ Promote in-situ rainwater conservation,
+ Improve groundwater recharge and availability during dry season
‘© Stabilize stream banks to prevent gully formation and and degradation
‘© Increase agricultura production and productivity through moisture conservation
+. Facilitate ecological restoration using sustainable interventions.
Agricultural Land Use and Productivity
Crop ‘Area (ha)
Paddy 25
Rubber 265
‘Coconut 15
Tapioca 10
Banana 15
Mixed Crops 7
Vegetables 3
Area in hectare vs Crops
i
Productivity Improvements
Crop. | Present Productvityha Projected
d Produetivtyyha
Paddy [12 omnes 2S mes
Rubber [2 omnes 3.5 tomes
Coconut] 2500 nuts 3500 nuts
Banana | ronnes Tonnes
Pepper —| 15 tonnes 25 tomes
Executed Interventions
a. Arable Land Treatments
Intervention Quantity
Stone pitched contour bund 384504
‘Rubble pitching (lope stabilization) | 1000.42 m?
Rubble pitching 201.51 m
Rubble pitching 683.8 mF
Rubble pitching Mane
Agrostology (vegetative coven) [4680
Sup Temaeing 2959 me 165 em
b. Drainage Line Treatments and Stream Protection
Intervention Quantity
Retaining Wall Type (inh) 182.1 an
Retaining Wall Type A (im ht) |278 em
‘Stream Bank Stabilization (1.5m ho [469.85 mm + 192.15 m.
Cross Bars (water spread siructures) [17.9 rm +22 m
Check Dams (2m, blasted rubble)__| 6 Nos G3)
Ring Ponds Fo
2
i
Productivity Improvements
Crop. | Present Productvityha Projected
d Produetivtyyha
Paddy [12 omnes 2S mes
Rubber [2 omnes 3.5 tomes
Coconut] 2500 nuts 3500 nuts
Banana | ronnes Tonnes
Pepper —| 15 tonnes 25 tomes
Executed Interventions
a. Arable Land Treatments
Intervention Quantity
Stone pitched contour bund 384504
‘Rubble pitching (lope stabilization) | 1000.42 m?
Rubble pitching 201.51 m
Rubble pitching 683.8 mF
Rubble pitching Mane
Agrostology (vegetative coven) [4680
Sup Temaeing 2959 me 165 em
b. Drainage Line Treatments and Stream Protection
Intervention Quantity
Retaining Wall Type (inh) 182.1 an
Retaining Wall Type A (im ht) |278 em
‘Stream Bank Stabilization (1.5m ho [469.85 mm + 192.15 m.
Cross Bars (water spread siructures) [17.9 rm +22 m
Check Dams (2m, blasted rubble)__| 6 Nos G3)
Ring Ponds Fo
2
PATHANAMTHITTA
Pallikuzhi Mukkada Thodu Micro Watershed Project
Project Overview
The Pallkuzhi Mokkada Thodu Micro Watershed Project, situated in Malayalapuzha
and Mylapra Panchayaths and Pathanamthitta Municipality, was implemented to address
severe and moderate soil erosion, water scarcity during dry periods, and declning crop
productivity. The projet spans 540 hectares, falling within the Achankovil River Bain, and
follows a dendrite drainage pattem with a drainage density of 1.29. The project was executed
under a toll cost of 21.75 Crores, from 22/02/2016 (0 3103/2019, with integrated watershed
development as is core focus.
Key Project Details
Parameter Details
District Pathanamihita
‘Taluk Kozhenchery, Koni
Block Komi
Panchayath Malaalapuzha, Mylapra
Municipality Pathanamhitta
River Basin Achankovil River
Drainage Type Dendric
Drainage Density 11.29
Total Arca 540 ho
Soil Type Gravelly loam to gravelly clay loam
Soil Depth 7510 140 em
Erosion Status | Moderate t Severe
Project Duration 22/02/2016 - 31/03/2019
Project Cost 21,75 Crores
Objectives of the Project
Control and prevention of sil erosion on sloping train,
Rainwater conservation and groundwater recharge enhancement,
Stabilization of steam banks and erosion-prone areas.
Increase in crop productivity and eropping aca.
Improved water resource availability for irrigation
Promotion of eco-resoraton and sustainable agriculture practices,
2
Pallikuzhi Mukkada Thodu Micro Watershed Project
Project Overview
The Pallkuzhi Mokkada Thodu Micro Watershed Project, situated in Malayalapuzha
and Mylapra Panchayaths and Pathanamthitta Municipality, was implemented to address
severe and moderate soil erosion, water scarcity during dry periods, and declning crop
productivity. The projet spans 540 hectares, falling within the Achankovil River Bain, and
follows a dendrite drainage pattem with a drainage density of 1.29. The project was executed
under a toll cost of 21.75 Crores, from 22/02/2016 (0 3103/2019, with integrated watershed
development as is core focus.
Key Project Details
Parameter Details
District Pathanamihita
‘Taluk Kozhenchery, Koni
Block Komi
Panchayath Malaalapuzha, Mylapra
Municipality Pathanamhitta
River Basin Achankovil River
Drainage Type Dendric
Drainage Density 11.29
Total Arca 540 ho
Soil Type Gravelly loam to gravelly clay loam
Soil Depth 7510 140 em
Erosion Status | Moderate t Severe
Project Duration 22/02/2016 - 31/03/2019
Project Cost 21,75 Crores
Objectives of the Project
Control and prevention of sil erosion on sloping train,
Rainwater conservation and groundwater recharge enhancement,
Stabilization of steam banks and erosion-prone areas.
Increase in crop productivity and eropping aca.
Improved water resource availability for irrigation
Promotion of eco-resoraton and sustainable agriculture practices,
2
Agricultural Profile and Impact
‘Crop ‘Area tha)
Rubber EJ
Coconut o
recam 15
Pepper 15
Banana 20
Tapioca 30
Ginger 10
Paddy 10
‘Seasonal Crops 10
area in ha vs major crops
ne weet ppp tara es on pty senna
B, Productivity Improvement (per hectare)
[Crop Pre-Devclopment Post-Devclopment
[Rubber EI [375 ky
[Coconut CES 170 nuts
[arecanut sue 10 kg (decline)
Pepper [Er Boke
[Banana EI 100k
Tapioca 50kg 123088
[Ginger Wks En
[day Ma Dske
[Seasonal Crops joke ETS
‘Crop ‘Area tha)
Rubber EJ
Coconut o
recam 15
Pepper 15
Banana 20
Tapioca 30
Ginger 10
Paddy 10
‘Seasonal Crops 10
area in ha vs major crops
ne weet ppp tara es on pty senna
B, Productivity Improvement (per hectare)
[Crop Pre-Devclopment Post-Devclopment
[Rubber EI [375 ky
[Coconut CES 170 nuts
[arecanut sue 10 kg (decline)
Pepper [Er Boke
[Banana EI 100k
Tapioca 50kg 123088
[Ginger Wks En
[day Ma Dske
[Seasonal Crops joke ETS
Water Sources and Irrigation Impact
Quantity | Area Irrigated
2
[Springs Within Watershed [10 =
[Open Wells ES 25 ha
[Ponds 1 Tha
Works Executed
Arable Land Treatmen
Activity Quantity
“Stone Pitched Contour Bund | 64,957.99 m=
Drainage Line & Stream Bank Stabilization
Activity Quantity
Retaining Wall Type AQ mbcigho |400m
Retaining
Type BC.Smbeigh) [554.10
Retaining Wall Type C (1 mbeigh) [399.60 nm
‘One-side Pitching (1.5 m. Blasted Rubble) | 599.90 rm
‘One-sde Pitching (1.5 m Jungle Stone) [298.10 rm
Loose Boulder Check Dam (1 mength) | 86 nos
Loose Boulder Check Dam (2 mength) | 120 nos
24
Quantity | Area Irrigated
2
[Springs Within Watershed [10 =
[Open Wells ES 25 ha
[Ponds 1 Tha
Works Executed
Arable Land Treatmen
Activity Quantity
“Stone Pitched Contour Bund | 64,957.99 m=
Drainage Line & Stream Bank Stabilization
Activity Quantity
Retaining Wall Type AQ mbcigho |400m
Retaining
Type BC.Smbeigh) [554.10
Retaining Wall Type C (1 mbeigh) [399.60 nm
‘One-side Pitching (1.5 m. Blasted Rubble) | 599.90 rm
‘One-sde Pitching (1.5 m Jungle Stone) [298.10 rm
Loose Boulder Check Dam (1 mength) | 86 nos
Loose Boulder Check Dam (2 mength) | 120 nos
24
IDUKKI
dukki district contains 2 watershed projects namely:
1. Puhed Watershed Development Project
11. Poovanchi Watershed Development Project
1. Puthed Watershed Development Project
Project Overview
“The Puthed Watershed Projet, implemented in Arakkulam Panchayath of Thodupuzha
Taluk, ukki District, aimed at addressing challenges related to sol erosion, water scarcity,
and declining agricultural productivity. Encompassing a geographical area of 720 hectares with
a teatable area of 430 hectares, the project was executed under an integrated watershed
development approach funded with a total cost of 2167.70 lakhs.
‘The project commenced on 11/04/2016 and was successfully completed on 20/03/2021,
generating 25,179 person-days of rural employment through natural resource management
Key Project Information
Parameter Details
District uk
‘Taluk ‘Thodupuzha
Panchayath, Arakkulam
Total Geographical Area 720 ha
Treatable Area 430 ha
2167.70
Project Cost ue
‘Commencement Date 11-04-2016
‘Completion Date 20-08-2021
Total Man-days Generated 25,179
Objectives of the Project
To reduce sol erosion through scientific land treatments
Enhance groundwater recharge and reduce surface runoff
Improve agricultural productivity and eropping intensity
Promote sustainable land use practices
Ensure community participation and employment generation
Construc infrastructure for drunage and water conservation
2
dukki district contains 2 watershed projects namely:
1. Puhed Watershed Development Project
11. Poovanchi Watershed Development Project
1. Puthed Watershed Development Project
Project Overview
“The Puthed Watershed Projet, implemented in Arakkulam Panchayath of Thodupuzha
Taluk, ukki District, aimed at addressing challenges related to sol erosion, water scarcity,
and declining agricultural productivity. Encompassing a geographical area of 720 hectares with
a teatable area of 430 hectares, the project was executed under an integrated watershed
development approach funded with a total cost of 2167.70 lakhs.
‘The project commenced on 11/04/2016 and was successfully completed on 20/03/2021,
generating 25,179 person-days of rural employment through natural resource management
Key Project Information
Parameter Details
District uk
‘Taluk ‘Thodupuzha
Panchayath, Arakkulam
Total Geographical Area 720 ha
Treatable Area 430 ha
2167.70
Project Cost ue
‘Commencement Date 11-04-2016
‘Completion Date 20-08-2021
Total Man-days Generated 25,179
Objectives of the Project
To reduce sol erosion through scientific land treatments
Enhance groundwater recharge and reduce surface runoff
Improve agricultural productivity and eropping intensity
Promote sustainable land use practices
Ensure community participation and employment generation
Construc infrastructure for drunage and water conservation
2
Agricultural Productivity: Impact Assessment
(Crop PreDevelopment | Post-Development | Se Increase
Pepper [500 ke (e20 ke En
(Coconut 12000 nus 2900 mus [ase
(Cocoa 900 ke 1200 ke 33%
(Coffee Cm [750 ks E
‘Vegetables 6000 ks (7200 kg Po
Rubber 1300 ke 1650 ke low
(Banana [6000 a 17800 kg E
(Others 2000 8 2200 ke 10%
Interventions and Executed Works
A. Arable Land Treatment
Drainage Line Treatment
Work Type Quantity
Stone Pitched Contour
Spe 80.000 m
‘Additional Bonds Som
‘Additional Bonds 151705 nF
Structure ‘Quant
Dey Rubble Check Dam Gm wid) | 19 nos
Dry Rubble Check Dam (2m width) | 145 nos
Retaining Wall 3 m height) 98m
Retaining Wall (completed to Ist footing) | 27.40 rm
Roaming Wall (Completed vo 2nd
footing)
27400
‘Additional Reining Wall Gm heigho | 283050
Sudrain Protection Wall / Side Pching | 2630 rm
‘Additional Side Pitching
20547 m
Water Harvesting Structure
26
(Crop PreDevelopment | Post-Development | Se Increase
Pepper [500 ke (e20 ke En
(Coconut 12000 nus 2900 mus [ase
(Cocoa 900 ke 1200 ke 33%
(Coffee Cm [750 ks E
‘Vegetables 6000 ks (7200 kg Po
Rubber 1300 ke 1650 ke low
(Banana [6000 a 17800 kg E
(Others 2000 8 2200 ke 10%
Interventions and Executed Works
A. Arable Land Treatment
Drainage Line Treatment
Work Type Quantity
Stone Pitched Contour
Spe 80.000 m
‘Additional Bonds Som
‘Additional Bonds 151705 nF
Structure ‘Quant
Dey Rubble Check Dam Gm wid) | 19 nos
Dry Rubble Check Dam (2m width) | 145 nos
Retaining Wall 3 m height) 98m
Retaining Wall (completed to Ist footing) | 27.40 rm
Roaming Wall (Completed vo 2nd
footing)
27400
‘Additional Reining Wall Gm heigho | 283050
Sudrain Protection Wall / Side Pching | 2630 rm
‘Additional Side Pitching
20547 m
Water Harvesting Structure
26
I. Poovanchi Watershed Development Project
Project Overview
‘The Poovanchi Watershed Projet was implemented in Kokkayar Village, Peerumade
‘Taluk within Azhutha Block of Idukki District, as part of a comprehensive strategy to
conserve soil and water resources and improve agricultural productivity inthe region. The
project focused on a foal area of 796 hectares, with $15 hectares identified as treatable land.
The projet was executed with a budget of 2152.10 lakhs, commencing on 10/03/2016
and completed on 30/04/2019, Located in a hilly, erosion-prone area, the projet aimed to
urb land degradation and enhance sustainable farming through scientific watershed
Project Information
Parameter Details
District ui
‘Taluk Peerumnde
Block Aa
Village / Panchayatlı Kokkayar
Total Area 796 ha
‘Treatable Area sisha
Project Cost 2152.10 Lakhs
Date of Commencement 1003/2016
Date of Completion 30042019
Objectives
Control soi rosion and prevent topsoil loss
Conserve rainwater and enhance moisture availability
Improve groundwater recharge
Stabilize stream banks through drainage line treatments
Enhance agricultural productivity through integrated land development
Promote sustainable and climate-eslient livelihoods
7
Project Overview
‘The Poovanchi Watershed Projet was implemented in Kokkayar Village, Peerumade
‘Taluk within Azhutha Block of Idukki District, as part of a comprehensive strategy to
conserve soil and water resources and improve agricultural productivity inthe region. The
project focused on a foal area of 796 hectares, with $15 hectares identified as treatable land.
The projet was executed with a budget of 2152.10 lakhs, commencing on 10/03/2016
and completed on 30/04/2019, Located in a hilly, erosion-prone area, the projet aimed to
urb land degradation and enhance sustainable farming through scientific watershed
Project Information
Parameter Details
District ui
‘Taluk Peerumnde
Block Aa
Village / Panchayatlı Kokkayar
Total Area 796 ha
‘Treatable Area sisha
Project Cost 2152.10 Lakhs
Date of Commencement 1003/2016
Date of Completion 30042019
Objectives
Control soi rosion and prevent topsoil loss
Conserve rainwater and enhance moisture availability
Improve groundwater recharge
Stabilize stream banks through drainage line treatments
Enhance agricultural productivity through integrated land development
Promote sustainable and climate-eslient livelihoods
7
Agricultural Impact Assessment
Crop-wise Yield Improvement (Per ha per year)
Crop Pre-Development Yield
Rubber 1500 kg
Pepper EU
Cashew ‘OD ke
Coffee 600 ke
Vegeubles 6000 ke
Cocoa 900 ke
Bana OD ke
Coconut 2000 nu
recam 1300 nuts
Land Use Distribution
Crop [Ares (ha)
Raber 305
Pepper EJ
Cashew 7
Coffee 15
Vegetables EJ
Cocoa 5
Banana EJ
‘Coconut 35
‘Areeanut 20
Area in ha vs Crops
2
Crop-wise Yield Improvement (Per ha per year)
Crop Pre-Development Yield
Rubber 1500 kg
Pepper EU
Cashew ‘OD ke
Coffee 600 ke
Vegeubles 6000 ke
Cocoa 900 ke
Bana OD ke
Coconut 2000 nu
recam 1300 nuts
Land Use Distribution
Crop [Ares (ha)
Raber 305
Pepper EJ
Cashew 7
Coffee 15
Vegetables EJ
Cocoa 5
Banana EJ
‘Coconut 35
‘Areeanut 20
Area in ha vs Crops
2
Executed Works
A. Arable Land Treatment
Component Quantity
‘Stone Pitched Contour Bund | 79,989.70 n°
‘Additional Bunding 9.74950 m2
Agrostological Measures — [75 m
Moisture Conservation Pits [400 Nos
Inward Slope Terracing (1) | 608 Nos
award Slope Terracing (2). | 250 Nos
B. Drainage Line Treat
Compon
a ‘Quantity
‘Loose Boulder Check Dam (3 m, jungle stone) | 18 Nos
Loose Boulder Check Dam ¢
m, jungle stone) | 10 Nos
Retaining Wall TLS
Dugout Ponds 50 Nos
A. Arable Land Treatment
Component Quantity
‘Stone Pitched Contour Bund | 79,989.70 n°
‘Additional Bunding 9.74950 m2
Agrostological Measures — [75 m
Moisture Conservation Pits [400 Nos
Inward Slope Terracing (1) | 608 Nos
award Slope Terracing (2). | 250 Nos
B. Drainage Line Treat
Compon
a ‘Quantity
‘Loose Boulder Check Dam (3 m, jungle stone) | 18 Nos
Loose Boulder Check Dam ¢
m, jungle stone) | 10 Nos
Retaining Wall TLS
Dugout Ponds 50 Nos
ERNAKULAM
Emakulam distits contains 4 Watershed Project
namely :
1. Chitepadam Thod Protection Project
11. _ Koduvelipadam Thodu Padasekharam Project
1. Kunnapally Thodu Flood Control and Drainage Management Project
IV. Kunthiri Thodu Watershed Project
1. Chittepadam Thodu Protection Project
Project Overview
“The Chitepadam Thodu Protection Project is a watershed-based_ intervention
implemented in the Kalady village of Aluva Taluk, Ernakulam District. The project covers a
geographical ara of 85 hectares, with 75 hectares identified as treatable land, Falling under
the Periyar River Basin, the project was designed with total cost of 294.1 lakhs, targeting 126
beneficiarios
‘The project primarily addresses Nood vulnerability stagnant water issues, decining
agricultural productivity, and lack of rural employment I sims to rejuvenat the agricultural
landscape and improve water management through infrastructure development and
conservation effort,
Project Area Profile
Parameter Description
District Ernakulam
Taluk Aluva
Village Kalady
Toral Area 85ha
Trestble Arca 75ha
River Basin Periyar
Number of Benefiiaies 126
Project Cost 294.10,000
Maintenance Responsibility Concerned Grama Panchayat
Beneficiary Selection
Benet Request from beneficiaries and resolution from Grama Panchayat
Major Issues Identified (Baseline)
Frequent breaching of existing outer bunds causing floods
Watelogging leading to poor drainage and stagnation
Low agricultural returns due 10 unproductive fields
‘Unemployment inthe rural youth segment
Lack of dewatering and field drainage facilites
20
Emakulam distits contains 4 Watershed Project
namely :
1. Chitepadam Thod Protection Project
11. _ Koduvelipadam Thodu Padasekharam Project
1. Kunnapally Thodu Flood Control and Drainage Management Project
IV. Kunthiri Thodu Watershed Project
1. Chittepadam Thodu Protection Project
Project Overview
“The Chitepadam Thodu Protection Project is a watershed-based_ intervention
implemented in the Kalady village of Aluva Taluk, Ernakulam District. The project covers a
geographical ara of 85 hectares, with 75 hectares identified as treatable land, Falling under
the Periyar River Basin, the project was designed with total cost of 294.1 lakhs, targeting 126
beneficiarios
‘The project primarily addresses Nood vulnerability stagnant water issues, decining
agricultural productivity, and lack of rural employment I sims to rejuvenat the agricultural
landscape and improve water management through infrastructure development and
conservation effort,
Project Area Profile
Parameter Description
District Ernakulam
Taluk Aluva
Village Kalady
Toral Area 85ha
Trestble Arca 75ha
River Basin Periyar
Number of Benefiiaies 126
Project Cost 294.10,000
Maintenance Responsibility Concerned Grama Panchayat
Beneficiary Selection
Benet Request from beneficiaries and resolution from Grama Panchayat
Major Issues Identified (Baseline)
Frequent breaching of existing outer bunds causing floods
Watelogging leading to poor drainage and stagnation
Low agricultural returns due 10 unproductive fields
‘Unemployment inthe rural youth segment
Lack of dewatering and field drainage facilites
20
Project Ohjectives
Enhance crop productivity through improved sol and water conservation
Prevent flooding and ensure effective drainage
Enable proper water management for agriculture
Prevent stream bank erosion
Create employment opportunites for rural youth
Expand cultivable area by improving water contol and field accessibility
Agricultural Profile
Major Crops | Arca (Ha)
Paddy 2
Banana
‘Coconut
Nimes
Aroca
Cocos
‘Area in hectare vs Crops
Physical Interventions Executed
Intervention | Quantity
Retaining Wall [990 Rm
Field Channel [949 Rm
RCC Foot Slab | 2Now
a
Enhance crop productivity through improved sol and water conservation
Prevent flooding and ensure effective drainage
Enable proper water management for agriculture
Prevent stream bank erosion
Create employment opportunites for rural youth
Expand cultivable area by improving water contol and field accessibility
Agricultural Profile
Major Crops | Arca (Ha)
Paddy 2
Banana
‘Coconut
Nimes
Aroca
Cocos
‘Area in hectare vs Crops
Physical Interventions Executed
Intervention | Quantity
Retaining Wall [990 Rm
Field Channel [949 Rm
RCC Foot Slab | 2Now
a
I. Koduvelipadam Thodu Padashekaram Project
Project Overview
‘The Kaluvalipadam Thodu Padashekaram Projet i a crical watershed and drainage
management initiative implemented in Maradi Panchayath, Muvattupzha Taluk, Ernakulam
District, Covering an area of 105 hectares, this project was developed ata cost of 21.06 crores
to address the persistent issues of waterloggn, stream bank erosion, and lack of productivo
land use in the region
“The project focuses on improving the drainage network, steambank protection, and
water regulation to enable double cropping and uplift the local agricultural economy.
Praie
Parameter Dida
Dit Eman
Talk Morata
Panchoyalh Mara
eoeftcdarea 105 Ha
Sci Type Lett and Cy
Soil Dep Meter
Erosion Status Steam Bank Erosion
Ariston Sources Stra, Well, Pond
Mean Cancers Grama Panchayath
Selection Criteria Local needs and Panchayath Resolution
Baseline Issues Identficd
+ The main drain (hodu) flowing 1.8 km is heavily silted and congested, redueing its
carrying capacity
© The palashekaram remains waterlogged for nearly 6 months during the rainy season,
making cultivation infeasible,
+ The absence of drainage regulation and infrastructure results in uneconomical farming
and resets crop diversity.
Project Objectives
Enable cultivation of addtional crops in previously flooded areas
Ensure timely harvest and improved yield by managing water levels,
Prevent stream bank erosion and protect agricultural and.
Increase the carrying capacity of the thodu and improve field drainage.
Construct regulatory structures to Facilitate water contol and groundwater recharge
Generate additional income and employment opportuni
2
Project Overview
‘The Kaluvalipadam Thodu Padashekaram Projet i a crical watershed and drainage
management initiative implemented in Maradi Panchayath, Muvattupzha Taluk, Ernakulam
District, Covering an area of 105 hectares, this project was developed ata cost of 21.06 crores
to address the persistent issues of waterloggn, stream bank erosion, and lack of productivo
land use in the region
“The project focuses on improving the drainage network, steambank protection, and
water regulation to enable double cropping and uplift the local agricultural economy.
Praie
Parameter Dida
Dit Eman
Talk Morata
Panchoyalh Mara
eoeftcdarea 105 Ha
Sci Type Lett and Cy
Soil Dep Meter
Erosion Status Steam Bank Erosion
Ariston Sources Stra, Well, Pond
Mean Cancers Grama Panchayath
Selection Criteria Local needs and Panchayath Resolution
Baseline Issues Identficd
+ The main drain (hodu) flowing 1.8 km is heavily silted and congested, redueing its
carrying capacity
© The palashekaram remains waterlogged for nearly 6 months during the rainy season,
making cultivation infeasible,
+ The absence of drainage regulation and infrastructure results in uneconomical farming
and resets crop diversity.
Project Objectives
Enable cultivation of addtional crops in previously flooded areas
Ensure timely harvest and improved yield by managing water levels,
Prevent stream bank erosion and protect agricultural and.
Increase the carrying capacity of the thodu and improve field drainage.
Construct regulatory structures to Facilitate water contol and groundwater recharge
Generate additional income and employment opportuni
2
Agricultural Land Use
Crop Type Area (Ha)
Paddy 50
Rubber 16
Vegetables $
‘Coconut 9
“Arveanut 5
Normen, a
Coco 3
Pepper 25
Banana 2
Ginger os
Area in hectare vs Crops
Management Practices Executed
‘Activi Quantity
Retaining Wall [2,075 Rm
Deepening of Thodu | 1.400 Rm
RCC Slice 1No
Tiller Passage TNe
Ramp INo
RCC Foor Slabs _|2Nos
Leading Channel | 10m
a
Crop Type Area (Ha)
Paddy 50
Rubber 16
Vegetables $
‘Coconut 9
“Arveanut 5
Normen, a
Coco 3
Pepper 25
Banana 2
Ginger os
Area in hectare vs Crops
Management Practices Executed
‘Activi Quantity
Retaining Wall [2,075 Rm
Deepening of Thodu | 1.400 Rm
RCC Slice 1No
Tiller Passage TNe
Ramp INo
RCC Foor Slabs _|2Nos
Leading Channel | 10m
a
I. Kunnappally Thodu Flood Control and Drainage Management Project
Project Overview
The Kunnappally Thodu Flood Control and Drainage Management Project,
implemented in Edakkattuvayal Panchayath, Mulanthuruthy Block, Kanayannur Taluk aims
10 transform the flood.atfected low-lying paddy fields into a productive and sustainable
agricultural ecosystem. The project spans total arca of 112 hectares, with afta sanctioned
cost of 41971 crore, and was executed over 6 years (from 09/05/2016 to 30/09/2022)
generating 29,472 man-days of employment. The interventions primarily focused on drainage
improvement, sırambank protection, and infrastructure development to increase cropping
intensity and reduce Mood related damage.
Project Location and Basie Profile
Heel
DS ans
Eur men
Pre-Project Challenges
Prolonged Nooding (up to 8 months/year) made timely cultivation impossible
Culvation was restricted to a single paddy crop during mid-December to March,
Poor drainage and erosion-prone banks due to inadequate infrastructure
Limited crop diversification and low income from agriculture.
Lack of proper passage for machinery and water control, hampering operations and
post-harvest handling.
Project Objectives
Enable additional paddy cultivation and vegetable farming post-harvest.
Improve crop yield and timely harvesting trough better water control.
Prevent stream bank erosion by construct
Ensure increased area under cultivation and boost cropping intensity.
Generate employment and uplift the socio-economi status of local farmers.
Project Overview
The Kunnappally Thodu Flood Control and Drainage Management Project,
implemented in Edakkattuvayal Panchayath, Mulanthuruthy Block, Kanayannur Taluk aims
10 transform the flood.atfected low-lying paddy fields into a productive and sustainable
agricultural ecosystem. The project spans total arca of 112 hectares, with afta sanctioned
cost of 41971 crore, and was executed over 6 years (from 09/05/2016 to 30/09/2022)
generating 29,472 man-days of employment. The interventions primarily focused on drainage
improvement, sırambank protection, and infrastructure development to increase cropping
intensity and reduce Mood related damage.
Project Location and Basie Profile
Heel
DS ans
Eur men
Pre-Project Challenges
Prolonged Nooding (up to 8 months/year) made timely cultivation impossible
Culvation was restricted to a single paddy crop during mid-December to March,
Poor drainage and erosion-prone banks due to inadequate infrastructure
Limited crop diversification and low income from agriculture.
Lack of proper passage for machinery and water control, hampering operations and
post-harvest handling.
Project Objectives
Enable additional paddy cultivation and vegetable farming post-harvest.
Improve crop yield and timely harvesting trough better water control.
Prevent stream bank erosion by construct
Ensure increased area under cultivation and boost cropping intensity.
Generate employment and uplift the socio-economi status of local farmers.
Crop Production Progress
cop | Peedeveopment ty | ET] Yar? ] ans
Pay ap asp as]
Danan ET mal mal es
Tai co] as] mas ns
Vega 2] aus] ms ss
Creo fs IC IES
ae a IES
Num E DES IES RES
Cultivable Area:
+ Postdevclopment 112 ha
Drainage Line and Structural Interventions
‘Component Quant
‘Retaining Wall Type A (2.00 m height) THOS Rm
Retaining Wall Type B (1.50 m height) 2,636.95 Rm
ROC Shuices ES
Sluice cum Tractor Passage 2Nos
“Tractor Passage Type A Nos
Ramp “Nos
RCC Foot Sabs B Nos
150 mm día PVC Pipe Laying 207.40 Rm
Formation of Dividing Bund 1,600 Rm
Water Harvesting Structure (Cheruthuruthy Kulam) | 1 No
Distibution of Frat Panis 350 Now
cop | Peedeveopment ty | ET] Yar? ] ans
Pay ap asp as]
Danan ET mal mal es
Tai co] as] mas ns
Vega 2] aus] ms ss
Creo fs IC IES
ae a IES
Num E DES IES RES
Cultivable Area:
+ Postdevclopment 112 ha
Drainage Line and Structural Interventions
‘Component Quant
‘Retaining Wall Type A (2.00 m height) THOS Rm
Retaining Wall Type B (1.50 m height) 2,636.95 Rm
ROC Shuices ES
Sluice cum Tractor Passage 2Nos
“Tractor Passage Type A Nos
Ramp “Nos
RCC Foot Sabs B Nos
150 mm día PVC Pipe Laying 207.40 Rm
Formation of Dividing Bund 1,600 Rm
Water Harvesting Structure (Cheruthuruthy Kulam) | 1 No
Distibution of Frat Panis 350 Now
IV. Kuni
ithodu Watershed Project
Project Overview
‘The Kunthirithodu Watershed Project, located in Ayyampuzha Panchayath, Angamaly
Block, Aluva Taluk, Emakulam District isa major initiative aimed at mitigating sil erosion
and enhancing agricultural productivity in the highly vulnerable slopes of the Periyar River
Basin. Covering a toral area of 791 hectaros, of whieh 600 hectares are treatable, the project,
was implemented with atta outlay of 21.35 crores
Due to its step terrain and lack of conservation infrastructure, the watershed area
suffers from severe sol erosion, rapid surface runoff, and low groundwater retention, despite
receiving abundant rainfall during both monsoons, The project sought to address these concerns
through integrated soil and water conservation effort
Key Project Parameters
Parameter Details
District Emakolam
‘Taluk Ava
Block Angamali
Panchayath Ayyampurha
Total Area 791 ha
Treatable Area 600 ha
River Basin Periyar
Soil Type Gravelly Clay Loam, Forest,
Erosion Status High
Water Sources 340 Open Wells (pumping), 1 River
Problems Identified
Severe sil erosion due wo steep slopes and lack of contourbased conservation.
