THROMBOCYTOPENIA (1).pptx presntaion of ppt

medical surgical

1. MS.SUMATHI RK WING INCHARGE

2. CASE STUDY CASE STUDY : DENGUE FEVER WITH THROMBOCYTOPENIA in a 24 years old male Patient presentation Mr. Abhiyash 24 years old male ,presents to the emergency department with complaints of high grade fever associated with chills and h/o nausea, not relieved after taking medication. Admitted under Dr. Mithil sir further medical management in RK WING on17-3-2024 at 7:40pm Mr. Abhiyash is not having past medical and surgical history. Clinical examination Vital signs :stable Physical examination: On physical examination there is no symptoms Sent the necessary samples as per doctor advise.

3. Follow up : Mr abhiyash under went necessary investigations Sent the blood samples as per doctor advise. He was experience a gradual improvement in platelet counts with corticosteroids therapy, antibiotics and remains asymptomatic for bleeding complications, and fever.

4. OBJECTIVES Introduction Definition Causes Symptoms Pathophysiology Management Nursing Management Conclusion

5. Definition A condition in which there is a lower-than-normal number of platelets in the blood.

6. THROMBOCYTOPENIA Thrombocytopenia is a condition that occurs when the platelet count in the blood is too low. Platelets are tiny blood cells that are made in the bone marrow from larger cells. When injured, platelets stick together to form a plug to seal the wound. This plug is called a blood clot. Platelets are also called thrombocytes, because a blood clot is also called a thrombus.

7. CAUSES There are numerous potential causes of thrombocytopenia, including: Immune System Disorders : Sometimes, the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys platelets, leading to thrombocytopenia. This can be caused by conditions such as immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) or autoimmune diseases like lupus. Bone Marrow Problems : Platelets are produced in the bone marrow. Conditions that affect the bone marrow, such as leukemia, myelodysplastic syndromes, or aplastic anemia, can lead to decreased platelet production and thrombocytopenia. Medications : Certain medications can cause thrombocytopenia as a side effect. These may include some antibiotics, diuretics, chemotherapy drugs, and others.

8. Conti... Viral Infections : Some viral infections, such as HIV, hepatitis C, or Epstein-Barr virus, can lead to thrombocytopenia. Nutritional Deficiencies : Deficiencies in certain vitamins or minerals, particularly vitamin B12, folate, or iron, can affect platelet production and lead to thrombocytopenia. Alcohol Abuse : Chronic alcohol consumption can suppress the production of platelets in the bone marrow, leading to thrombocytopenia. Inherited Disorders : Certain genetic conditions, such as Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome or May-Hegglin anomaly, can cause thrombocytopenia. Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia (HIT) : Heparin, a blood thinner, can sometimes cause an immune reaction that leads to a drop in platelet count. Pregnancy : Some pregnant women may develop a condition called gestational thrombocytopenia, where their platelet count drops temporarily during pregnancy.

9. symptoms Excessive bruising Petechiae Purpura Nose bleeds Gum bleeds Haematuria or Malena Heavy menstrual periods Prolonged bleeding from cuts Blood in vomit or cough Fatigue

10. Bleeding Purpura

11. Pathophysiology The pathophysiology of thrombocytopenia involves a disruption in the production, survival, or function of platelets, leading to a decreased platelet count in the blood. Here's an overview of the key mechanisms involved: 1. DECREASED PRODUCTION : Bone Marrow Disorders: Conditions such as aplastic anemia, myelodysplastic syndromes, and leukemia can impair the production of platelets in the bone marrow. Nutritional Deficiencies: Inadequate intake of nutrients essential for platelet production, such as vitamin B12 and folate, can lead to thrombocytopenia. Chemotherapy and Radiation: Cancer treatments can suppress bone marrow function, resulting in decreased platelet production

12. 2.INCREASED DESTRUCTION: Immune Thrombocytopenia (ITP): Autoimmune destruction of platelets by antibodies, typically against glycoprotein's on the platelet surface, leading to their premature removal by the spleen. Drug-Induced Thrombocytopenia: Certain medications, such as heparin, quinine, and some antibiotics, can induce an immune response resulting in platelet destruction. Infections: Viral infections like HIV, hepatitis C, and Epstein-Barr virus can cause immune-mediated destruction of platelets. Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC): Widespread activation of coagulation pathways in conditions such as sepsis, trauma, or obstetric complications can lead to consumption of platelets and subsequer bicytopenia.

