Ti final

titanium

1. A presentation on Made By :- Saket Choudhary (18) Sayantani Basak (21 ) TITANIUM

2. CONTENTS History Physical properties Ores Extraction process Alloys Applications

3. History 1791  The first titanium mineral, a black sand called Ilmenite , was discovered by the Reverend William Gregor in   Cornwall, Great Britain. He analysed & found that it was made up of oxides of iron and an unknown metal, which he named as gregorite and reported it to the Royal Geological Society of Cornwall 1795  A German scientist Martin Heinrich Klaproth of Berlin investigated a form of rutile ore (TiO 2 ) & he realised it was the oxide of a previously unknown element which he later named titanium 1910  It was not until 1910 that M. A. Hunter , working for General Electric in the USA, made pure titanium metal by heating titanium tetrachloride and sodium metal

4. Physical properties Atomic number (Z)  22 Atomic mass  47.867u Element category  T ransition metal Block  d-block Electron configuration  [ Ar ] 3d 2 4s 2 Electrons per shell  2, 8, 10, 2 Phase at STP  S olid Melting point  1941 K ​(1668 °C, ​3034 °F) Boiling point  3560 K ​(3287 °C, ​5949 °F) Density  4.506 g/cm 3 Appearance  Silvery grey-white metallic

5. Ores of titanium Titanium is the ninth-most abundant element in Earth's crust It is present as oxides in most igneous rocks, in sediments derived from them, in living things, and natural bodies of water Titanium-containing minerals or ores are :- Rutile  TiO 2 (Titanium dioxide) Ilmenite  FeTiO 3 (Iron titanium oxide ) Perovskite  CaTiO 3 (Calcium titanate ) Titanite or Sphene  CaTiSiO 5 (Calcium titanium nesosilicate mineral) Arizonite  Fe 2 Ti 3 O 9 Out of which, only rutile and ilmenite have economic importance. About 92% of world’s supplies are dependent on these two ores.

6. Rutile Ilmenite Perovskite Titanate or Sphene Interesting fact :- Titanium is not only present in earth’s crust but also in different stars and interstellar dust. Also, Rocks brought back from the Moon during the Apollo 17 mission were composed of 12.1% TiO 2 !

7. Extraction Process High Yield process(Ancient Methods) 1.Kroll’s Process 2.Hunter’s Process Low Yield process (Modern Methods ) 1.Electrolytic Process(Cambridge Process) 2.Armstrong’s Process( ITP,Chicago )

8. Some Interesting Question For Students What is difference between Kroll’s and Hunter’s process. What are different temperature required for Kroll’s and Hunter’s process.

9. Kroll’s Process The Kroll Process is named after William J. Kroll , who invented the process in 1940 to produce  zirconium . Overall reaction TiCl4(l) + 2Mg(l) 800 ˚C Ti(s) + 3MgCl2(l) Step1 :- The main ore of titanium is ilmenite (a  mineral composed of iron titanium oxide). We obtain titanium dioxide from ilmenite by treating it with sulfuric  acid: I ron titanium oxide  +   sulfuric acid      titanium dioxide  +  iron sulfate  +  water FeTiO 3   +   H 2 SO 4      TiO 2   +   FeSO 4   +  H 2 O

10. Step 2 :- Next we change titanium dioxide into titanium(IV) chloride. This involves using carbon but is not the final step in extraction of the metal . Titanium dioxide   +  carbon  +  chlorine  titanium(IV ) chloride  +  carbon dioxide TiO 2 (s )  +  C(s)  +  2 Cl 2 (g)     TiCl 4 (g )  +  CO 2 (g ) Step 3:- We cool down the products and titanium(IV) chloride condenses to a liquid. It is then distilled to purify it . Step 4:- Then we reduce the titanium(IV) chloride by heating it with magnesium or sodium in an atmosphere of argon gas. For example: Titanium(IV)chloride + Magnesium      titanium + magnesium chloride TiCl4(l) + 2Mg(l) Ti(s) + 3MgCl2(l)