Despite adequate rainfall, ow groundwater retention due to surface runoff.
Poor drainage infrastructure leading to low agricultural yield and cropping intensity
‘Vulnerability to bank erosion along the tho stream, threatening farmland,
Lack of income diversification and employment opportunities for url households
Project Objectives
Control soi erosion and conserve surface runoff.
Protec stream banks from erasion and increase the carrying capacity of todo
Promote additional crop cultivation, especially in the rainy season,
Enhance drainage and water regulation infrastructure for timely sowing and harvest
Improve groundwater storage in uplands and enhance iigaion potenti
Roost productivity and income across key crops.
Generate employment opportunities through project interventions.
26
ithodu Watershed Project
Project Overview
‘The Kunthirithodu Watershed Project, located in Ayyampuzha Panchayath, Angamaly
Block, Aluva Taluk, Emakulam District isa major initiative aimed at mitigating sil erosion
and enhancing agricultural productivity in the highly vulnerable slopes of the Periyar River
Basin. Covering a toral area of 791 hectaros, of whieh 600 hectares are treatable, the project,
was implemented with atta outlay of 21.35 crores
Due to its step terrain and lack of conservation infrastructure, the watershed area
suffers from severe sol erosion, rapid surface runoff, and low groundwater retention, despite
receiving abundant rainfall during both monsoons, The project sought to address these concerns
through integrated soil and water conservation effort
Key Project Parameters
Parameter Details
District Emakolam
‘Taluk Ava
Block Angamali
Panchayath Ayyampurha
Total Area 791 ha
Treatable Area 600 ha
River Basin Periyar
Soil Type Gravelly Clay Loam, Forest,
Erosion Status High
Water Sources 340 Open Wells (pumping), 1 River
Problems Identified
Severe sil erosion due wo steep slopes and lack of contourbased conservation.
Despite adequate rainfall, ow groundwater retention due to surface runoff.
Poor drainage infrastructure leading to low agricultural yield and cropping intensity
‘Vulnerability to bank erosion along the tho stream, threatening farmland,
Lack of income diversification and employment opportunities for url households
Project Objectives
Control soi erosion and conserve surface runoff.
Protec stream banks from erasion and increase the carrying capacity of todo
Promote additional crop cultivation, especially in the rainy season,
Enhance drainage and water regulation infrastructure for timely sowing and harvest
Improve groundwater storage in uplands and enhance iigaion potenti
Roost productivity and income across key crops.
Generate employment opportunities through project interventions.
26
Agricultural Land Use
Crop ‘Arca (Ha)
Rubber 375
Banana 35
Ginger 26
Pepper 27
Vegetables 20
Paddy 2
recam 19
Coffee 7
Cocoa 14
Numen, E
‘Coconut En
Area in hectare vs Crops.
Crop Productivity Improvement
Crop Present Productivity | Projected Productivity
‘Coconut 4000 nusmaryear [4800 musa year
Verbes. 00 Kalea 2500 komalyear
Nunes: 550 kesha/year 700 Kg halyear
Rubber TODO kafhalyear 7250 kghayear
Pepper “422 kghalyear 467 kgalycar
Cocoa 30 ke/alyear 753 kghalyear
Coffee 650 ky/halyeur 780 kyhalyear
Ginger SO Kemarycar Go keMalyear
Banana 7400 kghalyear 8900 kg year
ET 1100 nuwThalyear [1700 nuishafycar
Paddy 5000 kafha/year 9700 Ke nalgear
7
Crop ‘Arca (Ha)
Rubber 375
Banana 35
Ginger 26
Pepper 27
Vegetables 20
Paddy 2
recam 19
Coffee 7
Cocoa 14
Numen, E
‘Coconut En
Area in hectare vs Crops.
Crop Productivity Improvement
Crop Present Productivity | Projected Productivity
‘Coconut 4000 nusmaryear [4800 musa year
Verbes. 00 Kalea 2500 komalyear
Nunes: 550 kesha/year 700 Kg halyear
Rubber TODO kafhalyear 7250 kghayear
Pepper “422 kghalyear 467 kgalycar
Cocoa 30 ke/alyear 753 kghalyear
Coffee 650 ky/halyeur 780 kyhalyear
Ginger SO Kemarycar Go keMalyear
Banana 7400 kghalyear 8900 kg year
ET 1100 nuwThalyear [1700 nuishafycar
Paddy 5000 kafha/year 9700 Ke nalgear
7
Management Practices Executed
Arable Land Conservation Measures
‘Component Quantity
Stone Pitched Contour Bunds | 54,500 m?
Agrostological Measures | 10.000 Rm
‘Moisture Conservation Pits | 12.000 Nos
Drainage Line Treatment
Component Quantity
Retaining Wall 500 Rm
Side Pitching 2400 Rm
Water Harvesting Structures | 2 Nos.
Arable Land Conservation Measures
‘Component Quantity
Stone Pitched Contour Bunds | 54,500 m?
Agrostological Measures | 10.000 Rm
‘Moisture Conservation Pits | 12.000 Nos
Drainage Line Treatment
Component Quantity
Retaining Wall 500 Rm
Side Pitching 2400 Rm
Water Harvesting Structures | 2 Nos.
THRISSUR
Tringana Thodu Watershed Project
‘The Tingana Thodu Watershed Project, implemented in Kodassery Panchayath of
Chatakkudy Block, Thrissur District, falls within the Kurumali River Basin, Covering a.
geographical aca of 918 hectares, with 596 hectares identified as treatable, the watershed les
in a terrain composed of forest sil laterite, rocky patches, and gravelly loam, The region is
prone to very high soil crosin, with slopes ranging from 5% to 35% and a high drainage
density of 38.42 meters per hectare. influenced by both perennial and non-perennal streams.
The soil depth varies from shallow to very deep, creating diverse challenges for land
‘management. Undertaken with sanctioned cost of 2.2 crores, the projec aimed Lo conserve
natural resources, enhance agricultural productivity, and improve te livelihoods ofthe 480,
beneficiary households through integrated land and water resource development,
Project Objectives
Preventing soil erosion in arable land.
[Mitigating moisture stress during dry seasons
Reducing soil loss from surface runoff.
Strengthening the weaker stream banks through structural protection,
Promoting biodiversity within the watershed
Enhancing crop productivity and agricultural income,
Improving the socio-economic status ofthe watershed population through sustainable
resource management,
Agricultural Profile
(Crops [Area in hectare
Rubber 250)
EN 3
[Mixed crops 3)
(Crop Pre project productivity [Amicipatd yield
[Rubber 1.77) E
Paddy ame] EST
[Mixed TA) sta]
‘The agricultural profil of the ringana Thodu watershed highlights the dominance of
rubber and mixed cropping systems, alongsid limited paddy cultivation. Rubber is grown
across 250 hectares, with is yield expected 10 increase from 1,5 10 2.0 tons per hectare
following project interventions. Paddy is cultivated on 3 hectares, with an anticipated yield
El
Tringana Thodu Watershed Project
‘The Tingana Thodu Watershed Project, implemented in Kodassery Panchayath of
Chatakkudy Block, Thrissur District, falls within the Kurumali River Basin, Covering a.
geographical aca of 918 hectares, with 596 hectares identified as treatable, the watershed les
in a terrain composed of forest sil laterite, rocky patches, and gravelly loam, The region is
prone to very high soil crosin, with slopes ranging from 5% to 35% and a high drainage
density of 38.42 meters per hectare. influenced by both perennial and non-perennal streams.
The soil depth varies from shallow to very deep, creating diverse challenges for land
‘management. Undertaken with sanctioned cost of 2.2 crores, the projec aimed Lo conserve
natural resources, enhance agricultural productivity, and improve te livelihoods ofthe 480,
beneficiary households through integrated land and water resource development,
Project Objectives
Preventing soil erosion in arable land.
[Mitigating moisture stress during dry seasons
Reducing soil loss from surface runoff.
Strengthening the weaker stream banks through structural protection,
Promoting biodiversity within the watershed
Enhancing crop productivity and agricultural income,
Improving the socio-economic status ofthe watershed population through sustainable
resource management,
Agricultural Profile
(Crops [Area in hectare
Rubber 250)
EN 3
[Mixed crops 3)
(Crop Pre project productivity [Amicipatd yield
[Rubber 1.77) E
Paddy ame] EST
[Mixed TA) sta]
‘The agricultural profil of the ringana Thodu watershed highlights the dominance of
rubber and mixed cropping systems, alongsid limited paddy cultivation. Rubber is grown
across 250 hectares, with is yield expected 10 increase from 1,5 10 2.0 tons per hectare
following project interventions. Paddy is cultivated on 3 hectares, with an anticipated yield
El
improvement from 3.5 10 4.5 tons per hectare. Mixed crops, covering 343 hectares, are
projeced 10 see a significant productivity rise from 3.0 1050 tons per hectare. The projet
primarily focused on enhancing both the area under effective cultivation and the productivity
of Key crops, addressing soil erosion and water sarcty to promote sustainable agricultural
growth in the region
Water Resource Inventory
[water sources numbers
(open well 33|
[pond 5
[seam E
‘The ltingana Thodu watershed is supported by a range of natural water sources,
including 325 open wells, 5 ponds, and 4 streams, These water bodies play à crucial role in
meeting the agricultural and domestic water needs of the local population. As part of the
project, these sources were stuutegically targeted for sustainable use through moisture
conservation techniques, groundwater recharge structures, and rainwater harvesting
interventions, aiming to improve wate availability throughout the year and support long-term
agricultural sustainability inthe watershed
Conservation Measures Implemented,
2. Arable Land Treatment
Intervention. ‘Quantity Executed
SPCB with quer stone | 20.000 m?
Agrostological Measures —| 2.000 m
Agroforestry 5.000 saplings
Live Fencing 2.000 m
‘Moiscure Conservation Pis | 4,000 nos
Inward Terracing 2,000 m
b. Drainage Line Treatments
‘Structure ‘Quantity Executed
Retaining Wall (I m height) 1.500 m
‘Retaining Wall (12 m height 1700 m
Retaining Wall (1.8 m height) 1275 m
Retaining Wall (2 m height) 300m
Cross Checks (1m 1.5 m/ 2m wich) |35 nos tou
Field Channels 300 m
‘Constructed Ponds (+853 mi) 2 mos
Dug-out Ponds Scham) Tinos
Foot Slabs ENS
0
projeced 10 see a significant productivity rise from 3.0 1050 tons per hectare. The projet
primarily focused on enhancing both the area under effective cultivation and the productivity
of Key crops, addressing soil erosion and water sarcty to promote sustainable agricultural
growth in the region
Water Resource Inventory
[water sources numbers
(open well 33|
[pond 5
[seam E
‘The ltingana Thodu watershed is supported by a range of natural water sources,
including 325 open wells, 5 ponds, and 4 streams, These water bodies play à crucial role in
meeting the agricultural and domestic water needs of the local population. As part of the
project, these sources were stuutegically targeted for sustainable use through moisture
conservation techniques, groundwater recharge structures, and rainwater harvesting
interventions, aiming to improve wate availability throughout the year and support long-term
agricultural sustainability inthe watershed
Conservation Measures Implemented,
2. Arable Land Treatment
Intervention. ‘Quantity Executed
SPCB with quer stone | 20.000 m?
Agrostological Measures —| 2.000 m
Agroforestry 5.000 saplings
Live Fencing 2.000 m
‘Moiscure Conservation Pis | 4,000 nos
Inward Terracing 2,000 m
b. Drainage Line Treatments
‘Structure ‘Quantity Executed
Retaining Wall (I m height) 1.500 m
‘Retaining Wall (12 m height 1700 m
Retaining Wall (1.8 m height) 1275 m
Retaining Wall (2 m height) 300m
Cross Checks (1m 1.5 m/ 2m wich) |35 nos tou
Field Channels 300 m
‘Constructed Ponds (+853 mi) 2 mos
Dug-out Ponds Scham) Tinos
Foot Slabs ENS
0
PALAKKAD
Irumbamutty Watershed Project
“The Irumbamutty Watershed Project, located in Palakkad District, was implemented
with the objective of resoring the ecological balance and enhancing the sustainability of
agriculture inthe region. The project covered a total geographical area of 699 hectares and was
cared out over a span of sx yeas, from 05/09/2016 to 30/09/2022, at a cost of 251 lakhs. A
{otal of 45295 man-days of employment were generated through various soil and water
conservation activities. The project focused on reducing topsoil erosion, enhancing
groundwater recharge, improving agricultural productivity, and promoting eco-restoration
through sustainable interventions, including agroforestry and rainwater harvesting.
Key Project Details
Parameter Details
District Palakkad
Toral Area 690 ha
Trestuble Area 735 ha (Productivity focused)
Date of Commencement 05.09-2016
Date of Completion 30409-2022
‘Total Project Cost 2251 Lakhs
‘otal Employment Generated 45295 mandays
Potential Created 25 ha of new crop area; 735 ha productivity increase
Objectives of the Project
+ Reduce topsoil erosion through Structural and vegetative measures.
{Increase soil infiltration capacity to raise groundwater levels.
Modif land slopes for bete surface runof contro
‘© Alleviate dinking water shortages through rainwater harvesting.
+ Promote eco-resoration using eco-friendly inputs and agroforestry
+ Bring additional area under horticultural crop
‘© Create sustainable employment opportunities.
© Increase awareness on natural resource management.
Agricultural Impact
Crop | Area Before (ha) [ Area After (ha)
Coconut 165 160
Arecanun 150, 130)
Rubber 305 310.
Pepper 25 EJ
Mixed Crops 115 130.
a
Irumbamutty Watershed Project
“The Irumbamutty Watershed Project, located in Palakkad District, was implemented
with the objective of resoring the ecological balance and enhancing the sustainability of
agriculture inthe region. The project covered a total geographical area of 699 hectares and was
cared out over a span of sx yeas, from 05/09/2016 to 30/09/2022, at a cost of 251 lakhs. A
{otal of 45295 man-days of employment were generated through various soil and water
conservation activities. The project focused on reducing topsoil erosion, enhancing
groundwater recharge, improving agricultural productivity, and promoting eco-restoration
through sustainable interventions, including agroforestry and rainwater harvesting.
Key Project Details
Parameter Details
District Palakkad
Toral Area 690 ha
Trestuble Area 735 ha (Productivity focused)
Date of Commencement 05.09-2016
Date of Completion 30409-2022
‘Total Project Cost 2251 Lakhs
‘otal Employment Generated 45295 mandays
Potential Created 25 ha of new crop area; 735 ha productivity increase
Objectives of the Project
+ Reduce topsoil erosion through Structural and vegetative measures.
{Increase soil infiltration capacity to raise groundwater levels.
Modif land slopes for bete surface runof contro
‘© Alleviate dinking water shortages through rainwater harvesting.
+ Promote eco-resoration using eco-friendly inputs and agroforestry
+ Bring additional area under horticultural crop
‘© Create sustainable employment opportunities.
© Increase awareness on natural resource management.
Agricultural Impact
Crop | Area Before (ha) [ Area After (ha)
Coconut 165 160
Arecanun 150, 130)
Rubber 305 310.
Pepper 25 EJ
Mixed Crops 115 130.
a
pre development area(ha) and post development area(ha)
Im pn ispmem nos) I pox ment)
° 1 | aa E
Executed Works and Interventions
Quant
Stone pitched contour bund (quarrying tone) | 62.834.58 m?
‘Additional bunds 47:62:02 0%, 30,008.51 me, 857.10 nF
Contour inward sloping traces 2899.60 m
Centipeul terraces 1,679 Nos + 212 Nos
Agrostological measures Sam
‘Moisture Conservation - Dugout Ponds NOS
Planting horiculuresilviulire species 650 Nos
b. Water Resource Development
‘Structure Quant
Rainwater Harvesting Suueures TE Nos + 7 Now
TLoose boulder check dams (Type A,0m) [99 + 18 + 6 Nu
Loose boulder check dams (Type Bam) | 250426422 Nox
[Loose boulder check dams (Type C, m) | 204 + 26 + 30 Nos
€ Drainage Line Treatments
‘Structure Quantity
Retaining wall Jungle stone (15m) Type À [47350m
Retaining wall Jungle stone (Im) Type B 2114 11730m
Retaining wall Blasted rubble (15m) Type | 197.404 300+ 2m
Formwork for 112m wall ETS
POC 1:36 or 112m wall 42m
2
Im pn ispmem nos) I pox ment)
° 1 | aa E
Executed Works and Interventions
Quant
Stone pitched contour bund (quarrying tone) | 62.834.58 m?
‘Additional bunds 47:62:02 0%, 30,008.51 me, 857.10 nF
Contour inward sloping traces 2899.60 m
Centipeul terraces 1,679 Nos + 212 Nos
Agrostological measures Sam
‘Moisture Conservation - Dugout Ponds NOS
Planting horiculuresilviulire species 650 Nos
b. Water Resource Development
‘Structure Quant
Rainwater Harvesting Suueures TE Nos + 7 Now
TLoose boulder check dams (Type A,0m) [99 + 18 + 6 Nu
Loose boulder check dams (Type Bam) | 250426422 Nox
[Loose boulder check dams (Type C, m) | 204 + 26 + 30 Nos
€ Drainage Line Treatments
‘Structure Quantity
Retaining wall Jungle stone (15m) Type À [47350m
Retaining wall Jungle stone (Im) Type B 2114 11730m
Retaining wall Blasted rubble (15m) Type | 197.404 300+ 2m
Formwork for 112m wall ETS
POC 1:36 or 112m wall 42m
2
MALAPPURAM
[Malappuram districts contains 3 Watershed Projects, namely;
|. Infrastructure Development of Selected Padasekharams in Kottakkal Assembly
Constituency
11. Otanthichira Watershed Development Project
TL, Thoteri Watershed Development Project
L Infrastructure Development of Selected Padasekharams in Kottakkal
Assembly Constituency
Project Overview
The “Inissiructure Development of Selected Padasekharams in Kottakkal Assembly
Constiusney” was implemented with the sim of revitalizing four key paddy-growing
Padusekharams: Kuttpuram, Kavathibkalam, Melmuri, and Keezhmuri, through infrastructure
development, flood protection, water management, and soil conservacion works, The projet
began on 18/02/2016 and was completed on 31/12/2022, generating a total of 39,292 man-days
and incurring an expenditure of 2715 lak. The interventions aimed at boosting agricultural
productivity, enabling muli-cropping, improving drainage, and ensuring climate-resilient
farming systems.
Project Details
Component Details
Total Area Covered ha
4 padasekharams (Kutipuram - 75 ha, Kavatikkalam - 65 ha,
Ten Melmuri --67 ha, Keezhmuri - -65 ha)
Major Crops Paddy, Coconut, Mixed Crops, Vegetables
Total Man-days Generated 39,292 days
Project Cost 2715 lakhs
Date of Commencement 18-02-2016
Date of Completion 31-12-2022
‘Componentewise Details and Analysis
A. Kuttipuram Padasekharam (75 ha)
+ Key Issues Addressed: Flooding, bund breaches, Lack of drainage.
+ Interventions:
Retaining Walls: 2.5m and 2m height totalling over 2000 m.
Concrete check dams (Type 1,2, 3: 3 Nos with shutters for controlled water
Now.
28 Nos of Cross Check Structures and a ramp constructed fr ick access
4
[Malappuram districts contains 3 Watershed Projects, namely;
|. Infrastructure Development of Selected Padasekharams in Kottakkal Assembly
Constituency
11. Otanthichira Watershed Development Project
TL, Thoteri Watershed Development Project
L Infrastructure Development of Selected Padasekharams in Kottakkal
Assembly Constituency
Project Overview
The “Inissiructure Development of Selected Padasekharams in Kottakkal Assembly
Constiusney” was implemented with the sim of revitalizing four key paddy-growing
Padusekharams: Kuttpuram, Kavathibkalam, Melmuri, and Keezhmuri, through infrastructure
development, flood protection, water management, and soil conservacion works, The projet
began on 18/02/2016 and was completed on 31/12/2022, generating a total of 39,292 man-days
and incurring an expenditure of 2715 lak. The interventions aimed at boosting agricultural
productivity, enabling muli-cropping, improving drainage, and ensuring climate-resilient
farming systems.
Project Details
Component Details
Total Area Covered ha
4 padasekharams (Kutipuram - 75 ha, Kavatikkalam - 65 ha,
Ten Melmuri --67 ha, Keezhmuri - -65 ha)
Major Crops Paddy, Coconut, Mixed Crops, Vegetables
Total Man-days Generated 39,292 days
Project Cost 2715 lakhs
Date of Commencement 18-02-2016
Date of Completion 31-12-2022
‘Componentewise Details and Analysis
A. Kuttipuram Padasekharam (75 ha)
+ Key Issues Addressed: Flooding, bund breaches, Lack of drainage.
+ Interventions:
Retaining Walls: 2.5m and 2m height totalling over 2000 m.
Concrete check dams (Type 1,2, 3: 3 Nos with shutters for controlled water
Now.
28 Nos of Cross Check Structures and a ramp constructed fr ick access
4
B. Kavathikkalam Padasekharam (65 ha)
+ Main Drain: Kavathilakam Thoda
© Key Works:
© Retaining Wall 3m Height: 846.2 m
Cross Cheeks: Type 1 (2 nos), Type 2 (5109). Type 3 (1 no)
Diversion Canals (Fype 1 & 2): Total 80 m
Ramp for accessibility: 1 No
C. Melmuri Padasckharam (-67 ha)
+ Moin Drain; Melmuri Thodu,
+ Key Works:
Retaining Walls (15m and 2m height): Over 1,688.6 rm
Renovation of Chaliyakkudamıkulam pond to improve water availabilty
4 Concreto Check Dams, Canal Lining: 391.50 ım
Farm Pond: 1, Footpath: 350 em
Tractor Bridge and Ramp: 2
D. Keerhmuri Padasekharam (65 ha)
+ Main Drain: Kocahmuri Thode
+ Key Works:
© Retaining Walls: Over 2000 rm at various
Diversion Canal: 283 am
(Cross Checks: Type 1 3). Type 2 (12)
{Check Dam cum Foot Bridge and Diversion Canal
2 Ramps for better field access
Agricultural Impact
Crop ‘Area (ha)
Paddy 130
Cocon 20
Mixed Crops & Vegetables [67
Crops vs Area in Ha
“4
+ Main Drain: Kavathilakam Thoda
© Key Works:
© Retaining Wall 3m Height: 846.2 m
Cross Cheeks: Type 1 (2 nos), Type 2 (5109). Type 3 (1 no)
Diversion Canals (Fype 1 & 2): Total 80 m
Ramp for accessibility: 1 No
C. Melmuri Padasckharam (-67 ha)
+ Moin Drain; Melmuri Thodu,
+ Key Works:
Retaining Walls (15m and 2m height): Over 1,688.6 rm
Renovation of Chaliyakkudamıkulam pond to improve water availabilty
4 Concreto Check Dams, Canal Lining: 391.50 ım
Farm Pond: 1, Footpath: 350 em
Tractor Bridge and Ramp: 2
D. Keerhmuri Padasekharam (65 ha)
+ Main Drain: Kocahmuri Thode
+ Key Works:
© Retaining Walls: Over 2000 rm at various
Diversion Canal: 283 am
(Cross Checks: Type 1 3). Type 2 (12)
{Check Dam cum Foot Bridge and Diversion Canal
2 Ramps for better field access
Agricultural Impact
Crop ‘Area (ha)
Paddy 130
Cocon 20
Mixed Crops & Vegetables [67
Crops vs Area in Ha
“4
XL Olanthicl
‘Watershed Development Project
District: Malappuram
Taluk: Tirur
lock: Kutipuram
Panchayath: Marakkara, Edayoor
Total Area: 814 ha
‘Treatable Area: 700 ha
Project Cost: 2210 Lakhs
Introduction
‘The Olanthichira Watershed Development Project was initiated to address key
environmental, agricultural, and socio-economic challenges across 700 hectares of treatable
land. This region, characterized by intermittent bare rock and fast-flowing runoff, was facing
accelerated soil erosion, declining agricultural productivity, water scaity, and rural
‘unemployment. This report evaluates the implementation, effectiveness, and impact of the
‘watershed management activities undertaken from projet initiation 0 completion,
Key Issues Identified
The following major problems were documented as affecting the watershed:
High-velocty runoff causing stream bank scouring and sediment loss
Severe soil erosion with declining yields from agricultural land
Poor post-harvest infrastructure and marketing limitations.
Groundwater exploitation, drought, and inadequate irrigation coverage.
Gully formation, degraded sub-drain, nd reduced agricultural income.
Drinking water shortages and youth unemployment,
Project Objectives
‘The objectives wore clear, mukidisciplinay, and sustainable:
‘Consol erosion and protect soil resources.
nance water conservation through in-situ rainwater harvesting
Stabilize zullies and drainage channels
Improve agriculural yield and eropping inensity.
Restore ecological balance and biodivers
‘Create awareness and employment among local communities.
Promote groundwater recharge and reduce over dependence on tube wells
4
‘Watershed Development Project
District: Malappuram
Taluk: Tirur
lock: Kutipuram
Panchayath: Marakkara, Edayoor
Total Area: 814 ha
‘Treatable Area: 700 ha
Project Cost: 2210 Lakhs
Introduction
‘The Olanthichira Watershed Development Project was initiated to address key
environmental, agricultural, and socio-economic challenges across 700 hectares of treatable
land. This region, characterized by intermittent bare rock and fast-flowing runoff, was facing
accelerated soil erosion, declining agricultural productivity, water scaity, and rural
‘unemployment. This report evaluates the implementation, effectiveness, and impact of the
‘watershed management activities undertaken from projet initiation 0 completion,
Key Issues Identified
The following major problems were documented as affecting the watershed:
High-velocty runoff causing stream bank scouring and sediment loss
Severe soil erosion with declining yields from agricultural land
Poor post-harvest infrastructure and marketing limitations.
Groundwater exploitation, drought, and inadequate irrigation coverage.
Gully formation, degraded sub-drain, nd reduced agricultural income.
Drinking water shortages and youth unemployment,
Project Objectives
‘The objectives wore clear, mukidisciplinay, and sustainable:
‘Consol erosion and protect soil resources.
nance water conservation through in-situ rainwater harvesting
Stabilize zullies and drainage channels
Improve agriculural yield and eropping inensity.
Restore ecological balance and biodivers
‘Create awareness and employment among local communities.
Promote groundwater recharge and reduce over dependence on tube wells
4
Executed Interventions
Ai Quantity
Stone pitched comour bund 1753.37 m
‘Stone pitched contour bund (conveyance) 122002 nv
Earhen collar bund 39536 mm
Agrostological measures 21,922 m
Roof water harvesting sucios 50 Nos
‘Retaining wall (LS m height) 11830 mm
Retaining wall 2 m height, Type 2) 1363.10 mm
ed rubble check dam (Type 1 with wing wal) | 10 Nos
Blasted rubble check dam (Type 2 without wing wall) | 19 Nos
Cross check (Type D) 32 Nox
‘Gross check (Type 2) 29 Nos
Conerete check dam SNos
Tractor amp 1No
4
Ai Quantity
Stone pitched comour bund 1753.37 m
‘Stone pitched contour bund (conveyance) 122002 nv
Earhen collar bund 39536 mm
Agrostological measures 21,922 m
Roof water harvesting sucios 50 Nos
‘Retaining wall (LS m height) 11830 mm
Retaining wall 2 m height, Type 2) 1363.10 mm
ed rubble check dam (Type 1 with wing wal) | 10 Nos
Blasted rubble check dam (Type 2 without wing wall) | 19 Nos
Cross check (Type D) 32 Nox
‘Gross check (Type 2) 29 Nos
Conerete check dam SNos
Tractor amp 1No
4
1. Thotteri Watershed Development Pi
District: Malappuram
‘Taluk: Thirurangadi
Block: Vengara
Panchayath Uragam
Total Area: 470 ha
‘Treatable Area: 425 ha
Project Cost: £1.68 Crores
Introduction
‘The Thotteri Watershed Development Project was undertaken with the primary sim of
improving agricultural productivity, reducing land degradation, and enhancing water resource
availability in the Uragam Panchayath area. With total area of 470 hectares and 425 hectares
of teatable land, he project focused on implementing soil and water conservation measures
suited tothe region's topography, climate, and land-use pater,
Land Use and Cropping Pattern
Crop Area (in ha)
Coconut 265
Arwcanut 85
Plantain 25
Mixed
crops and 20
Vegetables
Rubber 30
‘This cropping patter indices the dominance of perennial erops like coconut and
arecanut, along with smaller areas under rubber, plantain, and vegetables, reflecting a mixed
horticultural system that benefits From stale water availability and erosion conto
Crops vs Area in Ha
a
District: Malappuram
‘Taluk: Thirurangadi
Block: Vengara
Panchayath Uragam
Total Area: 470 ha
‘Treatable Area: 425 ha
Project Cost: £1.68 Crores
Introduction
‘The Thotteri Watershed Development Project was undertaken with the primary sim of
improving agricultural productivity, reducing land degradation, and enhancing water resource
availability in the Uragam Panchayath area. With total area of 470 hectares and 425 hectares
of teatable land, he project focused on implementing soil and water conservation measures
suited tothe region's topography, climate, and land-use pater,
Land Use and Cropping Pattern
Crop Area (in ha)
Coconut 265
Arwcanut 85
Plantain 25
Mixed
crops and 20
Vegetables
Rubber 30
‘This cropping patter indices the dominance of perennial erops like coconut and
arecanut, along with smaller areas under rubber, plantain, and vegetables, reflecting a mixed
horticultural system that benefits From stale water availability and erosion conto
Crops vs Area in Ha
a
KOZHIKODE
Kozhikode district contain 3 Watershed Projects, namely;
1. Vadayam Watershed Development Project
11. _ Kunnumel Watershed Development Project
II. Pavukandy Thodu Watershed Project
1. Vadayam Watershed Development Project
‘The Vadayam Watershed Project, located in Kutindy Panchayath of Vadakara Block,
‘Kozhikode District, was implemented under the RIDE scheme with the objective of mitigating
i erosion, conserving water resources, and enhancing agricultural productivity. The
‘watershed is drained by Nellikandy Thodo, a triburary of he Kuttady River, and spas a total
geographical arca of 732 hectares, with 630 hectares identified as treatable. The region
previously suffered from land degradation, limited irrigation facilite, and declining crop.
productivity, resulting in large areas of fallow land
‘The project, completed on 20/07/2022, achieved 98.28% progress, with most of the
planned physical works, crop enhancement activities, and water management measures
successfully executed. Implemented a a cost of 2149.5 lakhs, it generated 11.051 man-days of
employment, The watershed terrain varies in slope from 5% to 45%, with an average soil depth
of 200 em, and is composed mainly of gravelly clay and gravelly loan. The project maintained
by the concemed Grama Panchayath, benefits a otal of 1,042 individuals and has effectively
utilized its potential for sol and water conservation interventions.
