This will be a presentation of Organization and Management

Organization and Management

1. The Meaning of Culture Presenter: Charlie Jr. D. Pedrosa

2. Culture basically refers to the way of life shared by members of a tribe or society. It consists of the assumptions, beliefs, values, norms and practices common to a group which are manifested in their tools or artifacts as well as their action or behavior individually or as a group. It may be categorized into two aspects, namely: 1. Material Culture 2. Non-material Culture The material culture includes artifacts or tools such as the manner of building their houses, house arrangements, cooking utensils and other household tools, manner of dressing and others. The non-material culture includes their language, values, norms, beliefs and patterns of behavior such as habits, rites and rituals.

3. Non-Muslims consider culture as distinct from their religion, although the influence of the latter in some of their cultural practices is very evident. Among the Muslims, on the contrary, religion is the culture itself because to them, Islam is not only a religion but a way of life. whole spectrum of a Muslim’s life – be it cultural, economic, administrative or political.

4. Analyzing culture, as it relates to public organizations, may be considered at three levels. These three levels of culture include; 1. Administrative culture 2. P olitical culture 3. Societal culture

5. Among these three levels of culture, administrative culture is the lowest level followed by political culture and then societal culture. In other words, “administrative culture is but an aspect of the political culture, which in turn is a part of the societal culture” (Varela in Bautista, 1993: 161). It is greatly influenced by the political and administrative events as well as by behavior of the actors in the administrative system. It means that designing a desirable administrative culture can be partly facilitated by the persons in authority.

6. ADMINISTRATIVE CULTURE Jamil et al. (2013) defined administrative culture as broadly “associated with the dominant values and norms in public organizations. These influence interpersonal relations both within and beyond the organization, thus impacting performance and outcomes for the wider society. (PDF) emotional well-being among public employees: A comparative perspective. (n.d.). https:// www.researchgate.net /publication/342709797_Emotional_Well-being_Among_Public_Employees_A_Comparative_Perspective

7. POLITICAL CULTURE is an attribute exhibited by the populace of a territorially-bound space held as a set of shared ideas and beliefs along with normative judgements regarding its political system. In other words, it is “the pattern of individual attitudes and orientations towards politics among the members of a political system.” Sethi, S. (2021, January 1). Understanding political culture approach: A comparative analysis of political cultures in Nigeria and Brazil . Academia.edu . https:// www.academia.edu /66840663/Understanding_Political_Culture_Approach_A_Comparative_Analysis_of_political_cultures_in_Nigeria_and_Brazil

8. SOCIETAL CULTURE refers to  the commonly held beliefs or values that exist and are agreed upon in a given population . In a uniform culture, these beliefs are generally accepted by the majority of the people, while in a more diverse culture, many separate value structures coexist. https://homework.study.com/explanation/what-is-societal-culture.html