This presentation discusses the historical evolution of thyroid surgery
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drtbalu's otolaryngology online 1
Thyroid Historic perspective
Dr T Balasubramanian
drtbalu's otolaryngology online 2
Goitre & mountains
Goitre was first seen in inhabitants of Alps
Initially they did not know that goitre is enlargement
of thyroid gland
It was documented that consuming sea weeds caused
remarkable cure in these patients
It goes without saying that sea weeds contain large
amounts of iodine
drtbalu's otolaryngology online 3
Goitre
Greeks used the term
Bronchocele to explain
the goitrous swelling
Thyroid gland was
discovered 200 years
before Greeks used this
term
drtbalu's otolaryngology online 4
Davinci and thyroid
Davinci discovered thryoid gland as early as 1500
He drew sketches of the gland in great detail
He used the term laryngeal glands to describe the
thyroid
He also discussed in great detail the vasculature of the
thyroid gland
drtbalu's otolaryngology online 5
Fabricious
In 1619 it was Fabricious who described thyroid
enlargement caused swelling in the midline of neck
He also clearly described that this swelling moved up
and down when the patient attempts to swallow
drtbalu's otolaryngology online 6
The name ”Thyroid”
Thomas Wharton in 1656 used to term Thyroid first
Thyroid is a Greek word to indicate shield shape
It was coined with the thyroid cartilage in mind as it is
shaped like a shield.
drtbalu's otolaryngology online 7
Cretinism & thyroid gland
Alpine travellers were the first to associate cretinism
with goitre in mother
Paracelsus in 1527 was the first to link goitre and
cretinism
Platter in 1562 came out with convincing proof that
cretinism was seen in children born of goitrous
mothers
drtbalu's otolaryngology online 8
History of thyroid physiology
Initially goiter was thought to be caused by excess of
phlegm
Chinese merchants were the ones who taught the
Europeans that consuming sea weed could cure
goitre
Courtois in 1812 discovered that sea weeds contained
large quantities of iodine
Coindet in 1820 popularized iodine treatment for
goitre in Sweden
drtbalu's otolaryngology online 9
Mortiz Schiff's contribution
Mortiz Schiff a
physiologist from
Geneva showed in 1856
removal of thyroid
glands in dogs caused
death due to some
deprivation
This work never got the
recognition it deserved
drtbalu's otolaryngology online 10
Mortiz Schiff (contd)
It was Mortiz Schiff who first proved that thyroid
hormone can be substituted
He used thyroid extracts to save dogs in whom he
performed total thyroid removal
drtbalu's otolaryngology online 11
Role of iodine in preventing goitre
In 1850 Chatain a pharmacist suggested that goitre
could be prevented by consuming iodine
It was only after Akron study which was carried out in
school children that goitre preventive role of iodine
came to be recognised
drtbalu's otolaryngology online 12
Thyrotoxicosis
Parry was the first person to describe thyrotoxicosis
His work was not published till much later
Coindet described the symptoms of thyrotoxicosis
without realizing its significance
Graves in his talk described few of his patients with
goitre and palpitation. He initially considered it to
be a cardiac malady
Basedow discussed in detail the symptoms of
thyrotoxicosis
drtbalu's otolaryngology online 13
Thyrotoxicosis (contd)
In 1890 it was observed consumption of too much
thyroid extract caused tremors and palpitation
It was approximately during this time surgeons were
successful in partially removing this
hyperfunctioning thyroid glands
drtbalu's otolaryngology online 14
Myxoedema
Was discovered much later than thyrotoxicosis
It was first described in London. The term
myxoedema was used because of oedematous skin
due to accumulation of myxoid tissue
Initially it was considered to be a neurologic / skin
disease
drtbalu's otolaryngology online 15
Felix Semon
Felix Semon Prussian otolaryngologist described that
patients who underwent total thyroidectomy for
goitre treatment developed puffy faces similar to
that of myxodematous patients seen in London
He was not beleived at first
A committee was constituted which concluded 5 years
later that his observation was true
drtbalu's otolaryngology online 16
Exogenous thyroxine
Brown sequard documented the regenuating effects of
consuming testicular extract of dogs
This provoked scientists to try out other organ extracts
too
In 1891 Murray injected sheep thyroid extract which
cured a patient with myxoedema
drtbalu's otolaryngology online 17
Search for thyroxine
Kendell used iodine as a marker to identify T3. He
used the term thyroxine
Baumann identified iodine in the thyroid gland extract
It was the english man Harrington who indentified the
exact molecular structure of thyroxine
Harrington suspected there could be another hormone
in addition to thyroxine
drtbalu's otolaryngology online 18
Thyroid hormone synthesis
Harington added an e to thyroxin
He successfully synthesized thyroxine
Since it was a free acid absorption was poor
Hence until 1960's dessicated thyroid was used in the
management of goitre
drtbalu's otolaryngology online 19
Goitre & exophthalmos
Fredrich Muller in 1893 identified that patients with
goitre and exophthalmos had increased metabolic
rate
He was the first person to associate goitre with
exophthalmos
drtbalu's otolaryngology online 20
Thyroid surgery (History)
Roger Frugadi in 1170 used shoe laces to transfix
large goitres which he allowed to slough
First thyroid surgery was performed by Albucais in
spain. This surgery was performed to treat a patient
with goitre. He used a cruciate incision for this
purpose.
