THRETENED MAMMALS OF INDIA

THREATENED MAMMALS

1. THREATEND MAMMALS OF INDIA Submitted by ; PATEL JAY M.Sc ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE Sem-I Roll no. - 310 jack.picture

2. OUTLINE INTRODUCTION WHAT ARE MAMMALS CATEGORIES OF THREATENED MAMMALS SPECIES OF ANIMALS REFERENCES

3. INTRODUCTION DEFINATION OF THREATENED A species of plant or animal that is in inmediate danger of becoming extinct and needs protection to survive. The International Union For Conservation Of Nature (IUCN) is an international organisation working in the field of conservation of species. The biggest role IUCN is playing in this regard is the Red List which is a list of all threatened species in the world. According to the Red List animals and plants that have been evaluated by experts are categorised from ‘ Least concern’ to ‘ Extinct ’ based on their current status.

4. WHAT ARE MAMMALS ? A warm-blooded vertebrate animal of a class that is distinguished by the possession of hair or fur, females that secrete milk for the nourishment of the young, and (typically) the birth of live young. Distinguished from reptiles(including birds) by the possession of a neocortex(a region of the brain) They evolved from millions of year ago. www.marsupyle.com

5. Why mammals are threatened Habitat Destruction Expansion of Agriculture Rapid Industrialization Poaching and Trade Global Warming and Climate change

6. Categories of threatened mammals Extinct : not seen at least for 50 years Critically Endangered : likely to be extinct Endangered : high risk of extinction Vulnerable : risk of extinction Near threatened : close to vulnerable Least Concern : not qualify any of the above Data deficient : no information available

7. Red list data of IUCN

8. ENDANGERED SPECIES OF MAMMALS Asiatic lion Blackbuck Bengal tiger Ganges River Dolphin Kashmir stag Musk deer Wild Ass Lion Tailed Macaque The leopard cat The Sumatran Rhinoceros

9. Asiatic lion DISTRIBUTION : This sanctuary and the surrounding areas in Saurashtra, Western India, are the only wild habitats supporting the Asiatic lion. CHARACTERISTICS : The Asiatic lion's fur ranges in colour from ruddy-tawny, heavily speckled with black, to sandy or buffish grey, sometimes with a silvery sheen in certain lights. Five protected areas currently exist to protect the Asiatic lion: Gir Sanctuary, Gir National Park, Pania Sanctuary, Mitiyala Sanctuary, and Girnar Sanctuary. THREATS : Prior to the resettlement of Maldharis, the Gir forest was heavily degraded and used by livestock, which competed with and restricted the population sizes of native ungulates www.end.ind.com

10. Blackbuck DISTRIBUTION : Blackbuck is native to the Indiansubcontinent, but extinct in Bangladesh. In Nepal, the last surviving population of blackbuck inhabits the Blackbuck Conservation Area south of the Bardia National Park. CHARACTERISTICS : It stands up to 74 to 84 cm (29 to 33 in) high at the shoulder. Males weigh 20–57 kilograms (44–126 lb), an average of 38 kilograms (84 lb). THREATS : During the 20th century, blackbuck numbers declined sharply due to excessive hunting, deforestation and habitat degradation. Some blackbucks are killed illegally especially where the species is sympatric with nilgai. Blackbuck.world

11. Bengal tiger CHARACTERISTICS : The Bengal tiger's coat is yellow to light orange, with stripes ranging from dark brown to black; the belly and the interior parts of the limbs are white, and the tail is oange with black rings. White tiger : one fully authenticated case of a true albino tiger. THREATS : The most significant immediate threat to the existence of wild tiger populations is the illegal trade in poached skins and body parts between India, Nepal and China. Habitat losses and the extremely large-scale incidences. In the northern and western boundaries of the Bangladesh Sundarbans Most people were attacked in the mornings while collecting fuel wood, timber, or other raw materials, or while fishing. Bengaltiger.in.com

12. DISTRIBUTION : In the Indian subcontinent, tigers inhabit tropical moist evergreen forests, tropical dry forests, tropical and subtropical moist deciduous forests, mangroves, subtropical and temperate upland forests, and alluvial grasslands. The tigers in the Sundarbans in India and Bangladesh are the only ones in the world inhabiting mangrove forests. The population in the Indian Sundarbans is estimated as 70 tigers in total. India, nepal, bhutan, bangladesh.

13. Ganges River Dolphin DISTRIBUTION : The South Asian river dolphins are native to the freshwater river systems located in Nepal, India, Bangladesh, and Pakistan. The Ganges subspecies ( P. g. gangetica ) can be found along the Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna and Karnaphuli-Sangu river systems of Bangladesh and India, although its range formerly extended to Nepal. CHARACTERISTICS : body with large flippers and a low triangular dorsal fin. It weighs upto 150kg. The calves are chocolate brown at birth and become grayish brown in adulthood with a smooth and hairless skin. THREATS : Poisoning of the water supply from industrial and agricultural chemicals