Agricultural Profile
major crop. [re project area in hectare fiditional area In hectare
paddy 13 E
Coconut 400] 5
farecanut 100] E
[er vegetables and mixed crops 30 3]
Aroa in hectare ve rope
4
Kozhikode district contain 3 Watershed Projects, namely;
1. Vadayam Watershed Development Project
11. _ Kunnumel Watershed Development Project
II. Pavukandy Thodu Watershed Project
1. Vadayam Watershed Development Project
‘The Vadayam Watershed Project, located in Kutindy Panchayath of Vadakara Block,
‘Kozhikode District, was implemented under the RIDE scheme with the objective of mitigating
i erosion, conserving water resources, and enhancing agricultural productivity. The
‘watershed is drained by Nellikandy Thodo, a triburary of he Kuttady River, and spas a total
geographical arca of 732 hectares, with 630 hectares identified as treatable. The region
previously suffered from land degradation, limited irrigation facilite, and declining crop.
productivity, resulting in large areas of fallow land
‘The project, completed on 20/07/2022, achieved 98.28% progress, with most of the
planned physical works, crop enhancement activities, and water management measures
successfully executed. Implemented a a cost of 2149.5 lakhs, it generated 11.051 man-days of
employment, The watershed terrain varies in slope from 5% to 45%, with an average soil depth
of 200 em, and is composed mainly of gravelly clay and gravelly loan. The project maintained
by the concemed Grama Panchayath, benefits a otal of 1,042 individuals and has effectively
utilized its potential for sol and water conservation interventions.
Agricultural Profile
major crop. [re project area in hectare fiditional area In hectare
paddy 13 E
Coconut 400] 5
farecanut 100] E
[er vegetables and mixed crops 30 3]
Aroa in hectare ve rope
4
[major cops [pre project yield Jost project yield
(coconut [4000 nova 6000 nova
Irecanın 1500K Mn [2000 kg/ha
(nee [una (22 una
[summer vegetales [1000 kg/ha 12000 kg/ha
‘The Vadayam Watershed Project brought significant improvements in agricultural
performance through enhanced water conservation and land treatment measures, The cropping
area expanded notably with paddy cultvation increasing from 152 to 156 hectares, coconut
from 40010 405 hectares arecanut from 100 to 103 hectares, and vegetables and mixed crops
from 30 0 39 hectares. Alongside this, crop yields also improved substantially. Coconut yield
rose from 4000 to 6000 nus per hectare, arecanu fom 150010 2000 Kg ha. rice from 2 10 2.2
tons/ha, and summer vegetables from 1000 10 2000 kg/ha. These outcomes clearly reflect the
projet’ succes in addressing water carcty reducing erosion, and promoting sustainable and
productive land use
Key Physical Interventions
a. Arable Land Treatment Works
+ Stone Pitched Contour Bund: 1874.28 nv executed
+ Horticrop Fruit Plants: 2.000 saplings planed
>, Drainage Line Treatment Works
Well Recharging Structures: 52 nos
Cross Cheeks: 41 nos
Water Harvesting Structures: 2 nos
Retaining Wall
© 1.2 mbeight: 1,145.35 rm executed
2 m height 1,633.70 rm executed
€. Other Infrastructure
+ Diversion Channel: 86.60 rm
© Revetment Wall (Stream Protection): 28 rm
4
(coconut [4000 nova 6000 nova
Irecanın 1500K Mn [2000 kg/ha
(nee [una (22 una
[summer vegetales [1000 kg/ha 12000 kg/ha
‘The Vadayam Watershed Project brought significant improvements in agricultural
performance through enhanced water conservation and land treatment measures, The cropping
area expanded notably with paddy cultvation increasing from 152 to 156 hectares, coconut
from 40010 405 hectares arecanut from 100 to 103 hectares, and vegetables and mixed crops
from 30 0 39 hectares. Alongside this, crop yields also improved substantially. Coconut yield
rose from 4000 to 6000 nus per hectare, arecanu fom 150010 2000 Kg ha. rice from 2 10 2.2
tons/ha, and summer vegetables from 1000 10 2000 kg/ha. These outcomes clearly reflect the
projet’ succes in addressing water carcty reducing erosion, and promoting sustainable and
productive land use
Key Physical Interventions
a. Arable Land Treatment Works
+ Stone Pitched Contour Bund: 1874.28 nv executed
+ Horticrop Fruit Plants: 2.000 saplings planed
>, Drainage Line Treatment Works
Well Recharging Structures: 52 nos
Cross Cheeks: 41 nos
Water Harvesting Structures: 2 nos
Retaining Wall
© 1.2 mbeight: 1,145.35 rm executed
2 m height 1,633.70 rm executed
€. Other Infrastructure
+ Diversion Channel: 86.60 rm
© Revetment Wall (Stream Protection): 28 rm
4
11. Kunnummal Watershed Development Project
‘The Kunnummal Watershed Project, implemented under the RIDF scheme, i located
in Kunnummal Panchayath of Kunnummal Block, Kozhikode District, and falls within the
[Mali River Basin. The watershed covers a geographical area of S45 hectares with SOD hectares
identified as treatable land, Characterized by gravelly clay loam soils and moderate 10 steep
slopes ranging from 15% to 45%, the area is predominantly agricultural and prone 10 sol
erosión and seasonal water cart
‘The project was executed at a total cost of 21.82 crore and completed on 30/09/2022,
generating 16,009 man-days of employment, Designed to enhance soi and water conservation,
Promote sustainable agricultural practices, and ensure groundwater recharge, the project
involved coordinated efforts withthe local Grama Panchayath and various stakeholders. It
directly benefited 886 individual, with targeted interventions across both arable and non-
arable zones to restor land productivity and strengthen rural livelihoods, Pos-completion. the
‘maintenance responsibility ie with the concerned Grama Panchayath, ensuring sustainability
and long-term impact
Agricultural Profile
[major crop [pre projet area in here Post project area in here
oconur 00) 3
larecanar 30) 033]
[paddy 100) 3
(vegetables and other mixed crops El
Area in hectare vs Crops
‘The Kunnummal Watershed Project, implemented under the RIDF scheme, i located
in Kunnummal Panchayath of Kunnummal Block, Kozhikode District, and falls within the
[Mali River Basin. The watershed covers a geographical area of S45 hectares with SOD hectares
identified as treatable land, Characterized by gravelly clay loam soils and moderate 10 steep
slopes ranging from 15% to 45%, the area is predominantly agricultural and prone 10 sol
erosión and seasonal water cart
‘The project was executed at a total cost of 21.82 crore and completed on 30/09/2022,
generating 16,009 man-days of employment, Designed to enhance soi and water conservation,
Promote sustainable agricultural practices, and ensure groundwater recharge, the project
involved coordinated efforts withthe local Grama Panchayath and various stakeholders. It
directly benefited 886 individual, with targeted interventions across both arable and non-
arable zones to restor land productivity and strengthen rural livelihoods, Pos-completion. the
‘maintenance responsibility ie with the concerned Grama Panchayath, ensuring sustainability
and long-term impact
Agricultural Profile
[major crop [pre projet area in here Post project area in here
oconur 00) 3
larecanar 30) 033]
[paddy 100) 3
(vegetables and other mixed crops El
Area in hectare vs Crops
[major eo pre project yield post project yield
(coconut [3000n0sma ——[6000mos/ha
Iracamun SOON [2000Kgha
[paddy Puma ET
[vegetales and other mixed crops [1000kÿha |2000kyma
‘The Kunnummal Watershed Project led o notable improvements in both cropping arca
and crop yield highlighting its effectiveness in promoting sustainable farming and enhancing
water use efficiency. The aca under coconut cultivation increased by 25 hectares, arecanvt by
025 hectares, paddy by 5 hectares, and vegetables and mixed erops by 3 hectares. In terms of
productivity, coconut yield rose from 4000 to 6000 nus per hectare, arecanut from 1500 10
2000 kg/ha, pay from 210 22 tons/a, and vegetables and mixed erops from 100010 2000
Kg ha. These gains are a direct result of improved soil moisture conservation, groundwater
recharge, and betr land management practices introduced through the project.
Physical Works Executed
a. Arable Land Treatment
+ Stone Pitched Contour Bunding (SPCB):
Esocutod in total of 3,763.37 m? across diferent locations.
+ Supply of Fruit Plants
798 kits of honicultuce saplings distributed.
b. Drainage Line Treatment & Groundwater Recharge
intervention Fexecuted Quantity
CE WEI (Water Harvesting Sucre Type BY [No
Wall Recharge Sineures ETS
Fer Units Tor Recharge Wells Noe
ann Walls CZ Reich) Poste
ne Walls GO [7266 nn
Thor Roaming Wall om
Diveion Cham Km
CC Tor Diversion Channel m
faces or executed panne BHA
si
(coconut [3000n0sma ——[6000mos/ha
Iracamun SOON [2000Kgha
[paddy Puma ET
[vegetales and other mixed crops [1000kÿha |2000kyma
‘The Kunnummal Watershed Project led o notable improvements in both cropping arca
and crop yield highlighting its effectiveness in promoting sustainable farming and enhancing
water use efficiency. The aca under coconut cultivation increased by 25 hectares, arecanvt by
025 hectares, paddy by 5 hectares, and vegetables and mixed erops by 3 hectares. In terms of
productivity, coconut yield rose from 4000 to 6000 nus per hectare, arecanut from 1500 10
2000 kg/ha, pay from 210 22 tons/a, and vegetables and mixed erops from 100010 2000
Kg ha. These gains are a direct result of improved soil moisture conservation, groundwater
recharge, and betr land management practices introduced through the project.
Physical Works Executed
a. Arable Land Treatment
+ Stone Pitched Contour Bunding (SPCB):
Esocutod in total of 3,763.37 m? across diferent locations.
+ Supply of Fruit Plants
798 kits of honicultuce saplings distributed.
b. Drainage Line Treatment & Groundwater Recharge
intervention Fexecuted Quantity
CE WEI (Water Harvesting Sucre Type BY [No
Wall Recharge Sineures ETS
Fer Units Tor Recharge Wells Noe
ann Walls CZ Reich) Poste
ne Walls GO [7266 nn
Thor Roaming Wall om
Diveion Cham Km
CC Tor Diversion Channel m
faces or executed panne BHA
si
|. Pavukanı
odu Watershed Project
‘The Pavukandi Thodu Watershed Project, implemented under the RIDF scheme, is
located in Kouoor and Panangad Panchayaths of Balussery Block, Kozhikode District, and
falls within the Korapuzka River Basin. Covering a total geographical area of 785 hectares,
with 525 hectares identified as treatable, the watershed is primatily an agriculturally dependent
area. Prior intervention, the region suffered from severe water scarcity, high surface runoff,
soil erosion, and poor agricultural productivity.
‘To address these challenges, the project focused on arable land and drainage line
lweaiment measures designed o reduce soil erosion, improve water retention, enhance
groundwater recharge, and strengthen overall agricultural sustainability. Executed at cost of
2195 lakhs, the project was completed on 28/12/2022, generating, 30,686 man-days of
employment, and directly benefiting 1,368 individuals. With an average slope of 30% and
gravelly cla loam to gravelly clay soils, the region was wellsuted for integrated watershed
‘management, Post project maintenance is now the responsibilty of the concerned Grama
Panchayath, ensuring long-term impact and sustainability
Agricultural Impact
major crop [pre development in hectare] pre projet ici ost project yet]
[coconut 540/4400n0ha— [60000
Iarccanın 25)S00dcyauvha—[SSOdeynutsha
nana and vegetables 13]3000k¢plant — [3500Kg/piam
[rubber Eo _ [¡1VOKghree
Ipaday 25310351 [3510375 va
pepper [ska [kmo
‘Area in hectare vs Crops.
‘The Pavukandi Thodu Watershed Projet resulted in significant improvements in both
ttc extent of eutivated area and crop productivity. The arca under coconut cultivation increased
from 640 10 650 hectares, wih yields rising from 4400 to 6000 nuts per hectare. Arecamut
2
odu Watershed Project
‘The Pavukandi Thodu Watershed Project, implemented under the RIDF scheme, is
located in Kouoor and Panangad Panchayaths of Balussery Block, Kozhikode District, and
falls within the Korapuzka River Basin. Covering a total geographical area of 785 hectares,
with 525 hectares identified as treatable, the watershed is primatily an agriculturally dependent
area. Prior intervention, the region suffered from severe water scarcity, high surface runoff,
soil erosion, and poor agricultural productivity.
‘To address these challenges, the project focused on arable land and drainage line
lweaiment measures designed o reduce soil erosion, improve water retention, enhance
groundwater recharge, and strengthen overall agricultural sustainability. Executed at cost of
2195 lakhs, the project was completed on 28/12/2022, generating, 30,686 man-days of
employment, and directly benefiting 1,368 individuals. With an average slope of 30% and
gravelly cla loam to gravelly clay soils, the region was wellsuted for integrated watershed
‘management, Post project maintenance is now the responsibilty of the concerned Grama
Panchayath, ensuring long-term impact and sustainability
Agricultural Impact
major crop [pre development in hectare] pre projet ici ost project yet]
[coconut 540/4400n0ha— [60000
Iarccanın 25)S00dcyauvha—[SSOdeynutsha
nana and vegetables 13]3000k¢plant — [3500Kg/piam
[rubber Eo _ [¡1VOKghree
Ipaday 25310351 [3510375 va
pepper [ska [kmo
‘Area in hectare vs Crops.
‘The Pavukandi Thodu Watershed Projet resulted in significant improvements in both
ttc extent of eutivated area and crop productivity. The arca under coconut cultivation increased
from 640 10 650 hectares, wih yields rising from 4400 to 6000 nuts per hectare. Arecamut
2
farming expanded from 25 10 30 hectares, and yield improved from 500 10 $50 dry nuts por
hectare. Banana and vegetable cultivation grew from 13 0 23 hectares, with yields increasing
from 3000 to 3500 kg per plant. Rubber plantations expanded from 79 10 84 hectares, and
productivity improved from 95010 1110 kg per tree. Though the area under pad and pepper
cultivation emained unchanged, thee yields increased from 3 3.5 103.5 3.75 tons per hectare
and 80 10 95 kg per hectare, respectively. These gains reflect an overall 20% increase in crop.
production and a 10-hectre expansion in cultivated land, attributed 10 improved water
availability, enhanced soil conservation, and beter land management practices enabled by the
Project,
Water Source Inventory.
(open well ll
[he well 15!
[pond 10]
k 2
[steam perennial 7
“The Payukandi Thodu watershed is supported by a diverse range of water sources,
including 173 open wells LS tbe wells, 10 ponds, 2 ranks, and | perennial stream. This varie
as contributed to stable irrigation throughout the year, ensuring consistent water supply for
agricultural activities
Executed Conservation Works
2. Arable Land Treatment (ALT)
+ Stone Pitched Contour Bund: 25,347.65 m? (executed fully)
+ Earthen Bunds: 103.50 rm
+ Agroforestry (Tree Plantation): 1940 nos
b. Drainage Line Treatment (DLT)
Structure Executed Quantity
Loose Boulder Check Dams (Jungle Stone) 2
Loose Boulder Chock Dams (With Wing Wall) Ss
TLoose Boulder Check Dams (Blasted Rubble) 17
Renovated Ponds 1
Water Harvesting Sruclures 1
Retaining Walls (5m height = Jungle Stone & Rubble)_[ =1,848 m]
Retaining Walls (1 mand 2 m heights = various pes) _[-1215 em
hectare. Banana and vegetable cultivation grew from 13 0 23 hectares, with yields increasing
from 3000 to 3500 kg per plant. Rubber plantations expanded from 79 10 84 hectares, and
productivity improved from 95010 1110 kg per tree. Though the area under pad and pepper
cultivation emained unchanged, thee yields increased from 3 3.5 103.5 3.75 tons per hectare
and 80 10 95 kg per hectare, respectively. These gains reflect an overall 20% increase in crop.
production and a 10-hectre expansion in cultivated land, attributed 10 improved water
availability, enhanced soil conservation, and beter land management practices enabled by the
Project,
Water Source Inventory.
(open well ll
[he well 15!
[pond 10]
k 2
[steam perennial 7
“The Payukandi Thodu watershed is supported by a diverse range of water sources,
including 173 open wells LS tbe wells, 10 ponds, 2 ranks, and | perennial stream. This varie
as contributed to stable irrigation throughout the year, ensuring consistent water supply for
agricultural activities
Executed Conservation Works
2. Arable Land Treatment (ALT)
+ Stone Pitched Contour Bund: 25,347.65 m? (executed fully)
+ Earthen Bunds: 103.50 rm
+ Agroforestry (Tree Plantation): 1940 nos
b. Drainage Line Treatment (DLT)
Structure Executed Quantity
Loose Boulder Check Dams (Jungle Stone) 2
Loose Boulder Chock Dams (With Wing Wall) Ss
TLoose Boulder Check Dams (Blasted Rubble) 17
Renovated Ponds 1
Water Harvesting Sruclures 1
Retaining Walls (5m height = Jungle Stone & Rubble)_[ =1,848 m]
Retaining Walls (1 mand 2 m heights = various pes) _[-1215 em
WAYANAD
‘Wayanad contains 2 Watershed projects, namely
1. Mottankkara Watershed Development Project
11. Pathiripalam Watershed Development Project
1. Mottankkara Watershed Development Project
Project Overview
Total Area:
Sha
Project Name: Mottankkara Watershed
Watersheds: 15 Nos
© Ponds: 20 Nos
Open We
Cropping Pattern
90 Nos
Village: Mananthavadi and Payyampally
‘Total Treatable Area: Approx. 1000 ha
Project Cost: 2203.00 Lakhs
River Basin: Kabani Puzha
Water Sources Developed:
Crop [Area thay
‘Cortes | 400
Pepper [200
‘Coconut | 100
Area [175
Rubber [50
Paddy [205
Banana [60
Vegetables [25
‘Wayanad contains 2 Watershed projects, namely
1. Mottankkara Watershed Development Project
11. Pathiripalam Watershed Development Project
1. Mottankkara Watershed Development Project
Project Overview
Total Area:
Sha
Project Name: Mottankkara Watershed
Watersheds: 15 Nos
© Ponds: 20 Nos
Open We
Cropping Pattern
90 Nos
Village: Mananthavadi and Payyampally
‘Total Treatable Area: Approx. 1000 ha
Project Cost: 2203.00 Lakhs
River Basin: Kabani Puzha
Water Sources Developed:
Crop [Area thay
‘Cortes | 400
Pepper [200
‘Coconut | 100
Area [175
Rubber [50
Paddy [205
Banana [60
Vegetables [25
Crops vs Area in Ha
00
20
100
Cote Pepper Cocont ecanut Rubber Paddy Banana Vepotable
‘reps
Major Issues Identified
‘The watershed community faced several environmental and socio-economic problems prior to
intervention:
Severe soil erosion and land degradation
Water scarcity during dry periods
Low agricultural yield due to degraded soil and poor water retention
Poor groundwater recharge
Formation of gullies and stream bank érosion
Lack of employment and livelihood options
Project Ohjectives
“The project was designed o:
Control soi erosion and reduce land degradation
Improve water availabilty and ensure groundwater recharge
Enhance agricultural productivity and cropping intensity
Stabilize stream banks
Generate employment for local labourers through eco-estorative interventions
Strategy Adopted:
In-situ soil and water conservation (contour bunds, moisture pits)
Runoff water reeyeling through bunding and water harvesting
Drainage line treatments to stabilize slopes and control run
‘Water resource development (ponds, check dams)
Agroforestry and horticultural promotion for long-term income generation
ss
00
20
100
Cote Pepper Cocont ecanut Rubber Paddy Banana Vepotable
‘reps
Major Issues Identified
‘The watershed community faced several environmental and socio-economic problems prior to
intervention:
Severe soil erosion and land degradation
Water scarcity during dry periods
Low agricultural yield due to degraded soil and poor water retention
Poor groundwater recharge
Formation of gullies and stream bank érosion
Lack of employment and livelihood options
Project Ohjectives
“The project was designed o:
Control soi erosion and reduce land degradation
Improve water availabilty and ensure groundwater recharge
Enhance agricultural productivity and cropping intensity
Stabilize stream banks
Generate employment for local labourers through eco-estorative interventions
Strategy Adopted:
In-situ soil and water conservation (contour bunds, moisture pits)
Runoff water reeyeling through bunding and water harvesting
Drainage line treatments to stabilize slopes and control run
‘Water resource development (ponds, check dams)
Agroforestry and horticultural promotion for long-term income generation
ss
Executed Works
A. Arable Land Treatments
‘Activity Quantity Exeeuted
ContourGradea Bonds 70,716.12 Re (approx)
‘Agrostlogical Measures 38,5502 Rem (approx)
“Moisture Conservation Pis 850 Nos
Stone Pitched Bunds with Quarry Stone | 170.97 m?
“Agroforestry Plants 548 Nos
arthen Ponds (16x161225m) 16 Nos
Fodder Culivation 663 Ha
igh Yiciing Coconut Planing [4000 Nos
B. Drainage Line Treatmen
Structure Quantity Executed
‘Retaining Walls (1.5 m Height DRM) | 599 Rm
Retaining Walls (2 m Height DRM) | 185 Rm
‘Concrete Retaining Walls 1.2 - 2m) | 422 Rm
‘Cross Checks 19.6Rm
‘Conerete Check Dams (3m-6m with) | § Nos
Farm Ponds (4m dia, 4.5 m depth) [7 Nos
Water Harvesting Structures 3Nos
A. Arable Land Treatments
‘Activity Quantity Exeeuted
ContourGradea Bonds 70,716.12 Re (approx)
‘Agrostlogical Measures 38,5502 Rem (approx)
“Moisture Conservation Pis 850 Nos
Stone Pitched Bunds with Quarry Stone | 170.97 m?
“Agroforestry Plants 548 Nos
arthen Ponds (16x161225m) 16 Nos
Fodder Culivation 663 Ha
igh Yiciing Coconut Planing [4000 Nos
B. Drainage Line Treatmen
Structure Quantity Executed
‘Retaining Walls (1.5 m Height DRM) | 599 Rm
Retaining Walls (2 m Height DRM) | 185 Rm
‘Concrete Retaining Walls 1.2 - 2m) | 422 Rm
‘Cross Checks 19.6Rm
‘Conerete Check Dams (3m-6m with) | § Nos
Farm Ponds (4m dia, 4.5 m depth) [7 Nos
Water Harvesting Structures 3Nos
11. Pathiripalam Watershed Development Project
District: Wayanad
Date of Commencement: 08/12/2016
Date of Completion: 30122022
Total Project Cost: 23.03 Crores
Introduction
“The Pathiripalam Watershed Development Project was implemented in Wayanad with
the objective of rejuvenating degraded landscapes through integrated soil and water
conservation measures. The region experiences high rainfall but Faces seasonal doughs, sol
erosion, and poor water retention due to hilly terrain und deforestation. The project adopted
ine treatments 10 enhance water
both arable land and drainage
productivity, and ecological stability.
Objectives
Reduce soil erosion and improve soil health
Control runoff and stabilize steam banks.
Ensure long-term ecological sustainability
Executed Works
A. Arable Land Treatment
Enhance water harvesting and groundwater recharge
Improve agricultural productivity through land manage
Generate employment opportunities for local communities.
‘Activity
‘Quantity Executed
Earthen Bund
99,707 Rm (combined total)
‘ContourStaggered Trench with Embankment | 802 Row
Agrosological Measures 26,3756 Km
Terrcing 53532 Rm
Roof Water Harvesting Structures 15Nos
District: Wayanad
Date of Commencement: 08/12/2016
Date of Completion: 30122022
Total Project Cost: 23.03 Crores
Introduction
“The Pathiripalam Watershed Development Project was implemented in Wayanad with
the objective of rejuvenating degraded landscapes through integrated soil and water
conservation measures. The region experiences high rainfall but Faces seasonal doughs, sol
erosion, and poor water retention due to hilly terrain und deforestation. The project adopted
ine treatments 10 enhance water
both arable land and drainage
productivity, and ecological stability.
Objectives
Reduce soil erosion and improve soil health
Control runoff and stabilize steam banks.
Ensure long-term ecological sustainability
Executed Works
A. Arable Land Treatment
Enhance water harvesting and groundwater recharge
Improve agricultural productivity through land manage
Generate employment opportunities for local communities.
‘Activity
‘Quantity Executed
Earthen Bund
99,707 Rm (combined total)
‘ContourStaggered Trench with Embankment | 802 Row
Agrosological Measures 26,3756 Km
Terrcing 53532 Rm
Roof Water Harvesting Structures 15Nos
B. Drainage Line Treatments
Structure ‘Quantity Executed
Water Harvesting Structure (12m x 12m) No
Far Ponds (55m to 3Ox20m) Now
Concrete Wells m9 and Sm) 7 Nos
Ressining Walls (Im = 2m eight 6935 Km
Concrete Check Dans (Im. Sm, dm spas) T6Nos
Dry Ruble Check Dams rer
Seam Bank Sabian (Arecanat + vegetation) | 1621.39 Rem
Log Wood Check Dans 241 Nos +923.77 Re (approx)
Structure ‘Quantity Executed
Water Harvesting Structure (12m x 12m) No
Far Ponds (55m to 3Ox20m) Now
Concrete Wells m9 and Sm) 7 Nos
Ressining Walls (Im = 2m eight 6935 Km
Concrete Check Dans (Im. Sm, dm spas) T6Nos
Dry Ruble Check Dams rer
Seam Bank Sabian (Arecanat + vegetation) | 1621.39 Rem
Log Wood Check Dans 241 Nos +923.77 Re (approx)
KANNUR
‘Kannur district contains 3 Watershed projects, namely:
1
"
mM
Ambayathodu Watershed Project
Improvement of Water Harvesting Structures in Kurumbikkal Gramam
Manhathodu Watershed Project
L Ambayathodu Watershed
‘The Ambayathodu Watershed Project, located in Ketiyoor Grama Panchayat under
Peravoor Block of Kannur District, was implemented under the RIDE XXI scheme with an aim
19 promote sustainable watershed management and agricultural development. Designed as a
‘watershed management project, it falls under the Valapatanam river basi, The projet covered
a total ares of 581 hectares, with 192.86 hectares treated under various soil and water
conservation measures The estimated cost of the project was 2200,00 las. The project was.
completed on 28th September 2022, having generated 14,500 man-days of employment.
“Maintenance esponsibility was assigned to the beneficiaries under the supervision ofthe local
Grama Panchayath,
Physical and Environmental Features
General Implemen
Geographical Area: 581 Ha
Cultivated Area: 465 Ha
Soil Type: Gravelly clay loam to gravelly clay
Rainfall Pattern: 154 mnvhour
Soll Fertility: Fertile
Slope: 54 10 35%
Elevation: 220 m 10 860 m above MSL
‘Watershed Dimensions:
Length: 2950 meters
Width: 2800 meters
Length: With Rati: 10.96
tion Details
Project Design: Watershed Management
Total Area Treated: 192.86 Ha
Date of Completion: 28/09/2022
Total Man-days Generated: 14,500
Panchayath Village: Kotiyoor
Estimated Cost: 2200 Lakhs
No. of Beneficiaries: 500 Nos
‘Workable Area: 400 Ha
Maintenance: Handled by the local beneficiaries
‘Kannur district contains 3 Watershed projects, namely:
1
"
mM
Ambayathodu Watershed Project
Improvement of Water Harvesting Structures in Kurumbikkal Gramam
Manhathodu Watershed Project
L Ambayathodu Watershed
‘The Ambayathodu Watershed Project, located in Ketiyoor Grama Panchayat under
Peravoor Block of Kannur District, was implemented under the RIDE XXI scheme with an aim
19 promote sustainable watershed management and agricultural development. Designed as a
‘watershed management project, it falls under the Valapatanam river basi, The projet covered
a total ares of 581 hectares, with 192.86 hectares treated under various soil and water
conservation measures The estimated cost of the project was 2200,00 las. The project was.
completed on 28th September 2022, having generated 14,500 man-days of employment.
