this how to write paragraphs and its types which are important

Paragraphs

1. ACADEMIC
WRITING
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2. ADVANCED ENGLISH WRITING
(DEL PROGRAM)
ENGLISH & HR LECTURER:
MUJAHID IBRAHIMI
Email & CELL:
[email protected]
0799601531

3. 3
Chapter 3
Paragraph

4. ThewordParagraphismadeupoftwowordsPara,whichmeans
writingandgraph,whichmeanspicture,soParagraphmeansWriting
ofPicture.
What is Paragraph?
-Paragraphisaseriesofsentencesthatdevelopsanidea.
paragraphisagroupofrelatedsentencesthatdevelopsonemain
ideaortopiciscalledParagraph.
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5. Italmosthasthesameprocessaswriting
process.ItmainlycontainsthefollowingThreeprocessesnamely:
Pre-Writing DuringWritingPostWriting
A:Choosingatopic A:TopicSentence A:Reading
B:Brainstorming/ClusteringB:SupportingSentencesB:Revising
C:Outlining C:UsingTransition C:Editing
D:Organizing/orderlines D:UsingaClincher D:FinalDrafting
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6. There are three main parts of paragraph:
It is the first sentence of the paragraph that introduces the topic. Or it
is the first and most important sentences that contains that main idea
of the topic.
Theyaresentencesthatsupport
andprovidedetailsorexplanationstothetopicsentences.Theseare
alltheothersentencesintheparagraphthatrelatetoanddevelopthe
controllingidea.
Itsummarizesorconcludestheparagraph.
Thisisclinchersentenceorrestatementthatremindsnotonlywriters
nottofinishtheparagraphsuddenlybutalsothereadersofthe
generaltopic.Alsocalledclinchersentences.
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7. It hasFourmain kindsnamely:
In this kind of paragraph, the writer tries to narrate or tell a fictional
or non-fictional story the readers.
Topicsentencesarelessimportantinstoryparagraphthanin
othercompositions.Usesimplepasttense.
Writesentencestogetreadersinterestedatthebeginningofthe
storyandtokeepupthatinterestalltheway.(Onceuponatime,
Longlongago).
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8. Finishthestoryquicklyandtheconcludingsentencesofastory
shouldprovideasatisfyingendingandshouldleadthereaderstoa
climax,whichisthemostinterestingpartofthestory.
Narrativeparagraphpresentsthesequenceofeventsinastoryina
ChronologicalOrder.Moreover,don’tincludeanyeventsthatdonot
belongonlyadddetailstofillinanygapsinyourstory.
Thetopicsentencemostoftencomeslateoratlast.
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10. In this kind of paragraph, the writer tries to
present a word picture of a person, place or thing.
Be exact and specific and try to avoid vagueness.
Use language that makes your picture come to life.
Make comparisons by means of speech.
Appeal toallof the human senses:
Sight HearingSmell Taste Touch(As Sadiasits down at
a big family dinner, she enjoys the chattering voices, the shinny
dishes on the table, the spicy smells, and the first crisp, salty bite into
a cracker.)
For greater effect in a short description, stress those details that
build up one impression. (For a lake at night, the mood of calmness;
for a playground, the appearance of widespread activity)
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11. In describing a scene, you should look for a chance to view it from
a particular position that is fixed or moving. (Tell how a city appears
from a hill overlooking it. Describe a lunchroom as it looks to a
person coming through the door, getting in line for food, and then
moving to a table.)
From top to bottom
From bottom to top
From left to right
From right to left
From far away to close up
From close up to far away
From most important to least important
From least important to most important
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12. Backin1999thisfearlessathleteposedinthisfootballpicture.Inthe
fardistancebelowthecloudlessskystandsanoff-whitestadium.