14. Kashmir stag DISTRIBUTION : This deer lives in groups of two to 18 individuals in dense riverine forests, high valleys, and mountains of the Kashmir valley and northern Chamba in Himachal Pradesh. In Kashmir, it's found in the Dachigam National Park,Rajparian Wildlife Sanctuary, Overa Aru, Sind Valley, and in the forests of Kishtwar & Bhaderwah. CHARACTERISTICS : This deer has a light rump patch without including the tail. Its coat color is brown with a speckling to the hairs. The inner sides of the buttocks are greyish white, followed by a line on the inner sides of the thighs and black on the upper side of the tail. Each antler consists of five tines.   THREATS : They were threatened, due to habitat destruction, over-grazing by domestic livestock, and poaching. Sstagofkasmir.in

15. Musk deer DISTRIBUTION : Musk deer live mainly in forested and alpine scrub habitats in the mountains of southern Asia, notably the Himalayas.  CHARACTERISTICS : Musk deer resemble small deer with a stocky build, and hind legs longer than their front legs. The feet of musk deer are adapted for climbing in rough terrain. Like the Chinese water deer, a cervid. They have no antlers, but the males do have enlarged upper canines, forming sabre-like tusks. The musk gland is found only in adult males. It lies in a sac located between the genitals and the umbilicus, and its secretions are most likely used to attract mates. Indianmusk.deerby.deny

16. THREATS : Musk deer have been hunted for their scent glands, which are commonly used in perfumes. The glands can fetch up to $45,000/kg on the black market. It is rumored that ancient royalty wore the scent of the musk deer and that it is an aphrodisiac.

17. Wild Ass DISTRIBUTION : Today, its last refuge lies in the Indian Wild Ass Sanctuary, Little Rann of Kutch and its surrounding areas of the Great Rann of Kutch in the Gujarat province of India. The animal, however, is also seen in the districts of Surendranagar, Banaskantha, Mehsana, and other Kutch districts. Saline deserts ( rann ), arid grasslands and shrublands are its preferred environments.  also extending into the neighboring Indian  State of Rajasthan in the bordering villages in Jalore district bordering the Rann of Kutch of Gujarat and Khejariali and its neighbourhood where a 60 km 2  area was transferred to the Rajasthan Forest. THREATS : From 1958-1960, the wild ass became a victim of a disease known as  surra , caused by  Trypanosoma evansi  and transmitted by flies, which caused a dramatic decline of its population in India. In November and December 1961, the wild ass population was reduced to just 870 after to the outbreak of South African Horse Sickness. Clickbymecial

18. CHARACTERISTICS : The coat is usually sandy, but varies from reddish grey, fawn, to pale chestnut. The animal possesses an erect, dark mane which runs from the back of the head and along the neck. The mane is then followed by a dark brown stripe running along the back, to the root of the tail.

19. Lion Tailed Macaque CHARACTERISTICS : The hair of the lion-tailed macaque is black. Its outstanding characteristic is the silver-white mane which surrounds the head from the cheeks down to its chin  The tail is medium in length at about 25 cm, and has a black tuft at the end that is similar to a lion's tail, although this tuft is more pronounced in males than in females. THREATS : Their range has become increasingly isolated and fragmented by the spread of agriculture and tea, coffee, teak and cinchona, construction of water reservoirs for irrigation and power generation, and human settlements to support such activities.

20. DISTRIBUTION : A recent assessment for  IUCN  reports 3000-3500 of these animals live scattered over several areas in Kerala, KarnatakaThe lion-tailed macaque ranks among the rarest and most threatened primates.  Theni District of Tamil Nadu, Dics.ind.in

21. The leopard cat   DISTRIBUTION : It lives in tropical evergreen rainforests and plantations at sea level, in subtropical deciduous and coniferous forests in the foothills of the Himalayas. CHARACTERISTICS : A leopard cat is about the size of a domestic cat, but more slender, with longer legs and well-defined webs between its toes. small head is marked with two prominent dark stripes  Body and limbs are marked with black spots of varying size and color, and along its back are two to four rows of elongated spots. THREATS : leopard cats are hunted mainly for their fur.   Major fur traders revealed    Hunted throughout most of its range for fur, for food, and as pets. Lep.cat.in

22. Indian rhinoceros DISTRIBUTION : The one-horned rhinoceros once ranged across the entire northern part of the Indian Subcontinent, along the Indus, Ganges and Brahmaputra River basins,  it only survived in the Terai grasslands of southern Nepal, northern Uttar Pradesh, northern Bihar, northern West Bengal, and in the Brahmaputra Valley of Assam.  Kaziranga National Park Indian rhinoceros range.com

23. CHARACTERISTICS : The Indian rhinoceros has a thick grey-brown skin with pinkish skin folds and a black horn.  In captive animals, the horn is frequently worn down to a thick knob. The black horn is pure keratin, like human fingernails Among terrestrial land mammals native to Asia, the Indian rhinoceros is second in size only to the Asian elephant.

24. THREATS : Poaching, mainly for the use of the horn in  traditional Chinese medicine Apart from this, serious declines in quality of habitat have occurred in some areas Severe invasion by alien plants into grasslands affecting some populations; Demonstrated reductions in the extent of grasslands and wetland habitats due to woodland encroachment and silting up of beels; Grazing by domestic livestock

25. References Threatenedmammals.ind.in datazone.mammalslife.org Threatened Mammals of India - 1 Dec 2008 by Gousram K. Saha (Author), Mazumdar Suhendu (Author) Guided by : HARSH PATEL

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