“Maintenance esponsibility was assigned to the beneficiaries under the supervision ofthe local
Grama Panchayath,
Physical and Environmental Features
General Implemen
Geographical Area: 581 Ha
Cultivated Area: 465 Ha
Soil Type: Gravelly clay loam to gravelly clay
Rainfall Pattern: 154 mnvhour
Soll Fertility: Fertile
Slope: 54 10 35%
Elevation: 220 m 10 860 m above MSL
‘Watershed Dimensions:
Length: 2950 meters
Width: 2800 meters
Length: With Rati: 10.96
tion Details
Project Design: Watershed Management
Total Area Treated: 192.86 Ha
Date of Completion: 28/09/2022
Total Man-days Generated: 14,500
Panchayath Village: Kotiyoor
Estimated Cost: 2200 Lakhs
No. of Beneficiaries: 500 Nos
‘Workable Area: 400 Ha
Maintenance: Handled by the local beneficiaries
Arable Land & Drainage Line Treatment Works
1. | Deseription Unit [Estimated | Executed
No Qy Qty
1 [Stone pitched Contour Bund me [4sooao1 [11367
2 | Agrostological Measures Rm [1137550 [1397.50
3 | Table Top Terracing ‘Nos [20000 ma
4 [Agroforestry Nos 3000 o
5 |Cemripetal Terracing Nos [1000 [3179
6 | Horticulture Planing Nos [3000 30%
7 [Retaining Wall Type A (1.00m chiseled [Rm [1707.15 — [1707.15
rubble)
$ [Retaining Wall Type B (150m chiseled | Rm [assao [45840
rubble)
9 [Retaining Wall Type C (Laterte, 1-10m) [Rm [30000 [36112
10 | Retaining Wall Type D (Latte. 150m) [rm [480.00 | 12005
11 [Reining Wall Type E (Blasted rubble, [Rm [20000 | 11085
130m)
12 [Check Dam-‘Type A (Chiselled Rubbiey [Nos [73 7”
13 [Check Dam Type B (Chiselld Rubble) [nos | 19 1
1 Nos Ju n
15 [Cross Bund (Laterite Stone) Nos [20 2
16 | Farmers Training Nos [2 Ni
1. | Deseription Unit [Estimated | Executed
No Qy Qty
1 [Stone pitched Contour Bund me [4sooao1 [11367
2 | Agrostological Measures Rm [1137550 [1397.50
3 | Table Top Terracing ‘Nos [20000 ma
4 [Agroforestry Nos 3000 o
5 |Cemripetal Terracing Nos [1000 [3179
6 | Horticulture Planing Nos [3000 30%
7 [Retaining Wall Type A (1.00m chiseled [Rm [1707.15 — [1707.15
rubble)
$ [Retaining Wall Type B (150m chiseled | Rm [assao [45840
rubble)
9 [Retaining Wall Type C (Laterte, 1-10m) [Rm [30000 [36112
10 | Retaining Wall Type D (Latte. 150m) [rm [480.00 | 12005
11 [Reining Wall Type E (Blasted rubble, [Rm [20000 | 11085
130m)
12 [Check Dam-‘Type A (Chiselled Rubbiey [Nos [73 7”
13 [Check Dam Type B (Chiselld Rubble) [nos | 19 1
1 Nos Ju n
15 [Cross Bund (Laterite Stone) Nos [20 2
16 | Farmers Training Nos [2 Ni
Crop Yield - Pre and Post Project
Major Crop Pre-Project Area (Ha) | Additional Area (Ha)
Coconut 133 5
Rubber 195] 3]
Coco "1
(Other Vegetables & Mixed Crops 7 10]
Tan, 35 4
Pepper 5 1
Toral Les 20 a
Area in hectare vs Crops
SLNo [Crop | Pre-Project Vield | Post-Project Yield
1 Coconun — [5000 Nova [5500 Nowa
2 Rubber _ [900 Kaya 1200 Kaya
3 Coco | 360 Ke/tia 400 Keita
4 ‘Vegetables | 3500 KyHa [4000 Kg/Ha
5 Cashew [300 Kama 360 Kama.
6 Pepper — [100 Ka 120 Kei
er
Major Crop Pre-Project Area (Ha) | Additional Area (Ha)
Coconut 133 5
Rubber 195] 3]
Coco "1
(Other Vegetables & Mixed Crops 7 10]
Tan, 35 4
Pepper 5 1
Toral Les 20 a
Area in hectare vs Crops
SLNo [Crop | Pre-Project Vield | Post-Project Yield
1 Coconun — [5000 Nova [5500 Nowa
2 Rubber _ [900 Kaya 1200 Kaya
3 Coco | 360 Ke/tia 400 Keita
4 ‘Vegetables | 3500 KyHa [4000 Kg/Ha
5 Cashew [300 Kama 360 Kama.
6 Pepper — [100 Ka 120 Kei
er
IL Improvement of Water Harvesting Structure in Kurumbikal Gramam
‘The project ted "Improvement of Water Harvesting Structure in Kurumbikal
Gramam” was undertaken as par of the RIDE scheme, simed at enhancing wate availability
through watershed management practices, Located in Mangattidam Grama Panchayat under
‘Kuthuparamba Municipality, Kannur District, the project follows a land development model
‘with an integrated watershed management design
‘The project area spans a geographical extent of 193 hectares, with 94 hectares under
cultivation. The soil type ranges from gravelly clay loam to gravelly clay, and the region
receives an average rainfall of 154 hour. The soli Ferile and supports slope variation
between 5% and 35%. Major crops cultivated in the area include paddy, coconut, arecanut,
cashew, pepper, vegetables, and various mixed erops. The project directly benefits a total of
1,79 individuals
Project Details
Project Type: Land Development Project
Project Design: Watershed Management Project
Total Cost: 2159.78 Lakhs
Date of Commencement: 17/03/2017
Date of Completion: 15/07/2019
“Total Man-days Generated 6450
‘Maintenance: Concerned Grama Panchayath
Agricultural Impact
Crop Area Before and After Project
Es CS Porra | Anal Ars
1 [Paddy a 2
2 | Coconur EJ 2
3 [Arecanur ns ï
[Popper EJ 05
5 | Banana, Other Vegetables and Mined Crops EN ü
Tol Ti Fa 63a
‘The project ted "Improvement of Water Harvesting Structure in Kurumbikal
Gramam” was undertaken as par of the RIDE scheme, simed at enhancing wate availability
through watershed management practices, Located in Mangattidam Grama Panchayat under
‘Kuthuparamba Municipality, Kannur District, the project follows a land development model
‘with an integrated watershed management design
‘The project area spans a geographical extent of 193 hectares, with 94 hectares under
cultivation. The soil type ranges from gravelly clay loam to gravelly clay, and the region
receives an average rainfall of 154 hour. The soli Ferile and supports slope variation
between 5% and 35%. Major crops cultivated in the area include paddy, coconut, arecanut,
cashew, pepper, vegetables, and various mixed erops. The project directly benefits a total of
1,79 individuals
Project Details
Project Type: Land Development Project
Project Design: Watershed Management Project
Total Cost: 2159.78 Lakhs
Date of Commencement: 17/03/2017
Date of Completion: 15/07/2019
“Total Man-days Generated 6450
‘Maintenance: Concerned Grama Panchayath
Agricultural Impact
Crop Area Before and After Project
Es CS Porra | Anal Ars
1 [Paddy a 2
2 | Coconur EJ 2
3 [Arecanur ns ï
[Popper EJ 05
5 | Banana, Other Vegetables and Mined Crops EN ü
Tol Ti Fa 63a
Area (Ha) vs Crops
Crop Yield Improvement
Crop Pre-Project Yield] Post-Project Yield
Paddy 1000 Kg/Ha 1100 Ka
[Coconar 3000 Noia 5600 Kaya
ET 360 Koa 400 Ka
Pepper 100 K/H HS Kalla
‘Banana, Vegetales, Mined Crops — [3500 Kork 4000 Ke/Ha
Pepper (duplicate entry) 100 Kg/ita [120 kg
Work Execution Summary
Tem of Work Txt OF
Chathankulam Pond [T No
hagavathy Temple Pond | Y No.
Charakulam Pond No
Crop Yield Improvement
Crop Pre-Project Yield] Post-Project Yield
Paddy 1000 Kg/Ha 1100 Ka
[Coconar 3000 Noia 5600 Kaya
ET 360 Koa 400 Ka
Pepper 100 K/H HS Kalla
‘Banana, Vegetales, Mined Crops — [3500 Kork 4000 Ke/Ha
Pepper (duplicate entry) 100 Kg/ita [120 kg
Work Execution Summary
Tem of Work Txt OF
Chathankulam Pond [T No
hagavathy Temple Pond | Y No.
Charakulam Pond No
TIL. Manhathodu Watershed Project
‘The Manhathodu Watershed Project, located in Ayyankunnu Grama Panchayath of
‘Kannur District, was undertaken withthe objective of improving soil and water conservation,
enhancing agricultural productivity, and promoting sustainable land use practices. Designed as
a watershed management project under the RIDF land development scheme, the project aimed
Lo conserve rainwater, improve groundwater recharge, and enable beter cropping outcomes for
local farmers
Project Profile
Total Area: 580 hectares
‘Treatable Area: 370 hectares
Soil Type: Gravelly clay loam to gravelly clay
Project Cost: 2100 Lakhs
Date of Completion: 30/06/2021
‘Total Man-days Generated: 25,000 days
Maintenance
Individual works: Maintained by beneficiaries
Common works: Maintained by Grama Panchayath
Agro-Climatic and Agricultural Deta
+ Main Crops: Rubber, Coconut, Cashew, Arecanut, and Mixed Vegetables
Pre-Project Irrigation Status: Ranfed agriculture
Pre-Development Cropping Pattern: Coconut-based mixed cropping. eubber
planation, and homesteads
+ Post-Development Changes:
Intercropping and grass cultivation were promoted
Culivation of vegetables and banana increased due to improved water availability
+ Erosion Status Before Project: High soil erosion observed
Physical Interventions
a. Arable Land Conservation
Measure Quantity
tone pitched contour hund [7,000 m?
Aerostological measures {1,000 em
oisure conservation pits [1.000 nos
‘The Manhathodu Watershed Project, located in Ayyankunnu Grama Panchayath of
‘Kannur District, was undertaken withthe objective of improving soil and water conservation,
enhancing agricultural productivity, and promoting sustainable land use practices. Designed as
a watershed management project under the RIDF land development scheme, the project aimed
Lo conserve rainwater, improve groundwater recharge, and enable beter cropping outcomes for
local farmers
Project Profile
Total Area: 580 hectares
‘Treatable Area: 370 hectares
Soil Type: Gravelly clay loam to gravelly clay
Project Cost: 2100 Lakhs
Date of Completion: 30/06/2021
‘Total Man-days Generated: 25,000 days
Maintenance
Individual works: Maintained by beneficiaries
Common works: Maintained by Grama Panchayath
Agro-Climatic and Agricultural Deta
+ Main Crops: Rubber, Coconut, Cashew, Arecanut, and Mixed Vegetables
Pre-Project Irrigation Status: Ranfed agriculture
Pre-Development Cropping Pattern: Coconut-based mixed cropping. eubber
planation, and homesteads
+ Post-Development Changes:
Intercropping and grass cultivation were promoted
Culivation of vegetables and banana increased due to improved water availability
+ Erosion Status Before Project: High soil erosion observed
Physical Interventions
a. Arable Land Conservation
Measure Quantity
tone pitched contour hund [7,000 m?
Aerostological measures {1,000 em
oisure conservation pits [1.000 nos
b.Non-Arable & Drainage Line Treatment
Structure Quantity
Loose boulder check dams | 65
Blasted rubble check dams | 105 nos
Retaining walls 500 em
Irrigation & Water Source Enhancement
‘The project created irrigation potential through improved water availabilty. The project
tized multiple water sources to enhance ingation coverage in the watershed rea. A total of
125 open wells were used, imigating approximately 3 hectares of land through lift or motor.
based itrigation methods. Additional, 10 tube wells were identified, although they were not
actively contribuing to irrigation. A perennial stream in the region was also hamessed
providing gravity-fed iigation to about $ hectares, significantly supporting water availabilty
for cultivation, Additionally, ieigation potential was created for 4 hectares of vegetable,
‘banana, and intercrop cultivaron.
Crop Productivity: Before and After Project
Crop Pre-Project Productivity | Post-Project Productivity
uber 1000 Kg/ita 1200 Korta
'oconut 1000 Nova 550 Nova
[cashow Kor 150 Ka
secano Kara Ka
Pepper 100 Kg his Ke
Seasonal Vegetables and Others. 500 Ka 100 K/H
Structure Quantity
Loose boulder check dams | 65
Blasted rubble check dams | 105 nos
Retaining walls 500 em
Irrigation & Water Source Enhancement
‘The project created irrigation potential through improved water availabilty. The project
tized multiple water sources to enhance ingation coverage in the watershed rea. A total of
125 open wells were used, imigating approximately 3 hectares of land through lift or motor.
based itrigation methods. Additional, 10 tube wells were identified, although they were not
actively contribuing to irrigation. A perennial stream in the region was also hamessed
providing gravity-fed iigation to about $ hectares, significantly supporting water availabilty
for cultivation, Additionally, ieigation potential was created for 4 hectares of vegetable,
‘banana, and intercrop cultivaron.
Crop Productivity: Before and After Project
Crop Pre-Project Productivity | Post-Project Productivity
uber 1000 Kg/ita 1200 Korta
'oconut 1000 Nova 550 Nova
[cashow Kor 150 Ka
secano Kara Ka
Pepper 100 Kg his Ke
Seasonal Vegetables and Others. 500 Ka 100 K/H
KASARAGODE
Kasaragode district 3 Watershed Projects namely
1. Eramehita Watershed Project
IL Infrastructure Development of Athiyampor Padssekharamı
HL. Kappukkara Watershed Project
1. Eramchitta Watershed Project
‘The Eramehitta Watershed Project, located in Vellarikundu Taluk of Kasaragod
District, was implemented under the RIDE scheme witha focus om land and water resource
conservation inthe agriculturally sensitive and crosion-prone zones of Kinanoor Karinthalam
and Balal Panchayaths, Falling within the Kariamkode River Basin, the project aimed to.
mitigate severe soil erosion, gully formation, and seasonal water scarcity, while improving land
productivity and agricultural yield.
‘The Eramchita Watershed Projet is located in Vellrikundu Taluk of Kasaragod
District, covering a (otal area of 300 hectares, Out of this, 265 hectares were identified as
treatable land, while 15 hectares comprise non-arable areas such as streams, roads, and
buildings. An additional 20 hectares were marked as protected land. The project, implemented
under the Kariamkode River Basin, was sanctioned with a total cost of 895 lakhs. It spans
across (wo panchayarhs —Kinanoor Karinthalum and Balal--focusing on comprehensive
‘watershed development in an ecologically sensitive region.
Agro-Climatic and Hydrological Profle
+ Soil Type: Latrii soil prone to erosion
Irrigation Source: Pond-bascd gravity irrigation covering 36 a
Depth of Water Table:
Summer: 1010 15 meters
© Monsoon: 310 8 meters
‘© Water Sources:
© Perennial Streams: 2
Springs Originating Within Watershed: 5
© Ponds: 4
Open Walls: 16
Key Problems Identified (Baseline)
Severe sil erosion and land degradation.
Formation of gullies and drainage congestion.
Scarcity of water during summer months
Low crop productivity and yield,
Limited iigation coverage and groundwater recharge.
Kasaragode district 3 Watershed Projects namely
1. Eramehita Watershed Project
IL Infrastructure Development of Athiyampor Padssekharamı
HL. Kappukkara Watershed Project
1. Eramchitta Watershed Project
‘The Eramehitta Watershed Project, located in Vellarikundu Taluk of Kasaragod
District, was implemented under the RIDE scheme witha focus om land and water resource
conservation inthe agriculturally sensitive and crosion-prone zones of Kinanoor Karinthalam
and Balal Panchayaths, Falling within the Kariamkode River Basin, the project aimed to.
mitigate severe soil erosion, gully formation, and seasonal water scarcity, while improving land
productivity and agricultural yield.
‘The Eramchita Watershed Projet is located in Vellrikundu Taluk of Kasaragod
District, covering a (otal area of 300 hectares, Out of this, 265 hectares were identified as
treatable land, while 15 hectares comprise non-arable areas such as streams, roads, and
buildings. An additional 20 hectares were marked as protected land. The project, implemented
under the Kariamkode River Basin, was sanctioned with a total cost of 895 lakhs. It spans
across (wo panchayarhs —Kinanoor Karinthalum and Balal--focusing on comprehensive
‘watershed development in an ecologically sensitive region.
Agro-Climatic and Hydrological Profle
+ Soil Type: Latrii soil prone to erosion
Irrigation Source: Pond-bascd gravity irrigation covering 36 a
Depth of Water Table:
Summer: 1010 15 meters
© Monsoon: 310 8 meters
‘© Water Sources:
© Perennial Streams: 2
Springs Originating Within Watershed: 5
© Ponds: 4
Open Walls: 16
Key Problems Identified (Baseline)
Severe sil erosion and land degradation.
Formation of gullies and drainage congestion.
Scarcity of water during summer months
Low crop productivity and yield,
Limited iigation coverage and groundwater recharge.
Physical Interventions
a. Arable Land Treatment
Intervention ‘Quantity
Stone pitched contour bund (quarricd stone) | 30.500 m?
Stone pitched contour bund (non quaried stone) | 500 mé
‘Agrosological measures 9,000 m
Contour teracing 4000 m
b. Drainage Line & Gully Treatment
Structure Quant
‘Retaining wall (1 m height, blasted DDI) [500 rm
Retaining wall (LS m height, blasted rubble) | 500 rm
Retaining wall m height, later boulders) | 100 mm
Retaining wall (1.5 m height, laterite boulder) | 75 rm
Stone pitching (1 m. later boulders) 250 m
Stone pitching (1 m. Blasted rubble) Som
€: Check Dams and Gully Control
Type ‘Quantity
‘Check dams
out wing wall m bed width) [4 nos
‘Check dams without wing wall (1.5m bed wiih) | 6 nos
Check dams
ith wing wall (2 m bed wich) [nos
‘Check dams with wing wall 3 m bed widih) | 2 nos
Cropping Pattern and Productivity
major erops area In hectare
ruber 10)
coconut EJ
recamır 20
cashew 5
Pepper 10
seasonal vegetables and mixed erops 10
a. Current and Anticipated Vield Improvements
Crop Current Yield | Anticipated Vida
Coconut 300 nun
‘Areeanvt 7.100 Kya
Rubber
Cashew
Pepper
‘Vegetables & Planain | 8,000 KyHa [9,000 Kg/Ha
C2
a. Arable Land Treatment
Intervention ‘Quantity
Stone pitched contour bund (quarricd stone) | 30.500 m?
Stone pitched contour bund (non quaried stone) | 500 mé
‘Agrosological measures 9,000 m
Contour teracing 4000 m
b. Drainage Line & Gully Treatment
Structure Quant
‘Retaining wall (1 m height, blasted DDI) [500 rm
Retaining wall (LS m height, blasted rubble) | 500 rm
Retaining wall m height, later boulders) | 100 mm
Retaining wall (1.5 m height, laterite boulder) | 75 rm
Stone pitching (1 m. later boulders) 250 m
Stone pitching (1 m. Blasted rubble) Som
€: Check Dams and Gully Control
Type ‘Quantity
‘Check dams
out wing wall m bed width) [4 nos
‘Check dams without wing wall (1.5m bed wiih) | 6 nos
Check dams
ith wing wall (2 m bed wich) [nos
‘Check dams with wing wall 3 m bed widih) | 2 nos
Cropping Pattern and Productivity
major erops area In hectare
ruber 10)
coconut EJ
recamır 20
cashew 5
Pepper 10
seasonal vegetables and mixed erops 10
a. Current and Anticipated Vield Improvements
Crop Current Yield | Anticipated Vida
Coconut 300 nun
‘Areeanvt 7.100 Kya
Rubber
Cashew
Pepper
‘Vegetables & Planain | 8,000 KyHa [9,000 Kg/Ha
C2
IL Infrastructure Development of Athiyampor Padasekharam.
‘The Athiyampor Padasekharam project s located in Hosdurg Taluk of Kasaragod
District, covering a total area of 20 hectares, including 2 hectares of protected area
Implemented under the Coithari River Basin, the project was sanetioned with a total cost of
225 las. It span across Ajanır and Kanhangad Panchayaths and focuses on improving water
management and agricultural resilience, Irrigation is supported through pond-based gravity
systems over I hectare, and the region experiences a water table depth of 6 to $ meters in
summer and 3 0 5 meters during monsoon, highlighting the importance of water conservation
and efficient utilization,
‘The primary obj
capacity, protect paddy cultivation areas from seasonal flooding, and conver fallow land into
productive agricultural land. Falling under the Chithari River Basin, the project aimed at
protecting infrastructure and stabilizing the ecosystem for better agricultural outcomes.
Irrigation facilities were supported by ponds using gravitational methods over I hectare, and
50 open wells contributed 0 irrigation and water security inthe region,
tive ofthe project was to mitigate severe erosion, enhance drainage
Baseline Conditions and Problems Identified
Prior Lo the project, the area faced multiple challenges that impacted agricultural
productivity and land usability:
Severe sil erosion and gully fo
‘Stream bank erosion, especially during the monsoon
Drainage congestion resulting in looding of paddy fields
Crop damage and conversion of cultivable and into fallow
Lack of protoctve structures around the vulnerable padasekharam boundary
Agricultural Profile
or crops [Arca in hectares
Paddy
Seasonal vegetables and mixed crop" [
Area in Ha vs Crops
‘The Athiyampor Padasekharam project s located in Hosdurg Taluk of Kasaragod
District, covering a total area of 20 hectares, including 2 hectares of protected area
Implemented under the Coithari River Basin, the project was sanetioned with a total cost of
225 las. It span across Ajanır and Kanhangad Panchayaths and focuses on improving water
management and agricultural resilience, Irrigation is supported through pond-based gravity
systems over I hectare, and the region experiences a water table depth of 6 to $ meters in
summer and 3 0 5 meters during monsoon, highlighting the importance of water conservation
and efficient utilization,
‘The primary obj
capacity, protect paddy cultivation areas from seasonal flooding, and conver fallow land into
productive agricultural land. Falling under the Chithari River Basin, the project aimed at
protecting infrastructure and stabilizing the ecosystem for better agricultural outcomes.
Irrigation facilities were supported by ponds using gravitational methods over I hectare, and
50 open wells contributed 0 irrigation and water security inthe region,
tive ofthe project was to mitigate severe erosion, enhance drainage
Baseline Conditions and Problems Identified
Prior Lo the project, the area faced multiple challenges that impacted agricultural
productivity and land usability:
Severe sil erosion and gully fo
‘Stream bank erosion, especially during the monsoon
Drainage congestion resulting in looding of paddy fields
Crop damage and conversion of cultivable and into fallow
Lack of protoctve structures around the vulnerable padasekharam boundary
Agricultural Profile
or crops [Arca in hectares
Paddy
Seasonal vegetables and mixed crop" [
Area in Ha vs Crops
‘The major crops cultivated in the Athiyampor Padasekharam area include pay,
covering approximately 60 hectares, and seasonal vegetables and mixed cops, cultivated over
an area of 12 hectares, These erops form the primary agricultural ase ofthe region, benefiting
fom improved water management interventions underthe project, Though the project area was
only 20 hectares, the intervention aimed to impact a wider connected cultivation zone of nearly
72 hectares, which was influenced by the water flow and erosion originating in the
padasckharan.
Water Resource Inventory
"The primary water sources in the Athiyampor Padasekaram project area include one
pond, which supports gravty-based irrigation, and 50 open wells, which contribute o the
region's overall water availabilty for agricultural use. Water availabilty in the region
‘vetted seasonally, withthe depth ofthe water tale ranging from 6 8 meters in summer and
3-5 meters during monsoon, indicating dependency on conservation and surface water
recharge methods.
Physical Interventions Executed
‘The following infrastructure and protective measures were implemented as part of the projet
Work Description Quantity
Clearing grass and removing rubbish (upto $0 m zone) |700 nx
Drainage channel widening (1 m eight) 350m
Drainage channel widening (15 m heit) 350m
Retaining wa using blasted rabble (general) 20m
Reicining wallusingblastedrubble (Fm bight) [230mm
Retaining wall using laterite sone (1 m eight) 162mm
Retaining wall using laterite stone (1.5 m height) 1807
These interventions were simed at protecting the padasekharam boundary, reducing
runoff velocity, and enhaneing drainage to prevent standing water and floding in adjacent
paddy lands
covering approximately 60 hectares, and seasonal vegetables and mixed cops, cultivated over
an area of 12 hectares, These erops form the primary agricultural ase ofthe region, benefiting
fom improved water management interventions underthe project, Though the project area was
only 20 hectares, the intervention aimed to impact a wider connected cultivation zone of nearly
72 hectares, which was influenced by the water flow and erosion originating in the
padasckharan.
Water Resource Inventory
"The primary water sources in the Athiyampor Padasekaram project area include one
pond, which supports gravty-based irrigation, and 50 open wells, which contribute o the
region's overall water availabilty for agricultural use. Water availabilty in the region
‘vetted seasonally, withthe depth ofthe water tale ranging from 6 8 meters in summer and
3-5 meters during monsoon, indicating dependency on conservation and surface water
recharge methods.
Physical Interventions Executed
‘The following infrastructure and protective measures were implemented as part of the projet
Work Description Quantity
Clearing grass and removing rubbish (upto $0 m zone) |700 nx
Drainage channel widening (1 m eight) 350m
Drainage channel widening (15 m heit) 350m
Retaining wa using blasted rabble (general) 20m
Reicining wallusingblastedrubble (Fm bight) [230mm
Retaining wall using laterite sone (1 m eight) 162mm
Retaining wall using laterite stone (1.5 m height) 1807
These interventions were simed at protecting the padasekharam boundary, reducing
runoff velocity, and enhaneing drainage to prevent standing water and floding in adjacent
paddy lands
|. Kappunkara Watershed Project
‘The Kappunkara Watershed Project was implemented inthe panchayaths of Kutikole,
Kalla, and Panathady, covering pars of Kasaragod and Vellarikundu Taluks in Kasaragod
District. I aimed to reduce soil erosion, improve water conservation, and boost agricultural
productivity in an area affected by land degradation, gully formation, and summer water
scarcity. The projec followed a watershed management approach to treat both arable and non
arable land. The total project are is 341.21 hectares, which includes 330 hectares of arable
land and 310 hectares of weatable land. About 11.42 hectares consist of non-arable land ike
roads, buildings, and stream, while 20 hectare are protected. The project cost was 2110.5
lakhs and falls under the Chandragir River Basin, Inigaion is provided through ponds using
gravity, covering 35 hectares. The water table ranges from 610 15 meters in summer and 310.
8 meters during the monsoon, highlighting the importance of water conservation.
‘The Kappunkara watershed area faced several riical challenges before the
implementation of the project. The region suffered from intense soil erosion and gully
Formation, leading to significant land degradation and loss of topsoil. Water searity during the
summer months was a recuring issue, severly limiting agricultural activities. Poor crop
productivity and inadequate irrigation facilites further hindered the Farming potential of the
aa, In addition, a considerable portion of agricultural land remained wnderuilized, and the
region was highly vulnerable (0 extreme rainfall events, which often exacerbated erosion and
waterlogeing problems,
Agricultural Profile
major eps aaa hea
rubber 1%
com 79
arecanur 75
chen 3
[pepper 2
paddy land
seasonal vegetables and mixed cops 2
‘Area in Ha vs Crops
‘The Kappunkara Watershed Project was implemented inthe panchayaths of Kutikole,
Kalla, and Panathady, covering pars of Kasaragod and Vellarikundu Taluks in Kasaragod
District. I aimed to reduce soil erosion, improve water conservation, and boost agricultural
productivity in an area affected by land degradation, gully formation, and summer water
scarcity. The projec followed a watershed management approach to treat both arable and non
arable land. The total project are is 341.21 hectares, which includes 330 hectares of arable
land and 310 hectares of weatable land. About 11.42 hectares consist of non-arable land ike
roads, buildings, and stream, while 20 hectare are protected. The project cost was 2110.5
lakhs and falls under the Chandragir River Basin, Inigaion is provided through ponds using
gravity, covering 35 hectares. The water table ranges from 610 15 meters in summer and 310.
8 meters during the monsoon, highlighting the importance of water conservation.
‘The Kappunkara watershed area faced several riical challenges before the
implementation of the project. The region suffered from intense soil erosion and gully
Formation, leading to significant land degradation and loss of topsoil. Water searity during the
summer months was a recuring issue, severly limiting agricultural activities. Poor crop
productivity and inadequate irrigation facilites further hindered the Farming potential of the
aa, In addition, a considerable portion of agricultural land remained wnderuilized, and the
region was highly vulnerable (0 extreme rainfall events, which often exacerbated erosion and
waterlogeing problems,
Agricultural Profile
major eps aaa hea
rubber 1%
com 79
arecanur 75
chen 3
[pepper 2
paddy land
seasonal vegetables and mixed cops 2
‘Area in Ha vs Crops
“The major crops cultivated inthe Kappunkara watershed area include rubber, which
‘occupies the largest share with 146 hectares, followed by coconut on 79 hectares and arecanut
on 75 hectares. Other crops grown in smaller areas include cashew (3 hectares) pepper (12
hectares), and paddy (3 hectares). In addition, seasonal vegetables and mixed crops are
cultivated across 12 hectares, refleting a diverse cropping pattern that combines plantation
and seasonal crop. The eropping pattem indicate a mix of plantation crops and seasonal crops,
dependent primarily on rainwater or shallow wells, The poor water retention capacity ofthe
land made erop cultivation increasingly vulnerable to rsinfall variability
Water Resource Inventory
[perennial seams 2
[ponds 10]
[open wells 58
The Kappunkara watershed area is supported by multiple water sources, including 2
perennial streams, 10 ponds, and 98 open well. These sources play a crucial role in meeting
the inigation and domestic water needs of the region, especially in areas dependent on
gravitational and well-based wate extraction methods, Water availablity varied significantly
across seasons, with the water able ranging from 3 108 meters during monsoon and falling to
610 15 meters in summer, emphasizing the need for strong conservation measures.
Physical Works Executed
2. Arable and Moisture Conservation Measures
Intervention ‘Quantity
Grass/rubbishelcarance (50 m outside peiphery) | 15,000 m
Stone pitched contour bund 33,300 mF
‘Contour trracine 2700 m.
Agrosiologlcal measures 20.000 m
Moisture conservation pits 3.000 nos
ing Structures and Drainage Line Protection
Structure ‘Quantity
Retaining wall (1m. blasted rabbe) | $40 rm
‘Retaining wall (ES m, Dlsted rubble) | 300 rm
Retaining wall (1 m, laterite Boulders) | 350 rm
Retsining wall (1.5 m, laterite
boulders) 200 na
‘Stone pitching Um laterite holden) [350 m
390m
n
‘occupies the largest share with 146 hectares, followed by coconut on 79 hectares and arecanut
on 75 hectares. Other crops grown in smaller areas include cashew (3 hectares) pepper (12
hectares), and paddy (3 hectares). In addition, seasonal vegetables and mixed crops are
cultivated across 12 hectares, refleting a diverse cropping pattern that combines plantation
and seasonal crop. The eropping pattem indicate a mix of plantation crops and seasonal crops,
dependent primarily on rainwater or shallow wells, The poor water retention capacity ofthe
land made erop cultivation increasingly vulnerable to rsinfall variability
Water Resource Inventory
[perennial seams 2
[ponds 10]
[open wells 58
The Kappunkara watershed area is supported by multiple water sources, including 2
perennial streams, 10 ponds, and 98 open well. These sources play a crucial role in meeting
the inigation and domestic water needs of the region, especially in areas dependent on
gravitational and well-based wate extraction methods, Water availablity varied significantly
across seasons, with the water able ranging from 3 108 meters during monsoon and falling to
610 15 meters in summer, emphasizing the need for strong conservation measures.