Embeddedinthecenterislarge,cracked,blue,painted,lettersthat
spelloutBISON.Beneaththeoldstadiumarerowsofworn-out
bleacherswhicharecompletelyempty.Upinfrontstandsthe
competitordownononeknee.Asyouobservemore,thesport
playeriswearingablueBisonjerseysportingthenumber60.Tothe
leftabovethefreshlytrimmedgreengrassthatengulfsthisplayer’s
figurelaysafootball.Inthecenterofthepicture,youseeherpale
whitefaceanddarkbrowneyes.Aroundthesefeaturesyoucannot
helpbutnoticethebronzedhair;whichappearstobepulledback
aroundthisslenderface.Hersternlookshowshowproudsheis;
nonetheless,alltheconfidenceshecarriesonherpaddedup
shoulders.Thisuniquewomanisnotonlyelegantandbrave;sheis
mysister,MargaretEvaHoyt.
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14. In this kind of paragraph, the writer tries to explain information,
direction, and instruction. Moreover, sometimes it tells what
happens in the steps of process or why things happen the way they
do.
Details in an Expository Paragraph should be informative, clear,
and carefully arranged so as the readers can understand the subject.
Think whether you have enough information to explain the subject
or you need more information before you write.
Choose the information you want to give about your topic.
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15. Arrange the information in a logical order, but chronological order
is the best order for expository paragraph, for it gives step-by-step
instructions.
State your topic clearly in a topic sentence at the beginning of the
paragraph. The best way to introduce the topic in an Expository
Paragraph is to ask two or three questions before stating the topic
sentence.
Present the information in the way you have chosen and also use
transitions to connect the sentences in the paragraph.
Don’t let the paragraph end suddenly instead remind the readers
of the general topic by using a clincher statement or restatement at
the end.
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16. Todaywearegoingtobemakingchickenprimavera.Beforeyou
getstartedyouwillneedthefollowingthings:twoormore
skinless,bonelesschickenbreasts;twocansofCreamof
Mushroomsoup;twocansofCreamofChickensoup;milk;butter;
vegetableoil,spaghettinoodles(oranynoodleofyouchoice);and
finallyoneverylargesizedfryingpan.Firstyouwanttostartthe
waterandabout1tablespoonofvegetableoilboilingforthe
noodles(theytakethelongest),andthenwhileyouhavethat
going,startdicingyouchickenbreastintoabout1inchcubes.
Afteryougetallofyourchickencutupyouwanttostartheating
upyourpan.Alwaysstartonhighheatandthenoncethe
ingredientsareaddedtheheatwillgetturneddown.
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17. Onceyourfryingpanishotput1tablespoonofbutterintothe
fryingpan,letthatmeltalittlebit,andthenaddyourchicken.You
wanttomakesurethatthechickenisbrownedonallsides,andif
youweretocutacubeinhalfthatthemiddleiswhite.Anytime
whileyouarecookingyouchicken,ifthewaterisboiling,thenyou
canstartboilingyounoodles.Whenyourchickenisdoneallthe
waythroughthenwemakethesauce.Rightthereinthesamepan
thatyoucookedyouchickenin,addyourtwocansofCreamof
MushroomsoupandyourtwocansofCreamofChickensoup.
Afterdumpingthesoupintothepan,youwillthenneedtoguess
ontheamountofmilkthatyouputintothesauce.Themoremilk
thatisaddedthethinnerthesaucewillbe,andthelessmilkthat
isaddedwillgiveyouanicercreamiersauce.Itdependsonhow
thickorthinyoulikeyoursauces.
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18. Makesuretokeepstirringthenoodlesthroughouttheircooking
process,ortheywillallbestucktogether.Whilefinishingcooking
thenoodlesturntheheatdownonthesaucesothatallitisgoing
todoiswarmup.Youdon’twantthesaucetoboilorelseitwill
takelongertothickenupeveniftheamountofmilkwassmall.It
onlytakesabout3-5minutesforthesaucetowarmalltheway
through.Oncethenoodlesaredonethenyoucanstrainthewater
offofthem.Addabout1tablespoonofbuttertothedrained
noodlesandstirthemreallygoodtogetthatbuttermixedin,this
willkeepthenoodlesfromstickingtogetheruntiltheycanbe
served.Finally,allyouneedtodonowisdishupyourplateof
chickenprimaveraandenjoy.Thisrecipewillfeedbetween8-10
peopleinonesitting.Ifyouneedtomakemorethanthat,just
doubletherecipeandfollowthesameinstructions.Ihopethat
thismealwasasquick,easy,anddeliciousforyouasitwasforme.