13. Coagulation (DIC): Widespread activation of coagulation pathways in conditions such as sepsis, trauma, or obstetric complications can lead to consumption of platelets and subsequent thrombocytopenia. 3.SEQUESTRATION: Enlarged Spleen (Splenomegaly): Conditions like cirrhosis, certain cancers, and hematologic disorders can cause an enlarged spleen, leading to sequestration and destruction of platelets. 4.ALTERED PLATELET FUNCTION: Thrombocytopathies: Inherited or acquired disorders affecting platelet function can result in impaired platelet aggregation and adhesion, leading to a bleeding tendency despite a normal platelet count. Understanding these underlying mechanisms is crucial for diagnosing and managing thrombocytopenia effectively, as treatment approaches may vary depending on the specific cause and pathophysiological processes involved.

14. DIAGNOSIS Physical examined. Blood Tests will be done to confirm the problem as well. These may include: A complete blood cell count (CBC):   This test measures the amounts of the different types of cells in the blood. This includes the number of platelets in the blood platelet count). A blood smear:   This test checks for the different types of blood cells in the blood and how they appear. A sample of blood is spread on a glass slide and viewed under a microscope. A stain is used so the blood cells can be seen. A bone marrow aspiration and biopsy:  This test checks for problems with how the bone marrow makes blood cells. A needle is used to remove a sample of the bone marrow in hipbone. The sample is then sent to a lab to be tested for problems.

15. MANAGEMENT Treatment of the underlying cause:   For instance, if a medicine is the cause, it may be stopped or changed. Single donor Platelet transfusions: These help raise the number of healthy platelets in the body. Blood transfusions: These help treat blood loss that may because of low platelets. Medicines: These may be given to help prevent platelets from being destroyed. These may also be given to help the bone marrow make more platelets.

16. NURSING MANAGEMENT Nursing management in thrombocytopenia involves several key aspects aimed at monitoring, preventing complications, and providing supportive care for patients with low platelet counts. Thrombocytopenia is a condition characterized by a decreased number of platelets in the blood, which can lead to an increased risk of bleeding. Here are some essential components of nursing management for thrombocytopenia: Assessment and Monitoring : Nurses play a crucial role in assessing and monitoring patients with thrombocytopenia. This includes regular assessments of platelet counts, signs of bleeding (e.g., petechiae, bruising, bleeding gums), and other symptoms such as fatigue and weakness. Monitoring vital signs and assessing for any changes in the patient's condition are also important.

17. Cont... Education : Nurses should educate patients and their families about thrombocytopenia, its causes, signs, and symptoms, as well as strategies to prevent bleeding. This includes advising patients to avoid activities that may increase the risk of injury or bleeding, such as contact sports, certain medications (e.g., NSAIDs), and activities that can cause trauma. Safety Precautions : Implementing safety precautions is essential to prevent injuries and bleeding in patients with thrombocytopenia. This may include using soft-bristled toothbrushes, avoiding intramuscular injections, and ensuring a safe environment to prevent falls. Medication Management : Nurses are responsible for administering medications as prescribed by the healthcare provider to manage thrombocytopenia. This may include medications to stimulate platelet production (e.g., thrombopoietin receptor agonists) or to prevent bleeding (e.g., platelet transfusions, antifibrinolytic agents).

18. Cont.... Transfusion Management : If platelet transfusions are required to manage severe thrombocytopenia or to control bleeding, nurses play a critical role in administering transfusions safely and monitoring the patient for any adverse reactions. The most common signs and symptoms include fever, chills and itching. Some symptoms may resolve with little or no treatment. However, respiratory distress, high fever, hypotension, and Hemoglobinuria may indicate a more serious reaction Wound Care : Nurses should provide meticulous wound care to patients with thrombocytopenia to prevent infection and promote healing. This includes assessing wounds for signs of bleeding or infection, applying appropriate dressings, and monitoring for any changes in the wound's condition. Psychosocial Support : Living with thrombocytopenia can be challenging for patients and their families. Nurses should provide emotional support, address concerns, and connect patients with appropriate resources such as support groups or counseling services.

19. Cont... Collaboration and Communication : Effective communication and collaboration with the healthcare team, including physicians, pharmacists, and other allied healthcare professionals, are essential for providing comprehensive care to patients with thrombocytopenia. This includes sharing relevant information about the patient's condition, treatment plan, and any changes in their status. By focusing on these key aspects of nursing management, nurses can help optimize care and improve outcomes for patients with thrombocytopenia.

20. Conclusion: Conclusion: The present study suggests that thrombocytopenia of less than 50000/micro liters may be a marker for more severe illness and increased risk of death, rather than causative, because a true causal relationship is not established. Thrombocytopenia also leads to an excess of blood product consumption. This case highlights the clinical presentation, diagnostic approach, and management of thrombocytopenia in an adult patient. Here we seen introduction, definition, Causes, Symptoms, Causes, Pathophysiology, medical Management and nursing management.

21. SUMATHI.P