Physical Works Executed
2. Arable and Moisture Conservation Measures
Intervention ‘Quantity
Grass/rubbishelcarance (50 m outside peiphery) | 15,000 m
Stone pitched contour bund 33,300 mF
‘Contour trracine 2700 m.
Agrosiologlcal measures 20.000 m
Moisture conservation pits 3.000 nos
ing Structures and Drainage Line Protection
Structure ‘Quantity
Retaining wall (1m. blasted rabbe) | $40 rm
‘Retaining wall (ES m, Dlsted rubble) | 300 rm
Retaining wall (1 m, laterite Boulders) | 350 rm
Retsining wall (1.5 m, laterite
boulders) 200 na
‘Stone pitching Um laterite holden) [350 m
390m
n
€: Gully Control and Check Dams
Structure ‘Quantity
‘Check dams (1m bed width, without wing wall) | 25006
‘Check dams (LS m bed width, without wing wall) [25 nos
‘Check dams (2 m bed width, with wing wall) Tan.
‘Check dams (3 m bed width, with wing wall) Sos
Structure ‘Quantity
‘Check dams (1m bed width, without wing wall) | 25006
‘Check dams (LS m bed width, without wing wall) [25 nos
‘Check dams (2 m bed width, with wing wall) Tan.
‘Check dams (3 m bed width, with wing wall) Sos
CHAPTER3
PRIMARY EVALUATION
3.1 Introduction and Purpose
The primary evaluation of the selected watershed was conducted to understand the
physical, ecologica, and socio-cconomie conditions ofthe area prior to intervention planning.
This included a transect walkthrough the watershed and verification of relevant documents to
assess the eurent stats of natural resources, land use patterns, water availability. and ongoing
or past development initiatives.
"Transect walk
‘Community representatives and members of the planning team walkthrough relevant
ncighbourhoods. discussing and recording the water supply and related environmental
sanitation issues, Purpose of transect walk helps o gain an overview ofthe water supply and
hand impressions of the main problems in he aca, I also delivers
insight into the perspective of the local residents concerning associated needs and challenges
In addition, a tansect walk can be an opportunity to verify information obtained from a
community mapping exercise
sanitation situation and fi
Overview
As part of the Mid-Term Evaluation = Third Party Evaluation of Soil Conservation
Structures, a series of transect walks were conducted across various districts in Kerala. This
activity formed a crucial part ofthe primary evaluation process, which included office visits,
document verification, and fild-level assessments,
‘The transect walk involved members of the evaluation team along with community
representativos, local beneficiaries, and watershed planning members. These walks helped to
‘observe, record, and assess the real-time conditions and impact of water and soil conservation
structures in diferent areas
PRIMARY EVALUATION
3.1 Introduction and Purpose
The primary evaluation of the selected watershed was conducted to understand the
physical, ecologica, and socio-cconomie conditions ofthe area prior to intervention planning.
This included a transect walkthrough the watershed and verification of relevant documents to
assess the eurent stats of natural resources, land use patterns, water availability. and ongoing
or past development initiatives.
"Transect walk
‘Community representatives and members of the planning team walkthrough relevant
ncighbourhoods. discussing and recording the water supply and related environmental
sanitation issues, Purpose of transect walk helps o gain an overview ofthe water supply and
hand impressions of the main problems in he aca, I also delivers
insight into the perspective of the local residents concerning associated needs and challenges
In addition, a tansect walk can be an opportunity to verify information obtained from a
community mapping exercise
sanitation situation and fi
Overview
As part of the Mid-Term Evaluation = Third Party Evaluation of Soil Conservation
Structures, a series of transect walks were conducted across various districts in Kerala. This
activity formed a crucial part ofthe primary evaluation process, which included office visits,
document verification, and fild-level assessments,
‘The transect walk involved members of the evaluation team along with community
representativos, local beneficiaries, and watershed planning members. These walks helped to
‘observe, record, and assess the real-time conditions and impact of water and soil conservation
structures in diferent areas
3.2 Observations of Transeet Walk (District - Wise)
‘THRIVUNANTHAPURAM-MANGALAKKAL
À transect walk was conducted on 19th June 2025 in the Mangalakkal watershed,
located in Neyyatinkar, Thiruvananıhapuram district. The visit was underiaken by the project
‘eam, along with District Soil Conservation Officer Smt. Sindhu and her
‘The team visited various soil and water conservation structures implemented in the
‘watershed. These included a retaining wall and a check dam constructed to contol erosion and
regulate stream flow, a ring pond for localized water storage, stone-pitched contour bunds foe
slope stabilization, and a water harvesting structure aimed at improving groundwater recharge.
The teanscet walk concluded at Valiyathodu, which serves as the natural outlet of the
‘watershed, marking the downstream convergence point forthe reed areas.
a
‘THRIVUNANTHAPURAM-MANGALAKKAL
À transect walk was conducted on 19th June 2025 in the Mangalakkal watershed,
located in Neyyatinkar, Thiruvananıhapuram district. The visit was underiaken by the project
‘eam, along with District Soil Conservation Officer Smt. Sindhu and her
‘The team visited various soil and water conservation structures implemented in the
‘watershed. These included a retaining wall and a check dam constructed to contol erosion and
regulate stream flow, a ring pond for localized water storage, stone-pitched contour bunds foe
slope stabilization, and a water harvesting structure aimed at improving groundwater recharge.
The teanscet walk concluded at Valiyathodu, which serves as the natural outlet of the
‘watershed, marking the downstream convergence point forthe reed areas.
a
KOLLAM-MARUTHAMONPALLY
A transect walk was conducted on 17th June 2025 in the Maruthamonpally watershed,
covering areas in Pooyappally and Velinalloor Panchayath of Kollam district. The visit was
caried out by the project team, along with District Soil Conservation Officer Smt. Anita
Rajesh and team.
“The program began with a visto the district soil conservation office, where relevant
project documents and registers were reviewed. Following this the team visite the field to
pect conservation measures implemented under the scheme. A Ring pond constructed
the plot of the beneficiary Sri, Rajabhaï was observed, along with horticultural erops grown in
his field, which were provided by the department, and they seem to be successfully survived
The eam also examined stabilization structures established to prevent sol erosion and support
land management. Additionally, a stone-pitehed contour bund was inspected as pat of slope
stabilization efforts. The ransect walk concluded at Kuramanmoola Tho, which isthe outlet,
ofthe watershed, where runoff from the treated arcas ultimately drains,
76
A transect walk was conducted on 17th June 2025 in the Maruthamonpally watershed,
covering areas in Pooyappally and Velinalloor Panchayath of Kollam district. The visit was
caried out by the project team, along with District Soil Conservation Officer Smt. Anita
Rajesh and team.
“The program began with a visto the district soil conservation office, where relevant
project documents and registers were reviewed. Following this the team visite the field to
pect conservation measures implemented under the scheme. A Ring pond constructed
the plot of the beneficiary Sri, Rajabhaï was observed, along with horticultural erops grown in
his field, which were provided by the department, and they seem to be successfully survived
The eam also examined stabilization structures established to prevent sol erosion and support
land management. Additionally, a stone-pitehed contour bund was inspected as pat of slope
stabilization efforts. The ransect walk concluded at Kuramanmoola Tho, which isthe outlet,
ofthe watershed, where runoff from the treated arcas ultimately drains,
76
PATHANAMTHITTA-PALLIKUZHI MUKKADA
A transoct walk was conducted on 18th June 2025 inthe PallikuzhiMukkada Thodu
‘watershed, located in Malayalapuzha, Mylapra Panchayath of Pathanamthitta district, The visit
was carried out by dhe project cum led by Principal Investigator Dr. Abdul Hakkim, Co-
Principal Invetigaor Dr. Sajeena M.S, and District Soil Conservation Officer Sim, Priya VP.
“The team inspected several conservation structures implemented within the watershed,
“These included a retaining wall constrcted sing dry rubble masonry along Pallikuzhi Thodu,
one-side pitching provided as part of arable land treatment, and a loose boulder check dam
constructed for runoff control, The team also visited a location with two-side pitching and a
stone-pitched contour bund established at Perumbattath Cheruv in Malayalapuzha Gram
Panchayath 10 manage lope stability and prevent soil erosion. The transeet walk concluded at
the Achankovil River, which serves as the outlet ofthe watershed, marking the final discharge
point for surface runof collected across the treated ares,
78
A transoct walk was conducted on 18th June 2025 inthe PallikuzhiMukkada Thodu
‘watershed, located in Malayalapuzha, Mylapra Panchayath of Pathanamthitta district, The visit
was carried out by dhe project cum led by Principal Investigator Dr. Abdul Hakkim, Co-
Principal Invetigaor Dr. Sajeena M.S, and District Soil Conservation Officer Sim, Priya VP.
“The team inspected several conservation structures implemented within the watershed,
“These included a retaining wall constrcted sing dry rubble masonry along Pallikuzhi Thodu,
one-side pitching provided as part of arable land treatment, and a loose boulder check dam
constructed for runoff control, The team also visited a location with two-side pitching and a
stone-pitched contour bund established at Perumbattath Cheruv in Malayalapuzha Gram
Panchayath 10 manage lope stability and prevent soil erosion. The transeet walk concluded at
the Achankovil River, which serves as the outlet ofthe watershed, marking the final discharge
point for surface runof collected across the treated ares,
78
IDUKKI-POOVANCHI
‘A transect walk was conducted on 1th June 2025 inthe Poovanchi watershed, located
in Kokkayar Panchayath of Idukki district, The field visit was carried out by the project team,
slong with District Soil Conservation Officer Sm. Asha Devadas and team.
The team observed a series of stone-piiched contour bunds, which formed the major
soil conservation intervention across the watershed
also visited, constructed to reduce runoff velocity and promote groundwater recharge. A
‘etuining wal! bil along the Manimalayar River, which serves as the out of the watershed,
‘vas inspected for its role in stabilizing the riverbank and protecting adjoining land areas. In
alton, the team examined a moisture conservation pit and dugout ponds established within
the watershed, intended o support water retention and improve soil moisture availability, The
transect provided a comprehensive view of the conservation efforts implemented to manage
il erosion and water resources effectively within the Watershed
‘Several loose boulder check dams were
‘A transect walk was conducted on 1th June 2025 inthe Poovanchi watershed, located
in Kokkayar Panchayath of Idukki district, The field visit was carried out by the project team,
slong with District Soil Conservation Officer Sm. Asha Devadas and team.
The team observed a series of stone-piiched contour bunds, which formed the major
soil conservation intervention across the watershed
also visited, constructed to reduce runoff velocity and promote groundwater recharge. A
‘etuining wal! bil along the Manimalayar River, which serves as the out of the watershed,
‘vas inspected for its role in stabilizing the riverbank and protecting adjoining land areas. In
alton, the team examined a moisture conservation pit and dugout ponds established within
the watershed, intended o support water retention and improve soil moisture availability, The
transect provided a comprehensive view of the conservation efforts implemented to manage
il erosion and water resources effectively within the Watershed
‘Several loose boulder check dams were
”
at
at
ERNAMKULAM-KUNNAP!
LLY THODU
A transect walk was conducted on the afteacon of 10th June 2025 in the Kunnappaly
Thodu watershed, located at Mulamthuruthy in Emakulam district. The field visit was.
undertaken by the project team, along with Distt Soil Conservation Officer Smt. Asha
Devadas and her team,
The team frst visited a retaining wall constructed along Kunnappaly Thodo, aimed at
streambank stabilization and erosion control. This was followed by an inspection of a dividing
Bund, constructed to regulate water low and manage field boundaries. The walk also included
acliting acces for agricultural operations and aramp designed o improve
“The transect provided a bref yet informative overview of the key
tractor passa
Fieldlevel connectvit
terventions carried out within the watershed o support soil and water conservation efforts.
LLY THODU
A transect walk was conducted on the afteacon of 10th June 2025 in the Kunnappaly
Thodu watershed, located at Mulamthuruthy in Emakulam district. The field visit was.
undertaken by the project team, along with Distt Soil Conservation Officer Smt. Asha
Devadas and her team,
The team frst visited a retaining wall constructed along Kunnappaly Thodo, aimed at
streambank stabilization and erosion control. This was followed by an inspection of a dividing
Bund, constructed to regulate water low and manage field boundaries. The walk also included
acliting acces for agricultural operations and aramp designed o improve
“The transect provided a bref yet informative overview of the key
tractor passa
Fieldlevel connectvit
terventions carried out within the watershed o support soil and water conservation efforts.
THRISSUR-IRINGANAM THODU
A transect walk was conducted on 10th June 2025 in the Ii
and its adjoining premises in Thrissu district. The visit began atthe Chalakudy sub-offico,
where relevant registers and projet documents were verified. The field inspection was carried
out along with the team led by District Soil Conservation Officer Sint, Thara Manoharan,
‘The team visited moisture conservation pits constructed in the Kodassery Grama
Panchayath area. Alongside, it was also noted that horticolural plants such as Rambutan and
Mango had been distributed by the department seems 1o be survived successfully. The walk
continued with inspections of check dams and retaining walls constructed along Tringanam
‘Thoda, aimed at controlling runoff and stabilizing sreambanks, A loose boulder check dam
‘was also visited in a nearby steam segment. Additionally, the eam observed bio Fencing using
Sheemakonna, implemented to safeguard treated areas. The transect walk concluded with a
visit tothe Veeranehita pond, a conservation structure developed by the department to support
local water resource management.
A transect walk was conducted on 10th June 2025 in the Ii
and its adjoining premises in Thrissu district. The visit began atthe Chalakudy sub-offico,
where relevant registers and projet documents were verified. The field inspection was carried
out along with the team led by District Soil Conservation Officer Sint, Thara Manoharan,
‘The team visited moisture conservation pits constructed in the Kodassery Grama
Panchayath area. Alongside, it was also noted that horticolural plants such as Rambutan and
Mango had been distributed by the department seems 1o be survived successfully. The walk
continued with inspections of check dams and retaining walls constructed along Tringanam
‘Thoda, aimed at controlling runoff and stabilizing sreambanks, A loose boulder check dam
‘was also visited in a nearby steam segment. Additionally, the eam observed bio Fencing using
Sheemakonna, implemented to safeguard treated areas. The transect walk concluded with a
visit tothe Veeranehita pond, a conservation structure developed by the department to support
local water resource management.
PALAKKAD-IRUMBANMUTTY,
A transect walk was conducted on 16th May 2025 in the Irumbanmutty watershed,
located in Thachampara, Palakkad district. The visit was carried out by the projet team in
coordination with the department team to assess the implemented sol and water conservation
‘The team visited a retaining wall constructed using jungle stone and blasted rubble,
aimed at protecting vulnerable areas from erosion. Other structures inspected included stone
pitched contour bunds established for slope stabilization, and rainwater harvesting structures
designed wo enhance groundwater recharge, The field visit also covered a check dam and a farm
pond, both contributing to improved water availability for agricultural use inthe watershed.
A transect walk was conducted on 16th May 2025 in the Irumbanmutty watershed,
located in Thachampara, Palakkad district. The visit was carried out by the projet team in
coordination with the department team to assess the implemented sol and water conservation
‘The team visited a retaining wall constructed using jungle stone and blasted rubble,
aimed at protecting vulnerable areas from erosion. Other structures inspected included stone
pitched contour bunds established for slope stabilization, and rainwater harvesting structures
designed wo enhance groundwater recharge, The field visit also covered a check dam and a farm
pond, both contributing to improved water availability for agricultural use inthe watershed.
MALAPPUARM-KUTTIPPURAM PADASHEKARAM
A transect walk vas conducted on Ih May 2025 in the Kuttippuram Padashekaram
watershed located in Malappuram district as part ofa primary evaluation of soil conservation
interventions. The visit was caried out under the leadership of Dr. Abdul Hakkim, V.M.
Principal Investigator, along with the project team. The District Soil Conservation Officer Smt
Ayisha T P and departmental staff also actively participated inthe exercise, ensuring detailed
ficld-tevel insights int the implemented conservation measures.
‘The tansect walk aimed to evaluate the physical condition and positioning of the soil
conservation structures constructed by the Soil Survey and Soil Conservation Department,
‘Malappuram, Prior othe fil vii, the team visited the concerned office, where projectrelated
documents such as the application register, beneficiary register, detailed projectreport (DPR),
and minutes of watershed meetings were thoroughly reviewed. These documents provided an
overview of the sanctioned works, implementation procedures, and participation of local
watershed program.
beneficiaries i
Following the office visi, ho team procoeded with a physical tanscet walk starting
from the ridge and descending othe valley of the watershed. The route was selected to cover
2 representative cross-section of the landscape, including both arable lands and drainage ines.
The walk was conducted alongside the District Soil Conservation Officer and his tan
allowing for on-the-spot discussions regarding the purpose and funetioning of various
interventions, Specific locations were identified using GPS to ensure accurate documentation.
‘The team also visited the premises of Kutippuram Thoda to asses the adjoining soil and water
conservation efforts and hei integration with the natural drainage system,
During the forenoon session, the team visited the Kuttippuram Padashekaram area,
‘where several structures were observed, including check dams, a dugout pond. a farm pond, a
ramp, and a check dam integrated with a footbridge, These structures had been strategically
placed along critical point to contol ranof and enhance water retention, Inthe afternoon, the
team moved to the Kavathikkulam Padashekaram area, where a retaining wall and diversion
anal were examined, These interventions were constructed to manage slope stability and water
movement, conributing to soil erosion contro and improved land usability
C2
A transect walk vas conducted on Ih May 2025 in the Kuttippuram Padashekaram
watershed located in Malappuram district as part ofa primary evaluation of soil conservation
interventions. The visit was caried out under the leadership of Dr. Abdul Hakkim, V.M.
Principal Investigator, along with the project team. The District Soil Conservation Officer Smt
Ayisha T P and departmental staff also actively participated inthe exercise, ensuring detailed
ficld-tevel insights int the implemented conservation measures.
‘The tansect walk aimed to evaluate the physical condition and positioning of the soil
conservation structures constructed by the Soil Survey and Soil Conservation Department,
‘Malappuram, Prior othe fil vii, the team visited the concerned office, where projectrelated
documents such as the application register, beneficiary register, detailed projectreport (DPR),
and minutes of watershed meetings were thoroughly reviewed. These documents provided an
overview of the sanctioned works, implementation procedures, and participation of local
watershed program.
beneficiaries i
Following the office visi, ho team procoeded with a physical tanscet walk starting
from the ridge and descending othe valley of the watershed. The route was selected to cover
2 representative cross-section of the landscape, including both arable lands and drainage ines.
The walk was conducted alongside the District Soil Conservation Officer and his tan
allowing for on-the-spot discussions regarding the purpose and funetioning of various
interventions, Specific locations were identified using GPS to ensure accurate documentation.
‘The team also visited the premises of Kutippuram Thoda to asses the adjoining soil and water
conservation efforts and hei integration with the natural drainage system,
During the forenoon session, the team visited the Kuttippuram Padashekaram area,
‘where several structures were observed, including check dams, a dugout pond. a farm pond, a
ramp, and a check dam integrated with a footbridge, These structures had been strategically
placed along critical point to contol ranof and enhance water retention, Inthe afternoon, the
team moved to the Kavathikkulam Padashekaram area, where a retaining wall and diversion
anal were examined, These interventions were constructed to manage slope stability and water
movement, conributing to soil erosion contro and improved land usability
C2
KOZHIKODE-PAVUKANDY THODU
A transect walk was conducted on Sth June 2025, afternoon inthe Pavukandy Thoch
watershed, located at Balussery in Kozhikode district, The activity was catied out by the
projet team, along with District Soil Conservation Officer Si, Rajeev M and team, und the
‘watershed convener Sr, Bharathan,
“The team began the walk by visiting the renovated pond known as Neroth Kulam, an
important water resource in the area. Following this, the team inspected a series of earthen
bunds and a taining wall, both constructed to manage runoff and prevent soil erosion. The
visit continued 10 water harvesting structures established in the Neroth area, aimed at
improving groundwater recharge, The walk alo covered a stone-pitched contour bund located
in ie middle region ofthe watershed implemented for slope stabilization and sol
conservation The transect provided a general overview ofthe conservation messure {
and thei alignment with watershed management objectives
A transect walk was conducted on Sth June 2025, afternoon inthe Pavukandy Thoch
watershed, located at Balussery in Kozhikode district, The activity was catied out by the
projet team, along with District Soil Conservation Officer Si, Rajeev M and team, und the
‘watershed convener Sr, Bharathan,
“The team began the walk by visiting the renovated pond known as Neroth Kulam, an
important water resource in the area. Following this, the team inspected a series of earthen
bunds and a taining wall, both constructed to manage runoff and prevent soil erosion. The
visit continued 10 water harvesting structures established in the Neroth area, aimed at
improving groundwater recharge, The walk alo covered a stone-pitched contour bund located
in ie middle region ofthe watershed implemented for slope stabilization and sol
conservation The transect provided a general overview ofthe conservation messure {
and thei alignment with watershed management objectives
WAYANAD-MOTTANKARA
‘A transect walk was conducted on 20h May 2025 in the Mottankara watershed, located
in Wayanad district The visit was card out by the project team, along with Soil Conservation
Officer Sr. Arun and his team from the Mananthavady Soil Conservation Office
The team visited water harvesting structure constructed in the plot ofa beneficia
Padakelu. During the visit, the beneficiary shared that the interventions had significantly
improved water availabilty on his lan, especialy for Iigating her rops like rubber, coffe,
and rice. Asa result, here was a notable improvement in crop productivity. Structures observed
included ring pond, farm pond, and earthen bunds, ll of which contibute to ent
retention and soil moisture conservation in the area
9
‘A transect walk was conducted on 20h May 2025 in the Mottankara watershed, located
in Wayanad district The visit was card out by the project team, along with Soil Conservation
Officer Sr. Arun and his team from the Mananthavady Soil Conservation Office
The team visited water harvesting structure constructed in the plot ofa beneficia
Padakelu. During the visit, the beneficiary shared that the interventions had significantly
improved water availabilty on his lan, especialy for Iigating her rops like rubber, coffe,
and rice. Asa result, here was a notable improvement in crop productivity. Structures observed
included ring pond, farm pond, and earthen bunds, ll of which contibute to ent
retention and soil moisture conservation in the area
9
KANNUR-MANHATHODU
‘A transect walk was conducted on Sth June 2025 in he Manhathodu watershed, located
in Ayyankunnu Panchayath of Kannur district, The visit was caried out by he project team,
from KCAEFT Tavanur along with the Soil Conservation department team from
Thaliparamba,
“The walk covered key conservation structures implemented across the watershed. The
team first visited water harvesting structure, followed by loose boulder check dams
iucied along minor steams, These were observed for their roe in educing runoff and soil
erosion. The group also examined stone-pitched contour bunds established on sloping lands to
aid in sol moisture conservation. The transect walk coneluded at Randamkadav in which the
‘outlet of watershed located, that ison the northern side of the watershed,
‘A transect walk was conducted on Sth June 2025 in he Manhathodu watershed, located
in Ayyankunnu Panchayath of Kannur district, The visit was caried out by he project team,
from KCAEFT Tavanur along with the Soil Conservation department team from
Thaliparamba,
“The walk covered key conservation structures implemented across the watershed. The
team first visited water harvesting structure, followed by loose boulder check dams
iucied along minor steams, These were observed for their roe in educing runoff and soil
erosion. The group also examined stone-pitched contour bunds established on sloping lands to
aid in sol moisture conservation. The transect walk coneluded at Randamkadav in which the
‘outlet of watershed located, that ison the northern side of the watershed,
KASARAGOD-KAPPUNKARA
A transect walk was conducted on th June 2025 inthe Kappunkara watershed located
in Kasaragod district, The teansoet was carried out with the participation of project team from.
KCAEFT Tavanur andthe district oil conservation team led by DSCO Sm. Ayisha TP. The
walk began at the ridge area of the watershed, locally known as Kulam, where init
observations were made regarding land use and slope management. From there, the team
proceeded to inspect a retining wall constructed along Mele Kudamboor Thodo, which is
identified as a third-order steam within the watershod. The structure has been strategically
placed to manage runoff and stabilize he sreambank in this mid-slope region
Moving further the transect continued through Kaneeladukkam, another rige area in
the watershed, where a stone-ptched contour bund had been established to address soi erosion
and promote moisture conservation in cultivated fields. The area also included patches where
agrostological measures had been adopted, contribuing to slope stabilization and vegetation
cover improvement. Finally, the tam reached the valley side of he watershed, where they
observed Nariyanıe Punnam Thodu, a natural drainage lin that plays a significant role in
collecting surface runoff. The transect walk coneluded at Chandragiipuzha, the outlet ofthe
watershed, serves as a critical monitoring location for assessing the cumulative impact oF the
watershed intervention,
A transect walk was conducted on th June 2025 inthe Kappunkara watershed located
in Kasaragod district, The teansoet was carried out with the participation of project team from.
KCAEFT Tavanur andthe district oil conservation team led by DSCO Sm. Ayisha TP. The
walk began at the ridge area of the watershed, locally known as Kulam, where init
observations were made regarding land use and slope management. From there, the team
proceeded to inspect a retining wall constructed along Mele Kudamboor Thodo, which is
identified as a third-order steam within the watershod. The structure has been strategically
placed to manage runoff and stabilize he sreambank in this mid-slope region
Moving further the transect continued through Kaneeladukkam, another rige area in
the watershed, where a stone-ptched contour bund had been established to address soi erosion
and promote moisture conservation in cultivated fields. The area also included patches where
agrostological measures had been adopted, contribuing to slope stabilization and vegetation
cover improvement. Finally, the tam reached the valley side of he watershed, where they
observed Nariyanıe Punnam Thodu, a natural drainage lin that plays a significant role in
collecting surface runoff. The transect walk coneluded at Chandragiipuzha, the outlet ofthe
watershed, serves as a critical monitoring location for assessing the cumulative impact oF the
watershed intervention,
CHAPTER4
DETAILED EVALUATION
41 Introduction and Purpose
Detailed Evaluation of a Watershed refers to a more detailed and in-depth analysis oF
‘watershed after primary evaluation has already been conducted. While the primary evaluation
typically involves baseline daa collection (ike topography, rainfall, soil types, and land use).
the secondary evaluation focuses on more specific, often problem-oriened, aspects. Here's a
detailed explanation
Detail
Objectives
Evaluation of Watershed — Overview
+ To ases the effectiveness of conservation and development interven
‘To ent remaining or emerging issues in the watershed.
+ Tocevaluate socioeconomic and environmental impact.
+ To support planning for he next phase of development or maintenance.
Key Components of Secondary Evaluation
Hydrological Analysis
+ Monitoring steamfow, groundwater recharge, and surface runof
+ Checking or changes in water vay due to interventions.
+ Sodimentaton rates in streams and reservoirs
and Land Degradation
‘© Assessment of sil erosion levels post-treatment
bility of slopes and gullies afer conto! measures.
‘Soil feniiy stars and productiviy improvements
Vegetation and Crop Pattern Monitoring
‘Changes in land use and cropping patterns
+ crease in forest cover or roles
‘© Adoption of sustainable farming techniques.
%
DETAILED EVALUATION
41 Introduction and Purpose
Detailed Evaluation of a Watershed refers to a more detailed and in-depth analysis oF
‘watershed after primary evaluation has already been conducted. While the primary evaluation
typically involves baseline daa collection (ike topography, rainfall, soil types, and land use).
the secondary evaluation focuses on more specific, often problem-oriened, aspects. Here's a
detailed explanation
Detail
Objectives
Evaluation of Watershed — Overview
+ To ases the effectiveness of conservation and development interven
‘To ent remaining or emerging issues in the watershed.
+ Tocevaluate socioeconomic and environmental impact.
+ To support planning for he next phase of development or maintenance.
Key Components of Secondary Evaluation
Hydrological Analysis
+ Monitoring steamfow, groundwater recharge, and surface runof
+ Checking or changes in water vay due to interventions.
+ Sodimentaton rates in streams and reservoirs
and Land Degradation
‘© Assessment of sil erosion levels post-treatment
bility of slopes and gullies afer conto! measures.
‘Soil feniiy stars and productiviy improvements
Vegetation and Crop Pattern Monitoring
‘Changes in land use and cropping patterns
+ crease in forest cover or roles
‘© Adoption of sustainable farming techniques.
%
Socio-Reonomie Evaluation
+ Change in household income, employment and livelihoods
+ Paripation of local communities and women in waters programs.
+ Migration ends
Water Resources Infrastructure Performance
+ Functionality of check dams, percolation tanks, farm ponds, et.
© Maintenance and repair nec.
+ Community management of water resources
Importance of Secondary Evaluation
‘+ Ensures longterm ustanabiity of watershed interventions
+ Allows course somection if ceded.
‘+ Helps design he next phase of funding or technical suppor.
+ Builds a learning base for future watershed projects.
Second:
evaluation conducted in the following districts:
Kollam,
Kozhikode.
Palakkad.
+ Wayanad,
+ Change in household income, employment and livelihoods
+ Paripation of local communities and women in waters programs.
+ Migration ends
Water Resources Infrastructure Performance
+ Functionality of check dams, percolation tanks, farm ponds, et.
© Maintenance and repair nec.
+ Community management of water resources
Importance of Secondary Evaluation
‘+ Ensures longterm ustanabiity of watershed interventions
+ Allows course somection if ceded.
‘+ Helps design he next phase of funding or technical suppor.
+ Builds a learning base for future watershed projects.
Second:
evaluation conducted in the following districts:
Kollam,
Kozhikode.
Palakkad.
+ Wayanad,
42. KOLLAM
Survey Results from Beneficiaries
Land Type
Land Type | Percentage
trrigatcd | 85.20%
Both 7.10%
A largo majority (86%) of respondents reported their land as irrigated, showing the
effectiveness of water conservation interventions ike open wells, bunds, or side protection
structures. With irigated land, farmers have beter crop choices,
and higher yield potential
Cropping Intensity
ropping nensity — |Pereentage
More than two crops. [61.90%
single crop. (23.80%
[Two crops 1.30%
Neatly 62% of farmers are practicing mult-seasonal farming with more than two crops.
Indices effective land use, possibly supported by iriguion fuites and increased water
availability. 24% practice single cropping, which could reflect: Limited irigation and Poor soil
conditions, 14% with two crops may sil show a moderate intensity, indicating scope for
improvement.
100% ofthe respondents who answered reported that heircropping intensity increased
indicating: Beter and utilization and Improved water availabilty
Cropping Change
907% (9 out of 10 who responded) reported a change in cropping pater, indicating a
positive shift in agricultural practices, likely due to interventions like irigation structures or
Survey Results from Beneficiaries
Land Type
Land Type | Percentage
trrigatcd | 85.20%
Both 7.10%
A largo majority (86%) of respondents reported their land as irrigated, showing the
effectiveness of water conservation interventions ike open wells, bunds, or side protection
structures. With irigated land, farmers have beter crop choices,
and higher yield potential
Cropping Intensity
ropping nensity — |Pereentage
More than two crops. [61.90%
single crop. (23.80%
[Two crops 1.30%
Neatly 62% of farmers are practicing mult-seasonal farming with more than two crops.