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19. In this kind of paragraph, the writer tries to convince the readers top
accept his or her opinion or point of view.
The opinion is supported by with factual, logical reasons or
details.
Decide on your opinion whether you have enough information to
explain it or you need more information before you write.
State your topic clearly in a topic sentence at the beginning of the
paragraph.
Give two or three factual, logical reasons in support of your
opinion.
Give your best reason last.
Don’t let your paragraph sound like a list; combine the sentences
in the paragraph by transitions.
Don’t let the paragraph end suddenly instead remind the readers
of the general topic by using a clincher sentence.
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20. PeopleoftheUnitedStatesshouldpushforthelegalizationof
marijuana.Thefirstreasonbeingtheamountofmoneythatour
governmentspendseveryyearonthe“warondrugs”.The
government’smoneycouldbespentinsomanyotherways.
Thesecondreasonitshouldbelegalizedistolimittheamount
ofpeoplethatgetputinjailsformarijuana,whentherearefar
worsepeopleouttherethatneedtobeputinjail.Marijuana
arrestsintheUnitedStatesdoubledbetween1991and1995.In
1995,morethanone-half-millionpeoplewerearrestedfor
marijuanaoffenses.Eighty-sixpercentofthemwerearrested
formarijuanapossession.
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21. Tensofthousandsofpeoplearenowinprisonormarijuana
offenses.Anevengreaternumberarepunishedwithprobation,
fines,andcivilsanctions,includinghavingtheirpropertyseized,
theirdriver'slicenserevoked,andtheiremployment
terminated.Despitethesecivilandcriminalsanctions,
marijuanacontinuestobereadilyavailableandwidelyused.
(FactSheet)Athirdreasonisthatmarijuanaisnotasharmfulas
alcohol,whichcauses50%ofalltrafficaccidentsayear.In1972,
afterreviewingthescientificevidence,theNational
CommissiononMarihuanaandDrugAbuseconcludedthat
whilemarijuanawasnotentirelysafe,itsdangershadbeen
grosslyoverstated.Sincethen,researchershaveconducted
thousandsofstudiesofhumans,animals,andcellcultures.
Nonerevealanyfindingsdramaticallydifferentfromthose
describedbytheNationalCommissionin1972.
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22. In1995,basedonthirtyyearsofscientificresearcheditorsofthe
BritishmedicaljournalLancetconcludedthat"thesmokingof
cannabis,evenlongterm,isnotharmfultohealth."(FactSheet)And
yetanotherreasonwhymarijuanashouldbelegalisbecauseishelps
allsortsofpeoplewithmedicalproblems.Marijuanahasbeen
showntobeeffectiveinreducingthenauseainducedbycancer
chemotherapy,stimulatingappetiteinAIDSpatients,andreducing
intraocularpressureinpeoplewithglaucoma.Thereisalso
appreciableevidencethatmarijuanareducesmusclespasticityin
patientswithneurologicaldisorders.Asyntheticcapsuleisavailable
byprescription,butitisnotaseffectiveassmokedmarijuanafor
manypatients.PureTHCmayalsoproducemoreunpleasant
psychoactivesideeffectsthansmokedmarijuana.Manypeopleuse
marijuanaasamedicinetoday,despiteitsillegality.Indoingso,they
riskarrestandimprisonment.(FactSheet)Withallofthesegreat
thingsthatcanbedonewithmarijuana,whykeepitawayfromthose
whocoulduseit?
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