thrombocytopenia ppt presentation for class

medsurg ppt

1. MS.SUMATHI RK WING

2. CASE STUDY CASE STUDY : DENGUE FEVER WITH THROMBOCYTOPENIA in a 24 years old male Patient presentation Mr. Abhiyash 24 years old male ,presents to the emergency department with complaints of high grade fever associated with chills and h/o nausea, not relieved after taking medication. Admitted under D r. M ithil sir further medical management in RK WING on17-3-2024 at 7:40pm Mr. Abhiyash is not having past medical and surgical history. Clinical examination Vital signs :stable Physical examination: On physical examination there is no symptoms Sent the necessary samples as per doctor advise.

3. Follow up : Mr abhiyash under went necessary investigations Sent the blood samples as per doctor advise . He was experience a gradual improvement in platelet counts with corticosteroids therapy, antibiotics and remains asymptomatic for bleeding complications, and fever.

4. OBJECTIVES Introduction Definition Symptoms Causes Pathophysiology Management

5. Definition A condition in which there is a lower-than-normal number of platelets in the blood.

6. THROMBOCYTOPENIA Thrombocytopenia is a condition that occurs when the platelet count in the blood is too low. Platelets are tiny blood cells that are made in the bone marrow from larger cells. When injured, platelets stick together to form a plug to seal the wound. This plug is called a blood clot. Platelets are also called thrombocytes, because a blood clot is also called a thrombus.

7. symptoms Bleeding causes the main symptoms of thrombocytopenia. Symptoms can appear suddenly or over time. Mild thrombocytopenia often has no symptoms. Many times . Possible symptoms include: Severe bruising or bleeding Small red or purple spots ( petechiae ) on the skin Bleeding gums Nosebleeds Bleeding from a wound that stops and starts again Bloody urine or stool Heavy menstrual flow

8. Bleeding Purpura

9. CAUSES Platelets and other blood cells are made in the  bone marrow.  This is the soft, spongy part inside bones. Thrombocytopenia can result when: The bone marrow doesn't make enough platelets Platelets are destroyed by the body at a rate faster than they can be made in the bone marrow Platelets become trapped in an enlarged spleen

10. Cont... Certain medicines, such as some types of antibiotics, antiseizure medicines, and chemotherapy medicines Certain viral infections, such as varicella (chicken pox), HIV, and Epstein-Barr virus Certain immune problems, such as lupus and immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) Certain conditions that can cause an enlarged spleen, such as cirrhosis and cancer Alcohol abuse Pregnancy

11. Pathophysiology The pathophysiology of thrombocytopenia involves a disruption in the production, survival, or function of platelets, leading to a decreased platelet count in the blood. Here's an overview of the key mechanisms involved: 1. DECREASED PRODUCTION : Bone Marrow Disorders: Conditions such as aplastic anemia, myelodysplastic syndromes, and leukemia can impair the production of platelets in the bone marrow. Nutritional Deficiencies: Inadequate intake of nutrients essential for platelet production, such as vitamin B12 and folate, can lead to thrombocytopenia. Chemotherapy and Radiation: Cancer treatments can suppress bone marrow function, resulting in decreased platelet production

12. 2.INCREASED DESTRUCTION: Immune Thrombocytopenia (ITP): Autoimmune destruction of platelets by antibodies, typically against glycoprotein's on the platelet surface, leading to their premature removal by the spleen. Drug-Induced Thrombocytopenia: Certain medications, such as heparin, quinine, and some antibiotics, can induce an immune response resulting in platelet destruction. Infections: Viral infections like HIV, hepatitis C, and Epstein-Barr virus can cause immune-mediated destruction of platelets. Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC): Widespread activation of coagulation pathways in conditions such as sepsis, trauma, or obstetric complications can lead to consumption of platelets and subsequer bocytopenia.

13. Coagulation (DIC): Widespread activation of coagulation pathways in conditions such as sepsis, trauma, or obstetric complications can lead to consumption of platelets and subsequent thrombocytopenia. 3.Sequestration: Enlarged Spleen (Splenomegaly): Conditions like cirrhosis, certain cancers, and hematologic disorders can cause an enlarged spleen, leading to sequestration and destruction of platelets. 4.Altered Platelet Function: Thrombocytopathies: Inherited or acquired disorders affecting platelet function can result in impaired platelet aggregation and adhesion, leading to a bleeding tendency despite a normal platelet count. Understanding these underlying mechanisms is crucial for diagnosing and managing thrombocytopenia effectively, as treatment approaches may vary depending on the specific cause and pathophysiological processes involved.

14. DIAGNOSIS Physical examined. Blood Tests will be done to confirm the problem as well. These may include: A complete blood cell count (CBC):   This test measures the amounts of the different types of cells in the blood. This includes the number of platelets in the blood platelet count). A blood smear:   This test checks for the different types of blood cells in the blood and how they appear. A sample of blood is spread on a glass slide and viewed under a microscope. A stain is used so the blood cells can be seen. A bone marrow aspiration and biopsy:  This test checks for problems with how the bone marrow makes blood cells. A needle is used to remove a sample of the bone marrow in hipbone. The sample is then sent to a lab to be tested for problems.

15. MANAGEMENT Treatment of the underlying cause:   For instance, if a medicine is the cause, it may be stopped or changed. Platelet transfusions: These help raise the number of healthy platelets in the body. Blood transfusions: These help treat blood loss that may because of low platelets. Medicines: These may be given to help prevent platelets from being destroyed. These may also be given to help the bone marrow make more platelets. Surgery to remove the spleen: The spleen helps filter the blood. It also stores some blood cells, including platelets. When thrombocytopenia is caused by ITP, platelets become trapped in the spleen. If ITP is not controlled with medicine, removing the spleen can be an effective treatment.

16. NURSING MANAGEMENT Assess for potential for bleeding : monitor platelet count Assess for bleeding Instruct patient and family about ways to minimize bleeding Initiate masseur to minimize bleeding When platelet is count less then 20000/ micro’l Keep the bedside rails Platelets transfusion as prescribe. Caution against force full nose blowing.

17. Conclusion : Conclusion: This case highlights the clinical presentation, diagnostic approach, and management of thrombocytopenia in an adult patient. Here we seen introduction, definition, Symptoms, Causes, Pathophysiology , medical Management and nursing management.

18. SUMATHI.P