Indices effective land use, possibly supported by iriguion fuites and increased water
availability. 24% practice single cropping, which could reflect: Limited irigation and Poor soil
conditions, 14% with two crops may sil show a moderate intensity, indicating scope for
improvement.
100% ofthe respondents who answered reported that heircropping intensity increased
indicating: Beter and utilization and Improved water availabilty
Cropping Change
907% (9 out of 10 who responded) reported a change in cropping pater, indicating a
positive shift in agricultural practices, likely due to interventions like irigation structures or
vssining. Only 1 respondent reported no change, suggesting that resistance 10 changing
crupping pattern is minimal.
Among the respondents who provided reasons for eropping change, most highlighted a
move toward cultivating multiple crops, including banana and vegetables, This si fom
teaditional mono-cropping, especially rubber, indicates the success of watershed interventions
in promoting diversified and resilient farming systems.
Terigation Sources
A large majority (0046) of respondents rely on open wells as their primary iigation
source. Indicates local groundwater access i a key component of the farming system, A small
percentage use canals or alternative sources, her in combination or alone.
Water Availability
All surveyed farmers unanimously reported an increase in water availability following
the implementation of watershed interventions, This 100% positive response underlines the
strong hydrological impact of the project and its importance in sustaining agricultural
productivity
Income Change
[Response [Percentage
[ves 2.30%
[vo [720%
(Out of 13 valid responses, 92% of farmers reported an increase in income after th.
implementation of watershed development activites. This reinforces the positive economic
impact of improved land and water management practices in the project area.
Change in Soil Quality
All 14 respondents reported improvement in soil quality following watershed
‘management interventions, These improvements may he atributed to reduced soil erosion,
better moisture retention, and enhanced organic matter, contributing to sustainable agricultural
productivity
Awareness of Structures
All 10 who responded reported awareness of strictures Indicates that awareness
campaigns, PRA participation, or visible presence of structures were successful
crupping pattern is minimal.
Among the respondents who provided reasons for eropping change, most highlighted a
move toward cultivating multiple crops, including banana and vegetables, This si fom
teaditional mono-cropping, especially rubber, indicates the success of watershed interventions
in promoting diversified and resilient farming systems.
Terigation Sources
A large majority (0046) of respondents rely on open wells as their primary iigation
source. Indicates local groundwater access i a key component of the farming system, A small
percentage use canals or alternative sources, her in combination or alone.
Water Availability
All surveyed farmers unanimously reported an increase in water availability following
the implementation of watershed interventions, This 100% positive response underlines the
strong hydrological impact of the project and its importance in sustaining agricultural
productivity
Income Change
[Response [Percentage
[ves 2.30%
[vo [720%
(Out of 13 valid responses, 92% of farmers reported an increase in income after th.
implementation of watershed development activites. This reinforces the positive economic
impact of improved land and water management practices in the project area.
Change in Soil Quality
All 14 respondents reported improvement in soil quality following watershed
‘management interventions, These improvements may he atributed to reduced soil erosion,
better moisture retention, and enhanced organic matter, contributing to sustainable agricultural
productivity
Awareness of Structures
All 10 who responded reported awareness of strictures Indicates that awareness
campaigns, PRA participation, or visible presence of structures were successful
Benefit from the structures.
All the respondents who answered this question confirmed that they benefited from the
soil and water conservation structures introduced in thet locality. The structure helped improve
inigaton
Sustainability and Satistaction of SWC Measures
AU 17 respondents believe thatthe soil and water conservation (SWC) measures are
sustainable. This suggests: Long-term effectiveness of interventions and Positive community
perception.
Every respondent expressed satisfaction withthe watershed management interventions
“This likely reflets the combined benefits ol
+ Improved water availa
+ Bohanced soi quality
© Increase cropping intensity:
© Rise in income, Structural improvements and sustained outcomes,
‘Community Feedback
Community members widely recognize the benefits of the watershed interventions.
particularly in terms of erosion control, water availabilty, and structural protection. Several
suggestions emphasize the need for continued maintenance and expansion — indicating that
‘while he inital implementation was successful, sustainability will require ongoing effort
100
All the respondents who answered this question confirmed that they benefited from the
soil and water conservation structures introduced in thet locality. The structure helped improve
inigaton
Sustainability and Satistaction of SWC Measures
AU 17 respondents believe thatthe soil and water conservation (SWC) measures are
sustainable. This suggests: Long-term effectiveness of interventions and Positive community
perception.
Every respondent expressed satisfaction withthe watershed management interventions
“This likely reflets the combined benefits ol
+ Improved water availa
+ Bohanced soi quality
© Increase cropping intensity:
© Rise in income, Structural improvements and sustained outcomes,
‘Community Feedback
Community members widely recognize the benefits of the watershed interventions.
particularly in terms of erosion control, water availabilty, and structural protection. Several
suggestions emphasize the need for continued maintenance and expansion — indicating that
‘while he inital implementation was successful, sustainability will require ongoing effort
100
101
Survey Results from Department Officials
arabe oveervaion
Mn Gun tam uma ner
gain sou Rae (ma some aes vets an pnts
ere mom ris
tans in crping sina ei
‘© The major crops cultivated inthe project ara rubber, banana, coconut, and ginger
— indicate a mixed farming system focused on both commercial plantation and
seasonal cash crops. These crops are particularly responsive to improved water
availability and soil health, underlining the relevance and success of soil and water
conservation interventions in sustaining agricultural productivity.
+ The majority of respondents (75%) depend on rainfed agriculture. Only a few have
access 10 protetive irigtion through wells or ponds. This emphasizes the value of
Water conservation structures implemented under the watershed program.
+ All respondents observed a positive shift in water trends. reporting increased water
availbiliy after the implementation of watershed development interventions. This
reflets the tangible impact of sol and water conservation structures in improving water
retention and availability.
‘© All surveyed participants reported a change in cropping pattern post intervention. This
change is likely driven by improved water access and soil quality, enabling farmers to
diversify erops and shift towards more profitable and resilient agricultural systems.
102
arabe oveervaion
Mn Gun tam uma ner
gain sou Rae (ma some aes vets an pnts
ere mom ris
tans in crping sina ei
‘© The major crops cultivated inthe project ara rubber, banana, coconut, and ginger
— indicate a mixed farming system focused on both commercial plantation and
seasonal cash crops. These crops are particularly responsive to improved water
availability and soil health, underlining the relevance and success of soil and water
conservation interventions in sustaining agricultural productivity.
+ The majority of respondents (75%) depend on rainfed agriculture. Only a few have
access 10 protetive irigtion through wells or ponds. This emphasizes the value of
Water conservation structures implemented under the watershed program.
+ All respondents observed a positive shift in water trends. reporting increased water
availbiliy after the implementation of watershed development interventions. This
reflets the tangible impact of sol and water conservation structures in improving water
retention and availability.
‘© All surveyed participants reported a change in cropping pattern post intervention. This
change is likely driven by improved water access and soil quality, enabling farmers to
diversify erops and shift towards more profitable and resilient agricultural systems.
102
[Observation
[aware of SWC I respondents: Yes
Information Source Mostly Departments
[Beneficiary Selection 1 Open application
© All respondents reported awareness of the Soil and Water Conservation structures
implemented under the watershed program. This indicates strong outreach and
community engagement efforts, which are essential for successful implementation and
long-term sustainability ofthe interventions.
‘© Most respondents (80%) were informed about the SWC structures hy department staff,
highlighting the ky role played by government field teams in creating awareness.
+ All beneficiarios were selected through an open application process, reflecting a
transparent and inclusive approach to project implementation:
Impact Area ported Positive Change
[water Avalabiiy es (al emis)
[Cro Yield Yes
[Soil Erosion [Controlled
(Groundwater Recharge Yes
Soil Quay Improved
‘© All respondents reported improved water avi
soil and water conservation structures.
ity following the implementation of
+ All surveyed officials reported an improvement in crop yield after the watershed
development activities
103
[aware of SWC I respondents: Yes
Information Source Mostly Departments
[Beneficiary Selection 1 Open application
© All respondents reported awareness of the Soil and Water Conservation structures
implemented under the watershed program. This indicates strong outreach and
community engagement efforts, which are essential for successful implementation and
long-term sustainability ofthe interventions.
‘© Most respondents (80%) were informed about the SWC structures hy department staff,
highlighting the ky role played by government field teams in creating awareness.
+ All beneficiarios were selected through an open application process, reflecting a
transparent and inclusive approach to project implementation:
Impact Area ported Positive Change
[water Avalabiiy es (al emis)
[Cro Yield Yes
[Soil Erosion [Controlled
(Groundwater Recharge Yes
Soil Quay Improved
‘© All respondents reported improved water avi
soil and water conservation structures.
ity following the implementation of
+ All surveyed officials reported an improvement in crop yield after the watershed
development activities
103
+ All respondents observed positive impact on soil erosion, reporting significant
reductions aftr the initodaction of oil and water conservation measures,
‘© Allrespondents reported improved groundwater recharge following the implementation
of sol and water conservation structures.
‘© All respondents observed a clear improvement in soil quality, which they auribued o
the implemented soil and water conservation structures
‘The soil and water conservation interventions have yielded significant positive
outcomes, including improved water availabilty, increased crop yield, reduced soi erosion,
enhanced groundwater recharge, and better soil quality. These results reflect the effectiveness
and sustainability of the watershed development
[Aspect [Observation
[structures Maintained Ives
Maintained by Panchayat [Yes (mos)
Maintained by Beneficiaries Yes some)
Benefits Shared Equally Ives
+ All respondents affirmed that the soil and water conservation structures are being
acively maintained
+ A majority of respondents (60%) reported that the Panchayat is responsible for
‘maintaining the soil and water conservation structures
+ 60% of respondents noted that beneficiaries are directly involved in maintaining oil
and water conservation structures, highlighting strong community oxenership.
104
reductions aftr the initodaction of oil and water conservation measures,
‘© Allrespondents reported improved groundwater recharge following the implementation
of sol and water conservation structures.
‘© All respondents observed a clear improvement in soil quality, which they auribued o
the implemented soil and water conservation structures
‘The soil and water conservation interventions have yielded significant positive
outcomes, including improved water availabilty, increased crop yield, reduced soi erosion,
enhanced groundwater recharge, and better soil quality. These results reflect the effectiveness
and sustainability of the watershed development
[Aspect [Observation
[structures Maintained Ives
Maintained by Panchayat [Yes (mos)
Maintained by Beneficiaries Yes some)
Benefits Shared Equally Ives
+ All respondents affirmed that the soil and water conservation structures are being
acively maintained
+ A majority of respondents (60%) reported that the Panchayat is responsible for
‘maintaining the soil and water conservation structures
+ 60% of respondents noted that beneficiaries are directly involved in maintaining oil
and water conservation structures, highlighting strong community oxenership.
104
MAJOR FINDINGS FROM PRA
Open Forum Discussion with Beneficiaries
‘An open forum discussion was conducted with the beneficiaries of the
“Maruthamonpally Watershed Projet to evaluate the on-ground impact of the watershed
interventions and gather community feedback fr future planning. The discussion highlighted
several postive outcomes of the project as well as further needs expressed by the local
population,
Reduction in Land Erosion
One ofthe most appreciated outcomes reported by the beneficiaries was the significant
reduction in land erosion after the implementation of watershed development mesures.
Interventions such as
+ Contour bunding
+ Vegetative barriers
Stone-pitched structures have successfully controlled surface runoff thereby prevented
soil oss and enhancing land stability. This has made previously vulnerable agricultural Land
more secure and cultivable
‘Stabilization of Structures Enhancing Land Protection and Productivity
Beneficiaries also emphasized the importance of proper stabilization of watershed
structures, such as Earthen bunds, Check dams, Farm pond.
‘These structures, once stabilized with stone pitching, vegetation, or concrete linings,
have provided long-term protection against crosion and significantly improved land
productivity. Stabilized structures ensure durability and have been instrumental in supporting
sustained agricultural activity
Increase in Crop Production
Farmers in the Maruthamonpilly Watershed area have reported a noticeable increase in
top production following project implementation. This improvement is due 10:
‘+ Enhanced sol moisture retention
+ Reduced land degradation
‘+ Increase availabilty of irigation water
Staples wellas horticultural erops have benefited, contributing o higher income levels
and food security among the beneficiary Families,
105
Open Forum Discussion with Beneficiaries
‘An open forum discussion was conducted with the beneficiaries of the
“Maruthamonpally Watershed Projet to evaluate the on-ground impact of the watershed
interventions and gather community feedback fr future planning. The discussion highlighted
several postive outcomes of the project as well as further needs expressed by the local
population,
Reduction in Land Erosion
One ofthe most appreciated outcomes reported by the beneficiaries was the significant
reduction in land erosion after the implementation of watershed development mesures.
Interventions such as
+ Contour bunding
+ Vegetative barriers
Stone-pitched structures have successfully controlled surface runoff thereby prevented
soil oss and enhancing land stability. This has made previously vulnerable agricultural Land
more secure and cultivable
‘Stabilization of Structures Enhancing Land Protection and Productivity
Beneficiaries also emphasized the importance of proper stabilization of watershed
structures, such as Earthen bunds, Check dams, Farm pond.
‘These structures, once stabilized with stone pitching, vegetation, or concrete linings,
have provided long-term protection against crosion and significantly improved land
productivity. Stabilized structures ensure durability and have been instrumental in supporting
sustained agricultural activity
Increase in Crop Production
Farmers in the Maruthamonpilly Watershed area have reported a noticeable increase in
top production following project implementation. This improvement is due 10:
‘+ Enhanced sol moisture retention
+ Reduced land degradation
‘+ Increase availabilty of irigation water
Staples wellas horticultural erops have benefited, contributing o higher income levels
and food security among the beneficiary Families,
105
Improvement in Groundwater Levels
Another key positive impact observed was the increase in water levels in wells,
especially during the sommer season, This is aibutd o improved groundwater recharge due
10 water harvesting structures
Reduced runoff and increased in
ration opportunites,
Beneficiaries noted that even during the dry months, wells retained more water than
before, allowing for continued domestic and irrigation use, This has greatly reduced the
seasonal water stress faced by he community
Community Demat
fore Soll Conservation Structures
While expressing appreciation for the current works, the beneficiaries strongly
demande the construction of atonal sil conservation structures, They suggested that some
Hands remain untreated or partially treated, especially on slopes, expanding coverage will
ensure uniform protection of the watershed Greater stuctural density will support sustainable
agricultural practices over a wider area.
Conclusion
‘The open forum discussion in Maruthamonpally Watershed reflects a successful
implementation phase, with clear outcomes such as reduced land erosion, enhanced
productivity increased water availabilty, and community satisfaction, At the same time, there
is a song community-driven request for
+ Expansion of soi and water conservation coverage
‘+ Sustained efforts in structure stabilization
+ Greater attention to remaining unreated patches
Ensuring these demands are addressed in future phases will further consolidate the
sins made and move the watershed area toward long-term ecological snd economic
sustainability
106
Another key positive impact observed was the increase in water levels in wells,
especially during the sommer season, This is aibutd o improved groundwater recharge due
10 water harvesting structures
Reduced runoff and increased in
ration opportunites,
Beneficiaries noted that even during the dry months, wells retained more water than
before, allowing for continued domestic and irrigation use, This has greatly reduced the
seasonal water stress faced by he community
Community Demat
fore Soll Conservation Structures
While expressing appreciation for the current works, the beneficiaries strongly
demande the construction of atonal sil conservation structures, They suggested that some
Hands remain untreated or partially treated, especially on slopes, expanding coverage will
ensure uniform protection of the watershed Greater stuctural density will support sustainable
agricultural practices over a wider area.
Conclusion
‘The open forum discussion in Maruthamonpally Watershed reflects a successful
implementation phase, with clear outcomes such as reduced land erosion, enhanced
productivity increased water availabilty, and community satisfaction, At the same time, there
is a song community-driven request for
+ Expansion of soi and water conservation coverage
‘+ Sustained efforts in structure stabilization
+ Greater attention to remaining unreated patches
Ensuring these demands are addressed in future phases will further consolidate the
sins made and move the watershed area toward long-term ecological snd economic
sustainability
106
107
PRA Findings
(criteria (Group A [Group B [Group € [Mean
Prevention of Soil rosin 5 s Is
lncease in Ground Water Level s 5 ls Le
[Protection of Canal Embankments Is Is ls s
Increase in Land Use s s Is lass
ligation Potential in Watershed Is Is Is 13
soit Moisture and Organic Mater s s Is lass
Level of Feriizer Application Is 1 1 ha
Intervention by Public Representatives |s Is 3 13
Production Capacity and Diversity Is Is ls
Fodder Production Capacity 5 5 ls ls
(Ciao of Hortcutra Crops s Is Is lass
108
(criteria (Group A [Group B [Group € [Mean
Prevention of Soil rosin 5 s Is
lncease in Ground Water Level s 5 ls Le
[Protection of Canal Embankments Is Is ls s
Increase in Land Use s s Is lass
ligation Potential in Watershed Is Is Is 13
soit Moisture and Organic Mater s s Is lass
Level of Feriizer Application Is 1 1 ha
Intervention by Public Representatives |s Is 3 13
Production Capacity and Diversity Is Is ls
Fodder Production Capacity 5 5 ls ls
(Ciao of Hortcutra Crops s Is Is lass
108
Group A, Group B and Group C
Moma mans omo
LOLOELPELEL SL
+ SoAverage:
© Prevention of Soi Erosion
Protection of Canal Embankments
© Production Capacity & Diversity
Lowest Ranked
+ Ferilier Applicaton (Mean: 2.33)
‘© Fodder Production Capacity (Mean: 3.00)
109
Moma mans omo
LOLOELPELEL SL
+ SoAverage:
© Prevention of Soi Erosion
Protection of Canal Embankments
© Production Capacity & Diversity
Lowest Ranked
+ Ferilier Applicaton (Mean: 2.33)
‘© Fodder Production Capacity (Mean: 3.00)
109
Mean Score vs Criterion
jo
LOCELEEE EES
Interpretation
© Strong agreement on high importance for sol erosion prevention, canal protection, and
production capacity.
‘© Disagreement or lower priority for fenilizer application levels (Group A rated $; Band
rated 1)
‘© Fodder production had uniform, moderate scores across all groups (3).
© Group C seems more critical overall lower scores across most variables).
110
jo
LOCELEEE EES
Interpretation
© Strong agreement on high importance for sol erosion prevention, canal protection, and
production capacity.
‘© Disagreement or lower priority for fenilizer application levels (Group A rated $; Band
rated 1)
‘© Fodder production had uniform, moderate scores across all groups (3).
© Group C seems more critical overall lower scores across most variables).
110
m
43 PALAKKAD
Survey Results from Beneficiaries
Land Type
(Land Type [Percentage
erigated fox
Bots 12%
‘A large majority (86%) ofthe land in the observed areas is lasified as irigated, which
clearly reflects the effectiveness of soil and water conservation (SWC) interventions. The
presence of 14% land with both imigated and rainfed characteristics indicates transitional
agricultural zones where irrigation support has improved but stil partially depends on rinfa
Cropping Intensity
Cropping Intensi
More than wo crops [90%
single erop 10%
90% of observations reported more han two crops being cultivate ina year, indicating
2 high cropping intensity in the project ares, This reflects the positive impact of improved.
irrigation, sil ferility, and water conservation practices under the watershed program.
Terigation Sources.
Open wells are the most common iigation source (50%)
as a dependable water source in the projet area. Their prevalence also suggests successful
groundwater recharge due 1 soil and water conservation (SWC) structures.
Change in Soil Quality
All respondents reported improvement in soil quality following watershed management
interventions. These improvements may be atibuted to reduced soil erosion, better moisture
retention, and enhanced organic matter, contbuting o sustainable agricultural productivity.
11
Survey Results from Beneficiaries
Land Type
(Land Type [Percentage
erigated fox
Bots 12%
‘A large majority (86%) ofthe land in the observed areas is lasified as irigated, which
clearly reflects the effectiveness of soil and water conservation (SWC) interventions. The
presence of 14% land with both imigated and rainfed characteristics indicates transitional
agricultural zones where irrigation support has improved but stil partially depends on rinfa
Cropping Intensity
Cropping Intensi
More than wo crops [90%
single erop 10%
90% of observations reported more han two crops being cultivate ina year, indicating
2 high cropping intensity in the project ares, This reflects the positive impact of improved.
irrigation, sil ferility, and water conservation practices under the watershed program.
Terigation Sources.
Open wells are the most common iigation source (50%)
as a dependable water source in the projet area. Their prevalence also suggests successful
groundwater recharge due 1 soil and water conservation (SWC) structures.
Change in Soil Quality
All respondents reported improvement in soil quality following watershed management
interventions. These improvements may be atibuted to reduced soil erosion, better moisture
retention, and enhanced organic matter, contbuting o sustainable agricultural productivity.
11
na
MAJOR FINDINGS FROM PRA
Field Observations and Community Feedback - Inımbamı
ty Watershed
‘The Irambamurty Watershed Arcahas been undergoing various watershed development
roving soil and water conservation, agricultural productivity, and
ecological restoration, However, during recent field interactions and community discussions,
several isk factors and. challenges were identified that need urgent attention for ensuring the
long-term success and sustainability ofthe project.
activities aimed ati
jor Risk Factor: Wi
Intrusion and Damage
1 most signifi
animals, especially elephants and wild pigs. These ai
risk reported by the beneficiarios the frequent intrusion of wild
als pose a serious threat:
+ Agricultural erops and plantations
+ Watershed structures, particularly:
+ Earthen bunds
+ Stone-Piched Contour Bunds (SPCBS)
These structures, built as part of the watershed development efforts, re often damaged!
or destroyed by the movement of elephants and rooting behaviour of wild pigs. This not only
causes loss of public investment, but also discourages farmers from maintaining or cooperating
with ongoing conservation effort.
Critical Area Needing New Project: Karimala
‘The Karimala region, located within or adjacent to the watershed boundary, was
identified by local residen and asa vulnerable and negleted zone. This area
‘+ Lacks sufficient soil and water conservation infrastructure
+ Is highly prone to erosion and forest boundary pressure
+ Experiences frequent wildlife activity
‘The community has strongly recommended launching a new dedicated watershed or
eco-restoraion project in Karimala o protect this sensitive terrain and integrate it into Browder
watershed planning,
15
Field Observations and Community Feedback - Inımbamı
ty Watershed
‘The Irambamurty Watershed Arcahas been undergoing various watershed development
roving soil and water conservation, agricultural productivity, and
ecological restoration, However, during recent field interactions and community discussions,
several isk factors and. challenges were identified that need urgent attention for ensuring the
long-term success and sustainability ofthe project.
activities aimed ati
jor Risk Factor: Wi
Intrusion and Damage
1 most signifi
animals, especially elephants and wild pigs. These ai
risk reported by the beneficiarios the frequent intrusion of wild
als pose a serious threat:
+ Agricultural erops and plantations
+ Watershed structures, particularly:
+ Earthen bunds
+ Stone-Piched Contour Bunds (SPCBS)
These structures, built as part of the watershed development efforts, re often damaged!
or destroyed by the movement of elephants and rooting behaviour of wild pigs. This not only
causes loss of public investment, but also discourages farmers from maintaining or cooperating
with ongoing conservation effort.
Critical Area Needing New Project: Karimala
‘The Karimala region, located within or adjacent to the watershed boundary, was
identified by local residen and asa vulnerable and negleted zone. This area
‘+ Lacks sufficient soil and water conservation infrastructure
+ Is highly prone to erosion and forest boundary pressure
+ Experiences frequent wildlife activity
‘The community has strongly recommended launching a new dedicated watershed or
eco-restoraion project in Karimala o protect this sensitive terrain and integrate it into Browder
watershed planning,
15
Infrastructure Demand in Varhikkal Area: Check Dams
The Varhikkala locality, part of the Irumbamurty watershed, faces seasonal water
scarcity and irregular surface runoff. Beneficiaries from this aca raised a specifi demand for
the construction of check dams to:
+ Harvest and store monsoon runoff
+ Recharge groundwater
+ Ensure water availability for post-monsoon agriculture
‘They emphasized that small and medium-sized check dams would greatly improve
‘water retention and reduce dependence on external sources.
Material Constraint: Shortage of Local Stones
Another critial issue affecting the timely and efficient construction of watershed
structures isthe shortage of locally available stones. This has impacted:
‘+ SPCBs (Stone Pitched Contour Bund
+ Gabon structures
‘© Side walls for channels and culverts
‘The lack of stone inthe nearby vicinity lead to increased transportation costs, project
delays, and compromises in structure quality.
Watercourse Stability: Need for Side Protection
Community members also pointed out the wegen ned for side protection on both sides
of watercourses running through the watershed. These include natural streams and drainage
Fines that
Suggested interventions include:
‘Rubble pitching on both side
+ Vegetative turing live fencing
+ Chanel liningin highly eroded sections
Conclusion
“The Irumbamuity Watershed presents unique challenges hat require a locaion=—peciñi
and integrated approach to watershed management. While foundational work has been done,
the following concems need immediate policy and planning attention:
115
The Varhikkala locality, part of the Irumbamurty watershed, faces seasonal water
scarcity and irregular surface runoff. Beneficiaries from this aca raised a specifi demand for
the construction of check dams to:
+ Harvest and store monsoon runoff
+ Recharge groundwater
+ Ensure water availability for post-monsoon agriculture
‘They emphasized that small and medium-sized check dams would greatly improve
‘water retention and reduce dependence on external sources.
Material Constraint: Shortage of Local Stones
Another critial issue affecting the timely and efficient construction of watershed
structures isthe shortage of locally available stones. This has impacted:
‘+ SPCBs (Stone Pitched Contour Bund
+ Gabon structures
‘© Side walls for channels and culverts
‘The lack of stone inthe nearby vicinity lead to increased transportation costs, project
delays, and compromises in structure quality.
Watercourse Stability: Need for Side Protection
Community members also pointed out the wegen ned for side protection on both sides
of watercourses running through the watershed. These include natural streams and drainage
Fines that
Suggested interventions include:
‘Rubble pitching on both side
+ Vegetative turing live fencing
+ Chanel liningin highly eroded sections
Conclusion
“The Irumbamuity Watershed presents unique challenges hat require a locaion=—peciñi
and integrated approach to watershed management. While foundational work has been done,
the following concems need immediate policy and planning attention:
115
+ Wild animals damages the watershed structures,
‘+ New project proposal for the vulnerable Karimala ara.
‘+ Demand for check dams in Vazbikkala.
‘+ Shortage of construction materials especially stones.
+ Erosion and instability of watercourses, requiring proper side protection.
Addressing these issues through adaptive project planning, community participation,
and resource-fficient solutions will ensure the long-term sustainability and impact of
the watershed program in Irumbamuty.
17
‘+ New project proposal for the vulnerable Karimala ara.
‘+ Demand for check dams in Vazbikkala.
‘+ Shortage of construction materials especially stones.
+ Erosion and instability of watercourses, requiring proper side protection.
Addressing these issues through adaptive project planning, community participation,
and resource-fficient solutions will ensure the long-term sustainability and impact of
the watershed program in Irumbamuty.
17
PRA Findings
[Group [Group [Group [Group [Group [Group [Mean
(Criteria la |p ic fp |e core
Prevention of Soil Erosion Bb fb ob |s |s bs
Increase in Ground Water Level [sis fs fs fs les
Protection of Car
Increase in Land Use Bb fb bb ls lo ds
irrigation Potential in Watenhed | ro po bo po bs
Soil Moisture and Organic Matter
(Content b Bb kb bob | Is
Level of Fenilizer Application in|
Watershed poh of ofp ob hs
Intervention by Public and Elected
Representaives Is | q 5 he
Production Capacity anddivenity fs fs fs fs fs fs los
Fodder Production Capacity sb ls kb lo b fs
|cutivason of HonicutumiCops fs fi fs fs fs À fas
18
[Group [Group [Group [Group [Group [Group [Mean
(Criteria la |p ic fp |e core
Prevention of Soil Erosion Bb fb ob |s |s bs
Increase in Ground Water Level [sis fs fs fs les
Protection of Car
Increase in Land Use Bb fb bb ls lo ds
irrigation Potential in Watenhed | ro po bo po bs
Soil Moisture and Organic Matter
(Content b Bb kb bob | Is
Level of Fenilizer Application in|
Watershed poh of ofp ob hs
Intervention by Public and Elected
Representaives Is | q 5 he
Production Capacity anddivenity fs fs fs fs fs fs los
Fodder Production Capacity sb ls kb lo b fs
|cutivason of HonicutumiCops fs fi fs fs fs À fas
18
5 m pa
1 Gps
4 E crowpe
mono
3 cope
Grp F
LIELIDA PULSO
highest Ranked Criteria (Mean 2 40)
+ Increase in ground water level
+ Foddee Production Capacity
Moderately High Ranked Criteria (Mean = 3.6)
+ Prevention of sil erosion
+ Increase in land use
Soi moistur and organic mater content
interventions by public and elected representative
+ Production capacity and diversity
Moderately Ranked Crtei (Mean = 3.33)
+ Production Capacity and Divers
+ Cutivaton of Horicultual Crops
Low Ranked Criteria (Mean <3.0)
19
1 Gps
4 E crowpe
mono
3 cope
Grp F
LIELIDA PULSO
highest Ranked Criteria (Mean 2 40)
+ Increase in ground water level
+ Foddee Production Capacity
Moderately High Ranked Criteria (Mean = 3.6)
+ Prevention of sil erosion
+ Increase in land use
Soi moistur and organic mater content
interventions by public and elected representative
+ Production capacity and diversity
Moderately Ranked Crtei (Mean = 3.33)
+ Production Capacity and Divers
+ Cutivaton of Horicultual Crops
Low Ranked Criteria (Mean <3.0)
19
+ Irrigation potential in watershed
+ Level of ferilize application in watershed
Mean score vs Criteria
LL ALL SES LES
Interpretation:
+ Tho max ranking reveals that beneficiaries highly value improvements in water
availability and fodder production, followed by moderate recognition of benefit in soil,
health, erosion control land use, and crop production.
‘limited impact was observed in improving irrigation potential or reducing frilizer use.
suggesting the nee for targeted strategies in these areas. The feedback highlights the
strengihs of the program while also identifying areas for further intervention and
support
+ Level of ferilize application in watershed
Mean score vs Criteria
LL ALL SES LES
Interpretation:
+ Tho max ranking reveals that beneficiaries highly value improvements in water
availability and fodder production, followed by moderate recognition of benefit in soil,
health, erosion control land use, and crop production.