drtbalu's otolaryngology online 21
Setaceum
This technique in thryoid surgery was practised by
Roland and Roger
This was practised when the goitre was adherent
Shoe lace ligature is encircled around the mass and
firmly kept tied for 3 hours
The goitre which had become avascular was sectioned
away.
drtbalu's otolaryngology online 22
Thyroid tunneling
Guy de Chauliac tunneled thyroid tumors with
cautery. He passed a seton through the tunnel and
removed the mass in toto. He was able to produce
reasonable results following this procedure.
drtbalu's otolaryngology online 23
Cure by King's touch
Was practised for more than 500 years from 1100 to
1600.
Heinrichs the IV started this procedure
He was credited with nearly 1000 cures by simply
touching the neck of the patient. (Such was the
devotion they had towards their king thosedays).
drtbalu's otolaryngology online 24
Benjamin Gooch's advice
According to Benjamin Gooch thryoid surgery is not
for those with weak heart (he meant the surgeon's)
He described his futile attempts to stop bleeding from
the neck following surgery by using digital pressure
by his assistants for two days who worked as a relay
team
drtbalu's otolaryngology online 25
Thyroid incisions
Albucasis – cruciate incision
Adolf Vogel – circular incision
Benjamin Gooch – Vertical incision
Desault – Median longitudinal incision
drtbalu's otolaryngology online 26
Desault's technique
Considered to be father of
thyroid sugery
He was the first to
emphasise ligation of
superior / middle /
inferior thyroid pedicles
before removing thyroid
His feat was considered
unbeleivable
drtbalu's otolaryngology online 27
Dupuytren's technique
He staged thyroidectomy
procedure
This allowed for better
wound healing during
procedures
He was the first to
observe tracheal
flattening / distortion
drtbalu's otolaryngology online 28
Ischemic atrophy
Luiga porta ligated thyroid arteries to induce ischemic
destruction of thyroid gland
He first ligated both superior arteries of thyroid gland
and this was ineffective
He ligated both superior and inferior arteries of one
side. This provided temporary relief for about 6
months
He proved that arteries supplying the opposite lobe
was not capable of maintaining integrity of opposite
lobe
drtbalu's otolaryngology online 29
Patrick Heron Watson's technique
In 1894 in completed 5 cases of thyroidectomy in
Edinburg
He used long median incision to expose neck
Separated strap muscles / fascia – mobilized superior
pole using fingers
Used aneurysm needle to thread around superior pole
and ligated it. Repeated same maneuver in the other
portions of gland and excised it in full
drtbalu's otolaryngology online 30
Excellence of Hedenus
He stimulated the interest of thyroid surgery in
Germany
Used midline vertical incision to expose the gland
Ligated superior and inferior thyroid arteries
Transfixed and double ligated the isthumus
Removed the mass completely
drtbalu's otolaryngology online 31
Incisions
drtbalu's otolaryngology online 32
Paul Sick's contribution
Credited with the first total extirpation of thyroid
gland in 1867
He was the first to report symptoms of thyroid
deprivation
drtbalu's otolaryngology online 33
Theodor Kocher and his 100 thyroid
surgeries
Kocher was credited with more than 100 thyroid
surgeries
He advised against total thyroidectomy
He believed total thyroidectomy somehow disturbed
blood supply to the brain
drtbalu's otolaryngology online 34
Recurrent laryngeal nerve
Anton Wolfer was the first to draw attention to the
recurrent laryngeal nerve
He also beleived ligation of inferior thyroid artery
somehow damaged the nerve
drtbalu's otolaryngology online 35
Billroth's approach
He used lateral incisions placed over the inner border
of sternomastoid muscle
He divided sternohyoid, omohyoid and sternothyroid
muscles transversely
Artery forceps was freely used by Billroth. This
facilitated better haemostasis
drtbalu's otolaryngology online 36
Near total thyroidectomy
First performed by Mikulicz
He left a sleeve of thyroid gland along the tracheo
oesophageal groove in order to protect the recurrent
laryngeal nerve from injury
He insisted that this technique is useful even in
treating malignant lesions of thyroid gland
drtbalu's otolaryngology online 37
Study of thyroid vasculature
Kocher studied vasculature of thyriod gland by
injecting colored fluid in the cadaver large vessels
He attempted to explain the tracheal oedema that
followed thyroid surgery by suggesting vascular
congestion to be the cause.
drtbalu's otolaryngology online 38
Berne's classification of thyroid
surgeries
Total extirpation
Partial thyroidectomy
Enucleation
drtbalu's otolaryngology online 39
Mayo's contribution
Mayo could boast of the most experience in thyroid
surgery than anyone else in this world
He was instrumental in disseminating vital knowledge
pertaining to thyroid surgery to other surgeons
His clinic played a vital role in this purpose and still
continues to do so