‘limited impact was observed in improving irrigation potential or reducing frilizer use.
suggesting the nee for targeted strategies in these areas. The feedback highlights the
strengihs of the program while also identifying areas for further intervention and
support
a
44 KOZHIKODE
Survey Results from Beneficiaries
Land Type
(Land Type [Percentage
Irigated {sos
Bots 50%
A significant proportion (50%) of respondents reported having acess to bath irrigated
and non-iigated land, while he remaining SO% rely entirely on irrigated land. This balanced
distribution highlights the reach of water conservation measures such as open wells, bunding,
and recharge structures,
Cropping Intensity
Cropping Intensity Percentage
More than wo crops. [45%
single erop las
[Two crops 1%
‘The data suggests that most farmers (86%) practice mult-cropping, enabled by
improved imigaion and soil conditions. This reflets the positive impact of watershed
intervention on cropping pattems and highlights opportunities to support the remaining few
toward intensifying their agricultural output.
Terigation Sources
‘Open wells are the dominant ration source, used by 62.5% of responden, indicating
their cnicia role in supporting agriculture in the area, Boe wells and other sources (8. ponds
or canal) are each used by 12.5% respondents, showing limited diversification in irrigation
infrastructure. Only 12.5% of respondents depend entirely on rainfed agriculture, highlighiing
vulnerability to rinfall variability.
122
Survey Results from Beneficiaries
Land Type
(Land Type [Percentage
Irigated {sos
Bots 50%
A significant proportion (50%) of respondents reported having acess to bath irrigated
and non-iigated land, while he remaining SO% rely entirely on irrigated land. This balanced
distribution highlights the reach of water conservation measures such as open wells, bunding,
and recharge structures,
Cropping Intensity
Cropping Intensity Percentage
More than wo crops. [45%
single erop las
[Two crops 1%
‘The data suggests that most farmers (86%) practice mult-cropping, enabled by
improved imigaion and soil conditions. This reflets the positive impact of watershed
intervention on cropping pattems and highlights opportunities to support the remaining few
toward intensifying their agricultural output.
Terigation Sources
‘Open wells are the dominant ration source, used by 62.5% of responden, indicating
their cnicia role in supporting agriculture in the area, Boe wells and other sources (8. ponds
or canal) are each used by 12.5% respondents, showing limited diversification in irrigation
infrastructure. Only 12.5% of respondents depend entirely on rainfed agriculture, highlighiing
vulnerability to rinfall variability.
122
Change in Soil Quality
All respondents reported improvement in soil quality following watershed management
interventions, These improvements may be atibuted to reduced soil erosion, better moisture
retention, and enhanced organic matter, contibuing o sustainable agricultural productivity.
Benefited from the structures.
20% of respondents who answered this question confirmed that they benefited fr
the soil and water conservation structures introduced in their locality, The structure helped
improve imigation.
Sustainability and Satistaction of SWC Measures
(Only one respondent belies thatthe soil and water conservation (SWC) measures are
sustainable, 50% of respondents expressed satisfaction with the watershed management
‘The feedback reflets appreciation for existing protective measures but also highlights
that infrastructure remains incomplete in some areas. Respondents see value in these
ventions and request Further expansion, especially side protection along vulnerable ones
Tike steams and canals
123
All respondents reported improvement in soil quality following watershed management
interventions, These improvements may be atibuted to reduced soil erosion, better moisture
retention, and enhanced organic matter, contibuing o sustainable agricultural productivity.
Benefited from the structures.
20% of respondents who answered this question confirmed that they benefited fr
the soil and water conservation structures introduced in their locality, The structure helped
improve imigation.
Sustainability and Satistaction of SWC Measures
(Only one respondent belies thatthe soil and water conservation (SWC) measures are
sustainable, 50% of respondents expressed satisfaction with the watershed management
‘The feedback reflets appreciation for existing protective measures but also highlights
that infrastructure remains incomplete in some areas. Respondents see value in these
ventions and request Further expansion, especially side protection along vulnerable ones
Tike steams and canals
123
124
Survey Results from Department Officials
¡Variable (Observation
[Main Crops Coconut, arecanut, rubber
ligation Source Mostly rainfed: some access to wells
Increased water availability reported across al
Water Trend cies
[change in Cropping |Ves.inallentries
‘© All respondents grow a combination of coconut, arecanut and rubber. This indicates à
homogeneous cropping patie across the projet area
© 15% of the entries use well ivigaion, indicating some access to protective irrigation
+ 100% of respondents reported an increase in water availability after the watershed
interventions. This indicates a consistent and positive outcome of the soi and water
conservation structures such as check dams, bunds, and water harvesting systems.
© 83% of respondens reported a change in cropping pattem following. watershed
development interventions.
¡Variable ion
[aware of SWC fes (al respondents)
Information Source Primarily Department Staft
[Beneficiary Selection
125
¡Variable (Observation
[Main Crops Coconut, arecanut, rubber
ligation Source Mostly rainfed: some access to wells
Increased water availability reported across al
Water Trend cies
[change in Cropping |Ves.inallentries
‘© All respondents grow a combination of coconut, arecanut and rubber. This indicates à
homogeneous cropping patie across the projet area
© 15% of the entries use well ivigaion, indicating some access to protective irrigation
+ 100% of respondents reported an increase in water availability after the watershed
interventions. This indicates a consistent and positive outcome of the soi and water
conservation structures such as check dams, bunds, and water harvesting systems.
© 83% of respondens reported a change in cropping pattem following. watershed
development interventions.
¡Variable ion
[aware of SWC fes (al respondents)
Information Source Primarily Department Staft
[Beneficiary Selection
125
+ 67% explicily indicate awareness of SWC structures, The current daa still suggests
strong awareness among beneficiaries, likely a result of effective community outreach
and departmental guidance
© The data indicates thatthe majority of beneficiaries were selected through a fair and
‘open process, enhancing trust, ownership, and community support forthe watershed
program,
marc pra eve Change
[Water Avaitabitity |Ves Cl entries)
[Crop Yieta [Yes call enties)
Soil Erosion molle (al envies)
|Groonéwater Recharge Yes (all entries)
Soil Quality Improved (all entres)
+ 100% of respondents reported positive impact acros all five key environmental and
agricultural indicators: Water availability increased, Crop yields improved, Soil erosion
controlled, Groundwater levels recharged and Soil quality.
© These results strongly suggest thatthe soil and water conservation (SWC) measures—
such as check dams, bunds, water harvesting structures, and vegetative bariers—have
delivered significant and consistent benefits across the project area
128
strong awareness among beneficiaries, likely a result of effective community outreach
and departmental guidance
© The data indicates thatthe majority of beneficiaries were selected through a fair and
‘open process, enhancing trust, ownership, and community support forthe watershed
program,
marc pra eve Change
[Water Avaitabitity |Ves Cl entries)
[Crop Yieta [Yes call enties)
Soil Erosion molle (al envies)
|Groonéwater Recharge Yes (all entries)
Soil Quality Improved (all entres)
+ 100% of respondents reported positive impact acros all five key environmental and
agricultural indicators: Water availability increased, Crop yields improved, Soil erosion
controlled, Groundwater levels recharged and Soil quality.
© These results strongly suggest thatthe soil and water conservation (SWC) measures—
such as check dams, bunds, water harvesting structures, and vegetative bariers—have
delivered significant and consistent benefits across the project area
128
lAspcet [Observation
[structures
simained es (al entres)
Maintained by Panchayat [Ves (60% of cases)
[Maintained by Beneficiaries es (60% of eases)
[Benefits Shared Equally Yes (major)
33% explicitly reported that structures are being maintained
100% reported thatthe Panchayat is involved in maintenance.
67% show involvement of beneficiaries in n
50% fim that benefits a shared equally.
MAJOR FINDINGS FROM PRA
District Soil Conservation Officer Rajcev M B discuss about the detail of the project.
pavukandy thodu watershed, was a major initiative focused on conserving natural resources.
“nd improving rural livelihoods through scientific watershed management. This projet was
part of NABARDS broader mission to promote sustainable development in ruínfed and
drought-prone areas. Project Duration: 2016 - 2022
‘The project spanned six years, beginning in 2016 and concluding in 2022, This time
frame allowed for
Detaled planning and community mobilization
Implementation of soil and water conservation measures
Promotion of agricuture-based livelihood activities
Monitoring, evalusion, and capacity building for sustainability,
“The long-term nature of the projet ensured that developmental impacts were deep
rooted and community-driven,
A total treated area of 525 hectares was scientifically trated under this project. The
‘term “treated arca” refers to land where interventions were made to control soil erosion,
‘manage rainwater, and improve land productivity.
127
[structures
simained es (al entres)
Maintained by Panchayat [Ves (60% of cases)
[Maintained by Beneficiaries es (60% of eases)
[Benefits Shared Equally Yes (major)
33% explicitly reported that structures are being maintained
100% reported thatthe Panchayat is involved in maintenance.
67% show involvement of beneficiaries in n
50% fim that benefits a shared equally.
MAJOR FINDINGS FROM PRA
District Soil Conservation Officer Rajcev M B discuss about the detail of the project.
pavukandy thodu watershed, was a major initiative focused on conserving natural resources.
“nd improving rural livelihoods through scientific watershed management. This projet was
part of NABARDS broader mission to promote sustainable development in ruínfed and
drought-prone areas. Project Duration: 2016 - 2022
‘The project spanned six years, beginning in 2016 and concluding in 2022, This time
frame allowed for
Detaled planning and community mobilization
Implementation of soil and water conservation measures
Promotion of agricuture-based livelihood activities
Monitoring, evalusion, and capacity building for sustainability,
“The long-term nature of the projet ensured that developmental impacts were deep
rooted and community-driven,
A total treated area of 525 hectares was scientifically trated under this project. The
‘term “treated arca” refers to land where interventions were made to control soil erosion,
‘manage rainwater, and improve land productivity.
127
Open forum in PRA
‘An open forum discussion was conducted with the local beneficiaries ofthe Pavukandi
‘Thodu Watershed Project to evaluate the progress and gather Feedback on the interventions
carried out under the watershed development program. The session aimed to identify
improvemens in agricultural productivity, understand prevailing issues, and collect
community suggestions fr future enhancements
Improvements in Agricultural Productivity
‘The beneficiuies expressed satisfaction with the noticeable improvement in
agricultural productivity since the implementation of watershed development activites. In
particular, they highlighted a significant increase in te yield of Coconut and Areeanut. This
improvement is atributed tothe following outcomes ofthe watershed interventions:
‘+ Better soil moisture conservation
+ Increased groundwater availability
‘+ Reduction in crop sress during dry spells
‘+ Enhanced nutrient retention and improved microclimate conditions.
The community acknowledged that Ihe combination of soil and water conservation
‘measures has led to healthier plantations and more stable production level
Main Issue Highlighted: Soi Erosion
Despite the overall success ofthe project, the beneficiaries raised concerns regarding
soil erosion, which stil persists in certain unvested or partially treated location within the
watershed area. They observed that:
+ Soil erosion continues 1 affect sloped terrains, especially during heavy rail
‘©The loss of topsoil has resulted in declining ertliy in specific plows
‘© Some conservation structures were citer incomplete or not optimally placed, ducing
their effectiveness.
‘The community stressed that this issue needs to be addressed with additional or
strengthened interventions, particularly in erosion-prone zones,
‘Community Recommendation: Full-Length Construction of SPCBS
A key suggestion that emerged during the discussion was related o the constuction of
Stone-Pitched Contour Bunds (SPCBs). Beneficiaries emphasized that when SPCBS aro
planned and implemented, they should be constructed along the Full length of the contour,
rather than in segmented or incomplete portions.
128
‘An open forum discussion was conducted with the local beneficiaries ofthe Pavukandi
‘Thodu Watershed Project to evaluate the progress and gather Feedback on the interventions
carried out under the watershed development program. The session aimed to identify
improvemens in agricultural productivity, understand prevailing issues, and collect
community suggestions fr future enhancements
Improvements in Agricultural Productivity
‘The beneficiuies expressed satisfaction with the noticeable improvement in
agricultural productivity since the implementation of watershed development activites. In
particular, they highlighted a significant increase in te yield of Coconut and Areeanut. This
improvement is atributed tothe following outcomes ofthe watershed interventions:
‘+ Better soil moisture conservation
+ Increased groundwater availability
‘+ Reduction in crop sress during dry spells
‘+ Enhanced nutrient retention and improved microclimate conditions.
The community acknowledged that Ihe combination of soil and water conservation
‘measures has led to healthier plantations and more stable production level
Main Issue Highlighted: Soi Erosion
Despite the overall success ofthe project, the beneficiaries raised concerns regarding
soil erosion, which stil persists in certain unvested or partially treated location within the
watershed area. They observed that:
+ Soil erosion continues 1 affect sloped terrains, especially during heavy rail
‘©The loss of topsoil has resulted in declining ertliy in specific plows
‘© Some conservation structures were citer incomplete or not optimally placed, ducing
their effectiveness.
‘The community stressed that this issue needs to be addressed with additional or
strengthened interventions, particularly in erosion-prone zones,
‘Community Recommendation: Full-Length Construction of SPCBS
A key suggestion that emerged during the discussion was related o the constuction of
Stone-Pitched Contour Bunds (SPCBs). Beneficiaries emphasized that when SPCBS aro
planned and implemented, they should be constructed along the Full length of the contour,
rather than in segmented or incomplete portions.
128
‘The reasoning provided by the farmer included
‘+ Partial constuction allows water to bypass the structure, leading to localized erosion
+ Rull-engih SPCB er
effective runoff conto
«ribution, beer moisture retention, and
‘© Continuous bunding helps maintain land stability and increases the efficiency of other
watershed
Conclusion
‘The open forum discussion at Pavukandi Thodu provided valuable insights into the ral
‘world impact ofthe watershed development project. While there is clear evidence of increased
agricultural productivity. particularly for coconut and arecanut, the issue of localized sol
erosion requires urgent attention, The community's recommendation to construct SPCBs fully
along contour lines should be seriously considered to enhance the sustainability and
effectiveness of the watershed treatments, Ongoing engagement withthe beneficiaries and
timely implementation of thee feedback will be crucial for the long-term success of the project.
129
‘+ Partial constuction allows water to bypass the structure, leading to localized erosion
+ Rull-engih SPCB er
effective runoff conto
«ribution, beer moisture retention, and
‘© Continuous bunding helps maintain land stability and increases the efficiency of other
watershed
Conclusion
‘The open forum discussion at Pavukandi Thodu provided valuable insights into the ral
‘world impact ofthe watershed development project. While there is clear evidence of increased
agricultural productivity. particularly for coconut and arecanut, the issue of localized sol
erosion requires urgent attention, The community's recommendation to construct SPCBs fully
along contour lines should be seriously considered to enhance the sustainability and
effectiveness of the watershed treatments, Ongoing engagement withthe beneficiaries and
timely implementation of thee feedback will be crucial for the long-term success of the project.
129
PRA
Mean
[Criteria [Score
Prevention of 3
Increase in Ground Water Level la
Protection of Canal Embankiments bs
Increase in Land Use as
ligation Potential in Watershed as
soit Moisture and Organic Matter Content las
[Level of Festilize Application in Wateshed 15
Intervention by Public and Eleted
RRepresenatves la
[Production Capacity and Diversity la
Iroddse Production Capacity Is
{cokivaton of Horicutuat as
130
Mean
[Criteria [Score
Prevention of 3
Increase in Ground Water Level la
Protection of Canal Embankiments bs
Increase in Land Use as
ligation Potential in Watershed as
soit Moisture and Organic Matter Content las
[Level of Festilize Application in Wateshed 15
Intervention by Public and Eleted
RRepresenatves la
[Production Capacity and Diversity la
Iroddse Production Capacity Is
{cokivaton of Horicutuat as
130
Gop CE M Group M Grupo
.
e PR EA
LELELELD LES
Pen Cs ew 50)
+ Fata oy
di tacon en 40)
2 nono Rin sd Rep
+ sion Ci nee (0)
+ noe ne Wael
Mkt Balsa et en 3
+ ae dti)
+ ion mi ah 9
+ caine Hal Ope 13
Lon Rank ri Me 30
+ Psion of a name 6.9
+ Level ofFerilier Application in Watershed (1.5)
131
.
e PR EA
LELELELD LES
Pen Cs ew 50)
+ Fata oy
di tacon en 40)
2 nono Rin sd Rep
+ sion Ci nee (0)
+ noe ne Wael
Mkt Balsa et en 3
+ ae dti)
+ ion mi ah 9
+ caine Hal Ope 13
Lon Rank ri Me 30
+ Psion of a name 6.9
+ Level ofFerilier Application in Watershed (1.5)
131
Mean Score vs Criteria
14 Ll, AS
Interpretation
Fodder production capacity received unanimous top scores (5) from all groups,
indicating tas dhe most successful outcome ofthe sol conservation interventions.
Soil moisture and organic matter content also received consistently high ratings,
‘suggesting beneficiaries recognized improvements in soi health due to conservation
effors.
The high scores for public and elected representative intervention and production
capacity show thatthe community valued both govemance involvement and improved
productivity inthe watershed,
Groundwater level improvements are appreciated by most. but Group B and D gave
relatively lower scores (3), plling the average 10 40,
Moderate scores in land use expansion, ination potential, and horticultura! crops
indicate positive, but varie impact across regions or groups,
Low score for canal embankment protection (especially Group D rated it 1) suggests
fi
ted visibility or impacto this intervention in some area.
‘The lowest rated criterion — fertilizer application (1.5) ~ reveals that beneficiaries saw
Fite change or relevance
192
14 Ll, AS
Interpretation
Fodder production capacity received unanimous top scores (5) from all groups,
indicating tas dhe most successful outcome ofthe sol conservation interventions.
Soil moisture and organic matter content also received consistently high ratings,
‘suggesting beneficiaries recognized improvements in soi health due to conservation
effors.
The high scores for public and elected representative intervention and production
capacity show thatthe community valued both govemance involvement and improved
productivity inthe watershed,
Groundwater level improvements are appreciated by most. but Group B and D gave
relatively lower scores (3), plling the average 10 40,
Moderate scores in land use expansion, ination potential, and horticultura! crops
indicate positive, but varie impact across regions or groups,
Low score for canal embankment protection (especially Group D rated it 1) suggests
fi
ted visibility or impacto this intervention in some area.
‘The lowest rated criterion — fertilizer application (1.5) ~ reveals that beneficiaries saw
Fite change or relevance
192
133
Awareness
Only 22 % of beneticiaies explicitly reported being aware of the soil and water
conservation (SWC) structures implemented in their arca. 22% reported participating in PRA.
activities, which are crucial for inclusive planning and decision-making in watershed
development. 22% reported attending any form of wining related 1 soil and water
conservation or watershed management
Benefited from the structures
44% of respondents clearly tated that they benefited from the implemented Soil and
Water Conservation (SWC) structures. 78% of beneficiaries reported a positive change in
income after the implementation of Soil and Water Conservation (SWC)
Sustainability and Satisfaction of SWC Measures
56% respondents consider the soil and water conservation (SWC) structures 10 be
sustainable indicating tha they believe the Benefits wil continue Tong term and the structures.
rocher functional or well-maintained. 78% bencliciries expressed satisfaction with the soil,
and water conservation interventions.
135
Only 22 % of beneticiaies explicitly reported being aware of the soil and water
conservation (SWC) structures implemented in their arca. 22% reported participating in PRA.
activities, which are crucial for inclusive planning and decision-making in watershed
development. 22% reported attending any form of wining related 1 soil and water
conservation or watershed management
Benefited from the structures
44% of respondents clearly tated that they benefited from the implemented Soil and
Water Conservation (SWC) structures. 78% of beneficiaries reported a positive change in
income after the implementation of Soil and Water Conservation (SWC)
Sustainability and Satisfaction of SWC Measures
56% respondents consider the soil and water conservation (SWC) structures 10 be
sustainable indicating tha they believe the Benefits wil continue Tong term and the structures.
rocher functional or well-maintained. 78% bencliciries expressed satisfaction with the soil,
and water conservation interventions.
135
Survey Results from Department Officials
¡Variable (Observation
[Main Crops Coffee, Rice, rubber. Ginger, Arccanut, Pepper
ligation Source Mostly Open wells; some access to ponds
Increased water availability reported across al
Water Trend cies
[change in Cropping |Ves.inallentries
+ All respondents grow a combination of coffee, arecant, ginger rubber. This indicates
‘homogeneous cropping patter across the project area
© 85% ofthe entries use well irrigation, indicating some access to protective irrigation
+ 1006 of respondents reported an increase in water availability after the watershed
terventions. This indicates a consistent and postive outcome ofthe sol and water
conservation structures such as check dams, bunds, and water harvesting systems.
© 86% of respondents reported a change in cropping pattern following. watershed
development interventions.
Variable ion
laware of SWC es (all respondents)
Information Source Primary Department Staff
IBeneiiary Stection application process
+ 78% expicily indicate awareness of SWC structures, The cuen data sill suggests
strong awareness among beneficiaries, likey a result of effective community outreach
and departmental guidance.
17
¡Variable (Observation
[Main Crops Coffee, Rice, rubber. Ginger, Arccanut, Pepper
ligation Source Mostly Open wells; some access to ponds
Increased water availability reported across al
Water Trend cies
[change in Cropping |Ves.inallentries
+ All respondents grow a combination of coffee, arecant, ginger rubber. This indicates
‘homogeneous cropping patter across the project area
© 85% ofthe entries use well irrigation, indicating some access to protective irrigation
+ 1006 of respondents reported an increase in water availability after the watershed
terventions. This indicates a consistent and postive outcome ofthe sol and water
conservation structures such as check dams, bunds, and water harvesting systems.
© 86% of respondents reported a change in cropping pattern following. watershed
development interventions.
Variable ion
laware of SWC es (all respondents)
Information Source Primary Department Staff
IBeneiiary Stection application process
+ 78% expicily indicate awareness of SWC structures, The cuen data sill suggests
strong awareness among beneficiaries, likey a result of effective community outreach
and departmental guidance.
17
‘© The data indicates thatthe majority of beneficiarios were selected though a fair and
‘open process, enhancing trust, ownership, and community support forthe watershed
program,
Empire or Pre Chane
[Water Avaitabitity |Yes Cal entres)
(Crop Yield
nie)
Soil Erosion ontrolled (al entries)
|Groonawater Recharge Yes (all entries)
Soil Quiz improved (all entries)
‘© 100% of respondents reported positive impacts across all five key environmental and
agricultural indicators: Water availabilty increased, Crop yield improved, Soil erosion
controlled, Groundwater levels recharged and Soil quality.
© These results strongly suggest hat he soil and water conservation (SWC) measures—
such as check dams, bunds, water harvesting structures, and vegetative barriers have
delivered significant and consistent benefits across the project arca
[aspect (Observation
structures Maintained Yes ll ents)
Maintained by Panchayat es (50% of cases)
Mainteinedhy Beneficiaries Yes (70% ofcases)
Yes (majority)
198
‘open process, enhancing trust, ownership, and community support forthe watershed
program,
Empire or Pre Chane
[Water Avaitabitity |Yes Cal entres)
(Crop Yield
nie)
Soil Erosion ontrolled (al entries)
|Groonawater Recharge Yes (all entries)
Soil Quiz improved (all entries)
‘© 100% of respondents reported positive impacts across all five key environmental and
agricultural indicators: Water availabilty increased, Crop yield improved, Soil erosion
controlled, Groundwater levels recharged and Soil quality.
© These results strongly suggest hat he soil and water conservation (SWC) measures—
such as check dams, bunds, water harvesting structures, and vegetative barriers have
delivered significant and consistent benefits across the project arca
[aspect (Observation
structures Maintained Yes ll ents)
Maintained by Panchayat es (50% of cases)
Mainteinedhy Beneficiaries Yes (70% ofcases)
Yes (majority)
198
© 56% expl
iy reported ha structures are being matin.
‘© 100% reported that the Panchayat is involved in maintenance
15% show involvement of beneficiaries in maintaining structures.
+ 7006 afin ha benefits a shared equal.
MAJOR PRA FINDINGS WAYANAD.
Open Forum Discussion with Beneficiaries
An open forum discussion to assess the effectiveness of he watershed development
interventions and to understand the views of the beneficiary community. The sesion involved
active participation from farmers, women participants along with dhe implementing agency.
Major Findings are:
Concerns About Unsuitable Works
Severl participants expressed concerns that certain works executed under the project
were not entirely suitable for he specific geographic and environmental conditions of thet
aa, These included:
‘+ Structure built on locations with poor runoff or inappropriate slopes
+ Interventions that did aot align withthe community's actual priorities
A lack of flesiilty in adapting sructuresto local topography and land use patterns
+ The beneficiaries emphasized the need for site-specific planning and greater local
involvement in echnical decision-making to ensure resource optimization and better
‘Shortage of Locally Available Materials
A significan issue highlighted was the shortage of construction materials such as
Stones for pitehing
This shortage has caused delays in the execution of planned activites and increased
transportation costs, thereby affecting cost-efficieney and timelines ofthe project.
Technical Limitation: For example, Check Dam Specification Too Low
Beneficiaries pointed out that technical specifications within the project framework
‘were 100 restrictive in some cases, For instance: The height of check dams was limited to 70,
em as per the project guidelines, However, local topography and hydeolagy demand larger
structures to effectively capture and store runoff.
199
iy reported ha structures are being matin.
‘© 100% reported that the Panchayat is involved in maintenance
15% show involvement of beneficiaries in maintaining structures.
+ 7006 afin ha benefits a shared equal.
MAJOR PRA FINDINGS WAYANAD.
Open Forum Discussion with Beneficiaries
An open forum discussion to assess the effectiveness of he watershed development
interventions and to understand the views of the beneficiary community. The sesion involved
active participation from farmers, women participants along with dhe implementing agency.
Major Findings are:
Concerns About Unsuitable Works
Severl participants expressed concerns that certain works executed under the project
were not entirely suitable for he specific geographic and environmental conditions of thet
aa, These included:
‘+ Structure built on locations with poor runoff or inappropriate slopes
+ Interventions that did aot align withthe community's actual priorities
A lack of flesiilty in adapting sructuresto local topography and land use patterns
+ The beneficiaries emphasized the need for site-specific planning and greater local
involvement in echnical decision-making to ensure resource optimization and better
‘Shortage of Locally Available Materials
A significan issue highlighted was the shortage of construction materials such as
Stones for pitehing
This shortage has caused delays in the execution of planned activites and increased
transportation costs, thereby affecting cost-efficieney and timelines ofthe project.
Technical Limitation: For example, Check Dam Specification Too Low
Beneficiaries pointed out that technical specifications within the project framework
‘were 100 restrictive in some cases, For instance: The height of check dams was limited to 70,
em as per the project guidelines, However, local topography and hydeolagy demand larger
structures to effectively capture and store runoff.
199
Community members strongly recommended that projet guidelines allow flexibility 1
scale the structures based on local conditions, especially in high rainfall ares ike Wayanad.
Demand for More Farm Ponds
Farmers also expressed the nec for addtional farm ponds, which are highly beneficial
in storing rainwater for use in dry periods, supporting horticultural and kitchen gardens,
impeoving livelihood resilience during dry spells
‘The existing numberof farm ponds was found tobe inadequate, and parcipants urged
the implementing agency 0 approve and support more farm pond construction, particularly on
privately owned agricultural land
Delay in Payment for Beneficiary-Contributed Works
A notable concer raised during the discussion was regarding the delay in releasing
payments for works executed with beneficiary contribution. In some cases
Farmers completed bunding, trenching, or other tasks with personal labour or hired
help, Payments for their contribution were delayed, causing financial stress and loss of trust
the projet process. They, requested that timely disbursement of payments be ensured 10
maintain motivation and faimess in the participatory model.
Horticultural Crops from Department
Despite the challenges, one positive outcome unanimously appreciated by the
beneficiarios was the distribution of horticultural crops by the department. Key points include:
‘The survival rate ofthe distributed erops was high, indicating good species selection and post
distribucion support, beneficiaries reported improved productivity, particularly in crops like
banana, mango, and pepper.
‘The crops also diversified farm income and enhanced nutriional security.
Conclusion
‘The open forum in Motankara Watershed revealed a balanced view from the community —
while they acknowledged several positive impacts, dhey also highlighted key challenges and
practical recommendations These can he summarized as follows
Key Issue / Feedback
‘Unsuitable Works
Some imerventions did not match local conditions
Material Shortage
Lack of stones, sand, and soil delayed works
140
scale the structures based on local conditions, especially in high rainfall ares ike Wayanad.
Demand for More Farm Ponds
Farmers also expressed the nec for addtional farm ponds, which are highly beneficial
in storing rainwater for use in dry periods, supporting horticultural and kitchen gardens,
impeoving livelihood resilience during dry spells
‘The existing numberof farm ponds was found tobe inadequate, and parcipants urged
the implementing agency 0 approve and support more farm pond construction, particularly on
privately owned agricultural land
Delay in Payment for Beneficiary-Contributed Works
A notable concer raised during the discussion was regarding the delay in releasing
payments for works executed with beneficiary contribution. In some cases
Farmers completed bunding, trenching, or other tasks with personal labour or hired
help, Payments for their contribution were delayed, causing financial stress and loss of trust
the projet process. They, requested that timely disbursement of payments be ensured 10
maintain motivation and faimess in the participatory model.
Horticultural Crops from Department
Despite the challenges, one positive outcome unanimously appreciated by the
beneficiarios was the distribution of horticultural crops by the department. Key points include:
‘The survival rate ofthe distributed erops was high, indicating good species selection and post
distribucion support, beneficiaries reported improved productivity, particularly in crops like
banana, mango, and pepper.
‘The crops also diversified farm income and enhanced nutriional security.
Conclusion
‘The open forum in Motankara Watershed revealed a balanced view from the community —
while they acknowledged several positive impacts, dhey also highlighted key challenges and
practical recommendations These can he summarized as follows
Key Issue / Feedback
‘Unsuitable Works
Some imerventions did not match local conditions
Material Shortage
Lack of stones, sand, and soil delayed works
140
Structural Limitations
Check dam height (70 cm) 10 low fr local requirements
Farm Pond Demand
Need for more frm ponds for water storage
Payment Delay
Delays in cimbursng beneficiary contributions
Horticulture Success
High survival and productivity of distributed erops
“To ensure the long-term success ofthe watershed initiative in Mottankara it is essential hat
technical flexibility, local resource availabiliy, and prompt administrative processes are
prioritized, along with the continued support for productive horticultural intervention,
11
Check dam height (70 cm) 10 low fr local requirements
Farm Pond Demand
Need for more frm ponds for water storage
Payment Delay
Delays in cimbursng beneficiary contributions
Horticulture Success
High survival and productivity of distributed erops
“To ensure the long-term success ofthe watershed initiative in Mottankara it is essential hat
technical flexibility, local resource availabiliy, and prompt administrative processes are
prioritized, along with the continued support for productive horticultural intervention,
11
PRA Findings
[Criteria
[Mean
[Score
Prevention of Soil Erosión
laa
increase in Ground Water Level
Protection of Canal Embankments
increase in Land Use
Irrigation Potential in Watershed
ls
[Soil Moisture and Organic Mater Content
la
3
Intervention by Public and Elected Representatives,
136
Prod
n Capacity and Diversity
|Foddee Production Capacity
13
{cultivation of Horticultural Crops
13
143
[Criteria
[Mean
[Score
Prevention of Soil Erosión
laa
increase in Ground Water Level
Protection of Canal Embankments
increase in Land Use
Irrigation Potential in Watershed
ls
[Soil Moisture and Organic Mater Content
la
3
Intervention by Public and Elected Representatives,
136
Prod
n Capacity and Diversity
|Foddee Production Capacity
13
{cultivation of Horticultural Crops
13
143
cops copo m opc
LOL PEI EL EEL
Highest Ranked Criteria (Mean: 5.0)
Increase in Ground Water evel
High Ranked Criteria (Mean > 43)
Prevention of Soi Erosion (4.3)
Level of Fenilzer Application in Watershed (43)
+ Fodder Production Capacity (43)
+ Cultivation of Honicultue (43)
Moderately Ranked Criteria (Mean 3-36)
+ Isigation Potential in Watershed (3.67)
+ Intervention by Public and Elected representatives 3.6)
+ Increase in Land Use 3)
+ Production Capcity and Diversity @)
Low Ranked Criteria (Mean < 3.0)
‘© Soil Moisture and Organic Matter Content (2.3)
‘© Protection of Canal Embankmens (1.6)
144
LOL PEI EL EEL
Highest Ranked Criteria (Mean: 5.0)
Increase in Ground Water evel
High Ranked Criteria (Mean > 43)
Prevention of Soi Erosion (4.3)
Level of Fenilzer Application in Watershed (43)
+ Fodder Production Capacity (43)
+ Cultivation of Honicultue (43)
Moderately Ranked Criteria (Mean 3-36)
+ Isigation Potential in Watershed (3.67)
+ Intervention by Public and Elected representatives 3.6)
+ Increase in Land Use 3)
+ Production Capcity and Diversity @)
Low Ranked Criteria (Mean < 3.0)
‘© Soil Moisture and Organic Matter Content (2.3)
‘© Protection of Canal Embankmens (1.6)
144
Mean Score vs Criteria
14 Ll, AS
Interpretation
+ The matrix ranking highlights that groundwater level
successful and consistently appreciated outcome.
provements are the most
‘© Beneficiaries also recognized significant improvements in ferilizer usage, fodder
production, erosion control, and horticultural activites.
+ Moderate satisfaction was observed for interventions related o imigaion. production,
and govemance
© However, canal protection and soil moisture enhancements were less acknowledged,
Pointing to citer implementation gaps or delayed observable impacts.
+ Group A rated most criteria very high (mostly 59) showing high satisfaction with
+ Group B gave moderate scores (mostly 3), indicating average satisfaction,
+ Group € mirrored Group A for some criteria but gave lower scores for soi-related
aspects (e.g. Soil Moist
145
14 Ll, AS
Interpretation
+ The matrix ranking highlights that groundwater level
successful and consistently appreciated outcome.
provements are the most
‘© Beneficiaries also recognized significant improvements in ferilizer usage, fodder
production, erosion control, and horticultural activites.
+ Moderate satisfaction was observed for interventions related o imigaion. production,
and govemance
© However, canal protection and soil moisture enhancements were less acknowledged,
Pointing to citer implementation gaps or delayed observable impacts.
+ Group A rated most criteria very high (mostly 59) showing high satisfaction with
+ Group B gave moderate scores (mostly 3), indicating average satisfaction,
+ Group € mirrored Group A for some criteria but gave lower scores for soi-related
aspects (e.g. Soil Moist
145
ERNAKULAM
The project envisaged the renewal of the “Panar Moda” covering an arca from
Ezhathodu-hunnappilly- thowuveli for a strech of 25 Kms benefiting of farmers for
cultivation in paddy fields. The work planned for widening and deepening of Panar tho,
providing random rubble packed side retaiing walls, provision of side bund roads on one side
with suierchoep and road crossing pipes at intervals for water take off and taking in fom the
"oda as per the requirement of farmers for effective cultivation of paddy. The projet also
covered constructing foot over bridges a interval or crossing the thodu by farmers. The Bund
Road was planned to facilitate the farmers for moving the impedimentsplans and fertilizers
for agriculture.
‘The project also aimod to prevent the sol erosion, to increas the availability of water
in the thod by constructing the bunds across the thodu to resuit the flow of water and to
increase the ground water storage inthe sil etc. By providing the suice/cheepat intervals may
facilite the farmers 10 taking in o aking ff the water from the thodu as per the requiremes
of cultivation, By constructing the rubble packed side retaining walls protect the thodu from,
erosion, Deepening and widening of thod may prevent flooding during monsoon and during
the natural disaster like flooding. By doing all these measures in time bound manner may
‘benefit the Farmers for more production which will also promote other farmers (o come forward
in he agriculture field with enthusiasm, thereby the 112 Hectare paddy Field may prosper
“The implementation ofthis project was lagged two years due the spread of COVID and
the projet expected to be completed during 2020 was finally completed during May 2022, The
completion of this project benefited the area to overcome the flood during 2021 and also during
2022. Otherwise during these Nooding, almost 6 houses in the area, St George Church,
Kunnappill, Chethikodu-Kunnappily Road ete. could have wiped off to major extent. This
project also helped to prevent soil erosion in the area and also increased water storage capacity
in the thodu and als increased ground water storage inthe Soil, and protected the thod by the
side walls
Notwithstanding the benefits availed as per the implementation of the project
beneficiaries projected certain additonal works to cover up the deficiency as listed below.
‘which ae essential to get beter results in the area forthe development of agriculture in a better
way.
+ The slice/Cheeps provided are less in number to a stretch of 2.5 Kms, addtional two.
more sluice may be provided.
‘© One more foot over bridge
© Dueto RR side walls, he water from paddy fields flowing back o thodu by leakage,
0 proposed to provide concrete lining o the font side of slice about 15 M and hack
side sluices about 25 M to arrest the leakage from the catchment,
‘+ Panar hod is owing the middle of paddy feld thereby the benefits availed on the
farmers in the lower aca. Whereas he area on the right sde being on higher side, hey
are not getting the benefits. Therefore, its proposed to concret the side walls of ater
‘or artillery canals in the arca allowing to flow water through i for which may require
rectification ofthe defective slice near Kailamangalahuthazhath o a reach about 500
M long and 60 Cm wide,
147
The project envisaged the renewal of the “Panar Moda” covering an arca from
Ezhathodu-hunnappilly- thowuveli for a strech of 25 Kms benefiting of farmers for
cultivation in paddy fields. The work planned for widening and deepening of Panar tho,
providing random rubble packed side retaiing walls, provision of side bund roads on one side
with suierchoep and road crossing pipes at intervals for water take off and taking in fom the
"oda as per the requirement of farmers for effective cultivation of paddy. The projet also
covered constructing foot over bridges a interval or crossing the thodu by farmers. The Bund
Road was planned to facilitate the farmers for moving the impedimentsplans and fertilizers
for agriculture.
‘The project also aimod to prevent the sol erosion, to increas the availability of water
in the thod by constructing the bunds across the thodu to resuit the flow of water and to
increase the ground water storage inthe sil etc. By providing the suice/cheepat intervals may
facilite the farmers 10 taking in o aking ff the water from the thodu as per the requiremes
of cultivation, By constructing the rubble packed side retaining walls protect the thodu from,
erosion, Deepening and widening of thod may prevent flooding during monsoon and during
the natural disaster like flooding. By doing all these measures in time bound manner may
‘benefit the Farmers for more production which will also promote other farmers (o come forward
in he agriculture field with enthusiasm, thereby the 112 Hectare paddy Field may prosper
“The implementation ofthis project was lagged two years due the spread of COVID and
the projet expected to be completed during 2020 was finally completed during May 2022, The
completion of this project benefited the area to overcome the flood during 2021 and also during
2022. Otherwise during these Nooding, almost 6 houses in the area, St George Church,
Kunnappill, Chethikodu-Kunnappily Road ete. could have wiped off to major extent. This
project also helped to prevent soil erosion in the area and also increased water storage capacity
in the thodu and als increased ground water storage inthe Soil, and protected the thod by the
side walls
Notwithstanding the benefits availed as per the implementation of the project
beneficiaries projected certain additonal works to cover up the deficiency as listed below.
‘which ae essential to get beter results in the area forthe development of agriculture in a better
way.
+ The slice/Cheeps provided are less in number to a stretch of 2.5 Kms, addtional two.
more sluice may be provided.
‘© One more foot over bridge
© Dueto RR side walls, he water from paddy fields flowing back o thodu by leakage,
0 proposed to provide concrete lining o the font side of slice about 15 M and hack
side sluices about 25 M to arrest the leakage from the catchment,
‘+ Panar hod is owing the middle of paddy feld thereby the benefits availed on the
farmers in the lower aca. Whereas he area on the right sde being on higher side, hey
are not getting the benefits. Therefore, its proposed to concret the side walls of ater
‘or artillery canals in the arca allowing to flow water through i for which may require
rectification ofthe defective slice near Kailamangalahuthazhath o a reach about 500
M long and 60 Cm wide,
147
+ These projects commenced from $00 M away from the beginning of paddy fields.
because upto that strich RR side walls were there. But the concret
as proposed above may facilitate the cl
of atllery canals
on in that area 100 in a beter way.
‘Though this project was 90% success, the above Fisted additional works will cover up
deficiency ofthe Project. Therefore, an additional extended work may be included in the next
reach,
148
because upto that strich RR side walls were there. But the concret
as proposed above may facilitate the cl
of atllery canals
on in that area 100 in a beter way.
‘Though this project was 90% success, the above Fisted additional works will cover up
deficiency ofthe Project. Therefore, an additional extended work may be included in the next
reach,
148
150
DUKKI
MAJOR PRA FINDINGS
‘The watershed management project has successfully implemented several interventions, including
‘contour bunds, minor check dams (MCP), and dug-ou pods, primarily the plots of marginal
farmers. About 7 ares of contour hund have been constructed, signa reusing oi erosion:
however, many bunds were damaged during od and now require maintenance. Some beneficiaies
reported thatthe contour Dun in their plots remain inte, demonstrating the effectiveness ofthe
structures. Most bunds were constructed in rubber plantations, but bunds tend o get damaged during
rubber slashing operations so beneficiaries sugested ha bunds should ideal be constructed during
the planing of new ruber tees. Following the project implementation, water levels in well have
‘increased, and water tention inthe soi has improved, allowing water 1 sete and recharge the
ground effectively. Loose boulder check dans are unsuitable for is area duc to step slopes
highlighting the need for ste specific designs, Beneficiaries ls emphasized that interventions on
streams shouldbe caeflly planned void redirect water ino agricultura lands, Additionally,
they requested the provision of skilled labour for proper exciton of work, Overall, beneficiaries
consider the project successful and expressed the ned or atonal initatives 1 pote and enanos
agricultural lands. Continued mainenance and careful planning aligned with lca agricultural
practices ne essential fr sustaining the benefits of the interventions,
151
MAJOR PRA FINDINGS
‘The watershed management project has successfully implemented several interventions, including
‘contour bunds, minor check dams (MCP), and dug-ou pods, primarily the plots of marginal
farmers. About 7 ares of contour hund have been constructed, signa reusing oi erosion:
however, many bunds were damaged during od and now require maintenance. Some beneficiaies
reported thatthe contour Dun in their plots remain inte, demonstrating the effectiveness ofthe
structures. Most bunds were constructed in rubber plantations, but bunds tend o get damaged during
rubber slashing operations so beneficiaries sugested ha bunds should ideal be constructed during
the planing of new ruber tees. Following the project implementation, water levels in well have
‘increased, and water tention inthe soi has improved, allowing water 1 sete and recharge the
ground effectively. Loose boulder check dans are unsuitable for is area duc to step slopes
highlighting the need for ste specific designs, Beneficiaries ls emphasized that interventions on
streams shouldbe caeflly planned void redirect water ino agricultura lands, Additionally,
they requested the provision of skilled labour for proper exciton of work, Overall, beneficiaries
consider the project successful and expressed the ned or atonal initatives 1 pote and enanos
agricultural lands. Continued mainenance and careful planning aligned with lca agricultural
practices ne essential fr sustaining the benefits of the interventions,
151
KASARGOD
MAIOR PRA FINDINGS
‘Thor isan urgent nee foe revision of the existing tes, which have remind unchanged since
2010, Bath department fils und beneficiaries have expressed concerns tht continuing withthe old
rates adversely affects projet execution quality and timely implementacion. i recommended tha
works be executed based on site pecfi conditions rather an ed general standards, For example,
while he standard eight of structure is typically Lo 1.20, in actual Fil conditions the required
hight may exceed these Emits 10 ensure effective functional. Adapting designs 10 local site
conditions will improve structural sustainability
‘Beneficiaries have requested more farm ponds to enhance water storage and agricultural support.
For stream side protection near paddy sits essential to consult with nearby farmers to understand
cua el conditions and ensure thatthe works are designe and executed appropriately. Plastering of
stream sde protection structures has been suggested 10 improve drab, Some locations require
tina ain pis to improve water inflraon and recharge. Pre-monsoon activi une required for
[NariyantePunna steam, whic is curently logged y sil, fallen tes, pase waste, and excesivo
sediment fom erosion, These activities ae essential to restore the natural of the tea
‘The drinking water shortage inthe aca has ben partially resolved following the implementation
ofthe projet. Water levels in well ave increased during summer seasons, providing rele 0 loca
communities. A shortage of locally availabe stones has been reporte, which pases challenges foe
constuction works, especialy for steam protection structures. The area is pre to monkey attack,
‘which affects the maintenance and sustainability of some structures.
Beneficiaries have strongly recommended conducting a meeting prior t project ination to gather
local inputs, identify etal Mel needs, and ensure proper planning. More projects are required to
suppor pad lds, which form an important pr ofthe lea agricultural system. All work wi
the watershed were implemented based on priority nee and fund availability and were permite
works, as conluded by the DSCO.
153
MAIOR PRA FINDINGS
‘Thor isan urgent nee foe revision of the existing tes, which have remind unchanged since
2010, Bath department fils und beneficiaries have expressed concerns tht continuing withthe old
rates adversely affects projet execution quality and timely implementacion. i recommended tha
works be executed based on site pecfi conditions rather an ed general standards, For example,
while he standard eight of structure is typically Lo 1.20, in actual Fil conditions the required
hight may exceed these Emits 10 ensure effective functional. Adapting designs 10 local site
conditions will improve structural sustainability
‘Beneficiaries have requested more farm ponds to enhance water storage and agricultural support.
For stream side protection near paddy sits essential to consult with nearby farmers to understand
cua el conditions and ensure thatthe works are designe and executed appropriately. Plastering of
stream sde protection structures has been suggested 10 improve drab, Some locations require
tina ain pis to improve water inflraon and recharge. Pre-monsoon activi une required for
[NariyantePunna steam, whic is curently logged y sil, fallen tes, pase waste, and excesivo
sediment fom erosion, These activities ae essential to restore the natural of the tea
‘The drinking water shortage inthe aca has ben partially resolved following the implementation
ofthe projet. Water levels in well ave increased during summer seasons, providing rele 0 loca
communities. A shortage of locally availabe stones has been reporte, which pases challenges foe
constuction works, especialy for steam protection structures. The area is pre to monkey attack,
‘which affects the maintenance and sustainability of some structures.
Beneficiaries have strongly recommended conducting a meeting prior t project ination to gather
local inputs, identify etal Mel needs, and ensure proper planning. More projects are required to
suppor pad lds, which form an important pr ofthe lea agricultural system. All work wi
the watershed were implemented based on priority nee and fund availability and were permite
works, as conluded by the DSCO.
153
KANNUR
MAJOR PRA FINDINGS
“According tothe heneiciais, the project was implemented successfully in the ac. Various oil and
‘water conservation structures such a contour bunds, earthen bunds, and water harv
structures have been constructed and are curently existing in the Fils, These structure have
contrite significa to improving he local agricultural and environmental conditions. Due 0
frequent animal atacks, many beneficiaries have migrated to ober paces, resin in ited
feedback from them during the evaluation proces. Despite his, the beneficiaries who remain have
expressed satisfaction with be implemented structures and their impacts
Water Harvesting Structure have been identified asthe most beneficial intervention in
the projet area. Sol erosion has significantly reduced after he implementation of various
structures. Water availabilty in wells has improved, ensuing her access o water or agricultural
and domestic use, Employment opportunities have increased a a esl ofthe projet, benefiting he
local community eonomcally
Stream side protection is require, as suggested hy the beneficiaries, in prevent erosion and
strvtural damage. Several earthen bunds were washed away during Mood, and beneficiarios ive
requested rebuilding ofthese bunds o restore thei functionality At the outlet of Manhathod, two
large rocks are obstructing th low of water. Beneficiarios have suggested thal removing these
rocks wil facilitate sooth water low and improve drainage.
Bemficires have expressed the need for more projects ofthis nature to enhance the
sustainability of land and water resources, ensure better protection agains loods, and farther improve
agricul product
156
MAJOR PRA FINDINGS
“According tothe heneiciais, the project was implemented successfully in the ac. Various oil and
‘water conservation structures such a contour bunds, earthen bunds, and water harv
structures have been constructed and are curently existing in the Fils, These structure have
contrite significa to improving he local agricultural and environmental conditions. Due 0
frequent animal atacks, many beneficiaries have migrated to ober paces, resin in ited
feedback from them during the evaluation proces. Despite his, the beneficiaries who remain have
expressed satisfaction with be implemented structures and their impacts
Water Harvesting Structure have been identified asthe most beneficial intervention in
the projet area. Sol erosion has significantly reduced after he implementation of various
structures. Water availabilty in wells has improved, ensuing her access o water or agricultural
and domestic use, Employment opportunities have increased a a esl ofthe projet, benefiting he
local community eonomcally
Stream side protection is require, as suggested hy the beneficiaries, in prevent erosion and
strvtural damage. Several earthen bunds were washed away during Mood, and beneficiarios ive
requested rebuilding ofthese bunds o restore thei functionality At the outlet of Manhathod, two
large rocks are obstructing th low of water. Beneficiarios have suggested thal removing these
rocks wil facilitate sooth water low and improve drainage.
Bemficires have expressed the need for more projects ofthis nature to enhance the
sustainability of land and water resources, ensure better protection agains loods, and farther improve
agricul product
156
PATHANAMTHITTA
MAJOR PRA FINDINGS
The tested watershed arca has a lope exceeding 45 degrees, which poses significant challenges tothe
sustainability of soil and water conservation structures. During the 2018-19 flood, many of the
constructed structures were advenely alfected and subsequently deteriorated, indicating need for
reconstruction and rehabiiaton of damaged structures where feasible A majority of earthen buns
‘were damaged during the flood, highlighting the vulnerable ofthese tues under extreme ester
evens. Iwas also observed that certain standard specifications were followed unifomly for the
construction of bunds and side protection structures, without adequately considering the site-specific
characteristics. This lack of customization has had a negative impact on the stability and long-term
sstanabilty ofthe structures. Benefiiaries have emphasized the importance of adopting site-specific
design and implementation steps for future works 10 ensure greater soctual resilience and
effectiveness, In addition, the shortage of lolly available stones and difculis in transportation
facies have posed practical contraints, affecting the time an effective execution of constuction
works, Another notable sue i tht many earthen bunds were damaged by wild animals, particular
igs, which has fune compromised the ing of these structures. Post projet implementaron, it
Hs been observe that water does no uniformly inflate o sete within the and instead owing in
an regular manne, which may affect moisture retention and land productivity. However, a positive
Impact has ben recorded in groundwater levels, with an increase in wel Water levels during the summer
season following project implementation, indicating improved groundwater recharge
158
MAJOR PRA FINDINGS
The tested watershed arca has a lope exceeding 45 degrees, which poses significant challenges tothe
sustainability of soil and water conservation structures. During the 2018-19 flood, many of the
constructed structures were advenely alfected and subsequently deteriorated, indicating need for
reconstruction and rehabiiaton of damaged structures where feasible A majority of earthen buns
‘were damaged during the flood, highlighting the vulnerable ofthese tues under extreme ester
evens. Iwas also observed that certain standard specifications were followed unifomly for the
construction of bunds and side protection structures, without adequately considering the site-specific
characteristics. This lack of customization has had a negative impact on the stability and long-term
sstanabilty ofthe structures. Benefiiaries have emphasized the importance of adopting site-specific
design and implementation steps for future works 10 ensure greater soctual resilience and
effectiveness, In addition, the shortage of lolly available stones and difculis in transportation
facies have posed practical contraints, affecting the time an effective execution of constuction
works, Another notable sue i tht many earthen bunds were damaged by wild animals, particular
igs, which has fune compromised the ing of these structures. Post projet implementaron, it
Hs been observe that water does no uniformly inflate o sete within the and instead owing in
an regular manne, which may affect moisture retention and land productivity. However, a positive
Impact has ben recorded in groundwater levels, with an increase in wel Water levels during the summer
season following project implementation, indicating improved groundwater recharge
158
159
"THIRUVANAMTHAPURAM:
Individual works such as MEP (Moisture Conservation Pits), Ring Ponds, and other sol and water
conservation structures were implemented within the watershed. However, the schedule of rates has
not een revise since 2012, and the coined use of outdated rates has negatively impacted the
quality and quant of works undertaken. The total projet cost was approximately 1 Serore, out
of which 215 lakh remains unspent The implementation of MCPs and contour bunds has played à
significant olen reducing sol erosión ros the projet aca, Extra factors such as lod and
te COVID-19 pandemic ais affected the timely execution and progress of he project toa certain
extent According 10 he majority o beneficiarse project should be continued further
Curent, after te completion of one watersied projet the next project can only be initiated ter
gap of 15 years, ss per exiting citer. Beneficiaries have expressed thence to revise his time
frame to ensure sustained development Issues were alo observed during MGNREGS activities.
whore workers were found removing sll from the side walls af streams, which may weaken the
Structural integrity ofthe stream banks. Inthe Mangalakkal Thod tere isa need for more
check dams o enhance water retention and groundwater recharge. Beneficiaries have suggested that
future initiatives should Focus exclusively on pond and stream-based projects, which they believe
‘would provide eter longterm result. Importar, prior to the nation ofthe project, a meeting
‘was conducted by officials with the beneficiaries to discuss and plan the setts, ensuring
community participation inthe decision making process.
160
Individual works such as MEP (Moisture Conservation Pits), Ring Ponds, and other sol and water
conservation structures were implemented within the watershed. However, the schedule of rates has
not een revise since 2012, and the coined use of outdated rates has negatively impacted the
quality and quant of works undertaken. The total projet cost was approximately 1 Serore, out
of which 215 lakh remains unspent The implementation of MCPs and contour bunds has played à
significant olen reducing sol erosión ros the projet aca, Extra factors such as lod and
te COVID-19 pandemic ais affected the timely execution and progress of he project toa certain
extent According 10 he majority o beneficiarse project should be continued further
Curent, after te completion of one watersied projet the next project can only be initiated ter
gap of 15 years, ss per exiting citer. Beneficiaries have expressed thence to revise his time
frame to ensure sustained development Issues were alo observed during MGNREGS activities.
whore workers were found removing sll from the side walls af streams, which may weaken the
Structural integrity ofthe stream banks. Inthe Mangalakkal Thod tere isa need for more
check dams o enhance water retention and groundwater recharge. Beneficiaries have suggested that
future initiatives should Focus exclusively on pond and stream-based projects, which they believe
‘would provide eter longterm result. Importar, prior to the nation ofthe project, a meeting
‘was conducted by officials with the beneficiaries to discuss and plan the setts, ensuring
community participation inthe decision making process.
160
CHAPTERS
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
5.1 SWOT ANALYSIS
Strengihs
| + Reduced soil erosión through
seit constructed
structures
+ Enhanced Moisture retention
soil, supporting crop growth.
+ Increased crop yields due to beter
soil and water conditions.
+ Decreased dependency on
Ieetlizers.
+ River bank stsbiizaon using
retaining structures and vegetative
+ Groundwater recharge through
farm ponds and check dams
+ Degraded and sloped lands brought
under productive use.
Weaknesses
‘© Designsnat appropriate for specific
fields in several areas.
+ Low participation of beneficiaries
in moctings before implementation,
+ Areas without local availabilty of
‘rw materials were excluded from
the scheme,
‘Not properly followed the rdge-t0-
valley approach, reducing overall
impact of interventions
Structures were impl
‘without complete stabilization oF
integrated protection of the
surrounding area, reducing
effectiveness and longevity.
+ Poor maintenance and lack of
+ Adopt modem technologies like
GS, drones, and. mobile-based
monitoring tools
+ Organize capacity-uilding and
training for local farmers and field
sa.
+ Integrate with other government
schemes like MGNREGA and
PMKSY for convergence
+ Develop successful areas as eco
tourism or demonstration sites for
+ Aura CSR and climate funding to
"implement conservation structures
in resource-poor areas.
+ Enhances environmental followup after projet completion
sustainability and climate | ¢ Inadequae monitoring and
resilience, documentation of poste
‘Opportunities
+ Promote community-based | «Unpredictable climate events
‘management for maintenance and (droughts, flash Moods) may.
‘ownership, damage structures.
+ Declining community interest
without visible short-term benefits
+ Delay in geting revised estimate
sanctions and fund allocation,
affecting. timely execution and
continuity of works.
Sustainability issues due to lack of
‘Proper maintenance mechanisms.
ad longtemm community
‘ownership.
161
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
5.1 SWOT ANALYSIS
Strengihs
| + Reduced soil erosión through
seit constructed
structures
+ Enhanced Moisture retention
soil, supporting crop growth.
+ Increased crop yields due to beter
soil and water conditions.
+ Decreased dependency on
Ieetlizers.
+ River bank stsbiizaon using
retaining structures and vegetative
+ Groundwater recharge through
farm ponds and check dams
+ Degraded and sloped lands brought
under productive use.
Weaknesses
‘© Designsnat appropriate for specific
fields in several areas.
+ Low participation of beneficiaries
in moctings before implementation,
+ Areas without local availabilty of
‘rw materials were excluded from
the scheme,
‘Not properly followed the rdge-t0-
valley approach, reducing overall
impact of interventions
Structures were impl
‘without complete stabilization oF
integrated protection of the
surrounding area, reducing
effectiveness and longevity.
+ Poor maintenance and lack of
+ Adopt modem technologies like
GS, drones, and. mobile-based
monitoring tools
+ Organize capacity-uilding and
training for local farmers and field
sa.
+ Integrate with other government
schemes like MGNREGA and
PMKSY for convergence
+ Develop successful areas as eco
tourism or demonstration sites for
+ Aura CSR and climate funding to
"implement conservation structures
in resource-poor areas.
+ Enhances environmental followup after projet completion
sustainability and climate | ¢ Inadequae monitoring and
resilience, documentation of poste
‘Opportunities
+ Promote community-based | «Unpredictable climate events
‘management for maintenance and (droughts, flash Moods) may.
‘ownership, damage structures.
+ Declining community interest
without visible short-term benefits
+ Delay in geting revised estimate
sanctions and fund allocation,
affecting. timely execution and
continuity of works.
Sustainability issues due to lack of
‘Proper maintenance mechanisms.
ad longtemm community
‘ownership.
161
52 CONCLUSION
1 watershed development programs implemented across the districts of Kollam
Palakkad, Kozhikode, and Wayanad have collectively demonstrated substantial positive
outcomes in terms of soil and water conservation, agricultural productivity, and rural
ivelihoods. Key achievemens include improved water availability, enhanced soil quality,
increased cropping intensity and a shift toward diversificd cropping practices, These
improvements have translated ino higher income levels and beter living standards for many
beneficiaries.
‘The PRA findings renforce the effectiveness of the interventions, especially in areas
like grouneater recharge. erosion contro, and fodder production. Community satisfaction and
participation levels were generally high, with strong institutional support and maintenance
efforts reported in most regions,
However, cenain gaps remain. These include inconsistent maintenance of structures,
limited awareness and partcipaion among beneficiaries in some areas and mixed results
‘outcomes like erilizer usage and canal embankment protection. The relatively low perceived
sustainability of structures in some district highlights the nee for stronger capacity-builing,
technical follow-up, and inclusive engagement—especially among small and marginal farmer.
Overall, the program has proven to be a successful and largely sustainable model of
‘watershed management, With targeted improvement and continued community involvement,
its impact can be deepened and replicated in other similar aro-<limatic regions.
Ax
21072025 \
Tavanır Principal Investigator: Dr. Abdul Hakim. V. M.
Professor & Head
Dept of SWCE
KCABFT, Tavanur
Co. Principal Investigator: Dr Sajeena. 5
Associate Profesor
Dept. of IDE
KCAEFT, Tavanue
162
1 watershed development programs implemented across the districts of Kollam
Palakkad, Kozhikode, and Wayanad have collectively demonstrated substantial positive
outcomes in terms of soil and water conservation, agricultural productivity, and rural
ivelihoods. Key achievemens include improved water availability, enhanced soil quality,
increased cropping intensity and a shift toward diversificd cropping practices, These
improvements have translated ino higher income levels and beter living standards for many
beneficiaries.
‘The PRA findings renforce the effectiveness of the interventions, especially in areas
like grouneater recharge. erosion contro, and fodder production. Community satisfaction and
participation levels were generally high, with strong institutional support and maintenance
efforts reported in most regions,
However, cenain gaps remain. These include inconsistent maintenance of structures,
limited awareness and partcipaion among beneficiaries in some areas and mixed results
‘outcomes like erilizer usage and canal embankment protection. The relatively low perceived
sustainability of structures in some district highlights the nee for stronger capacity-builing,
technical follow-up, and inclusive engagement—especially among small and marginal farmer.
Overall, the program has proven to be a successful and largely sustainable model of
‘watershed management, With targeted improvement and continued community involvement,
its impact can be deepened and replicated in other similar aro-<limatic regions.
Ax
21072025 \
Tavanır Principal Investigator: Dr. Abdul Hakim. V. M.
Professor & Head
Dept of SWCE
KCABFT, Tavanur
Co. Principal Investigator: Dr Sajeena. 5
Associate Profesor
Dept. of IDE
KCAEFT, Tavanue
162
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