11. Hunter’s Process Pure metallic titanium was first produced in 1910 by  M.A. Hunter  at  Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute  (Troy, New York, U.S .) Overall reaction TiCl4(g) + 4Na(g) 1000 ˚C Ti(s) + 4NaCl(l ) Step1 :- The main ore of titanium is ilmenite ( a mineral  composed of iron titanium oxide). We obtain titanium dioxide from ilmenite by treating it with sulfuric  acid : Iron titanium oxide + sulfuric acid      itanium dioxide   +  iron sulfate  +  water FeTiO 3   +  H 2 SO 4      TiO 2   +   FeSO 4   +  H 2 O

12. Step 2 :- Next we change titanium dioxide into titanium(IV) chloride. This involves using carbon but is not the final step in extraction of the metal . Titanium dioxide   +  carbon  +  chlorine  titanium(IV ) chloride  +  carbon dioxide TiO 2 (s )  +  C(s)  +  2 Cl 2 (g)     TiCl 4 (g )  +  CO 2 (g ) Step 3:- We cool down the products and titanium(IV) chloride condenses to a liquid. It is then distilled to purify it . Step 4:- Then we reduce the titanium(IV) chloride by heating it with magnesium or sodium in an atmosphere of argon gas. For example: Titanium(IV)chloride + Sodium      titanium + sodium chloride TiCl4(g) + 4Na(g) Ti(s) + 4NaCl(l)

13. Difference Between Kroll’ and Hunter’s Process Parameters Reactant Temperature Products Reactant Phase Product Type Kroll’s Process Magnesium (Mg) 800 Titanium Solid Liquid Powdery Titanium Hunter’s Process Sodium (Na) 1000 Titanium Solid Gas Crystalline Titanium

14. Cambridge Process It is an electrolytic reduction approach to produce Titanium by Derek Fray of Cambridge . In this process TiO2 is pressed into pellets and becomes the cathode in a 950°C (1740°F ) calcium chloride(CaCl2 ) bath. A graphite electrode is the anode . A current is applied, the oxygen is ionized and dissolves into the CaCl2 bath.

15. Armstrong’s Process It is a modification of Hunter’s Process in which titanium powder is produced in continues instead of batch. The Armstrong process produces titanium by the reduction of titanium tetrachloride through reaction with sodium. In this process, TiCl4 vapor is injected into a stream of molten sodium. The excess sodium cools the reaction products and carries them to separation stages , where the excess sodium and salt are removed.

16. Interesting facts about Titanium Titanium is the fourth most common structural metal in the earth’s crust . Only iron, aluminum, and magnesium are more abundant.   M.H. Klaproth gave the metal  constituent of this oxide the name titanium, after the Titans, the giants of  Greek mythology . More titanium is available than nickel,copper , chromium, lead, tin, and zinc put together . Before Hall- Heroult , aluminum was produced by sodium reduction and was more expensive than gold. Now aluminum costs less than $ 1.00/ lb (Washington Monument ,1884).

17. Titanium alloys The crystal structure of titanium at ambient temperature and pressure is close-packed hexagonal α -phase. At about 890°C, the titanium undergoes an allotropic transformation to a body- centred cubic β-phase which remains stable to the melting temperature. Some alloying elements raise the alpha-to-beta transition temperature (i.e. alpha stabilizers) while others lower the transition temperature (i.e. beta stabilizers ). Aluminium , gallium, germanium, carbon, oxygen and nitrogen are alpha(α) stabilizers. Molybdenum, vanadium, tantalum, niobium, manganese, iron, chromium , cobalt, nickel ,copper and silicon are beta( β ) stabilizers. Alloy grades - By varying the type and composition of metals added, 38 different alloys are used for commercial purposes. Major alloyed metals are aluminium , vanadium, chromium and molydenum .

18. Types of alloys Alpha alloys- These alloys contain neutral alloying elements (such as tin) and/or alpha stabilizers (such as aluminium or oxygen) only. These are not heat treatable . Eg :- Ti-2.5Cu, Ti-5Al-2.5Sn, etc. Near-alpha alloys- These alloys contain small amount of ductile beta-phase. Besides alpha-phase stabilizers, near-alpha alloys are alloyed with 1-2% of beta phase stabilizers such as molybdenum, silicon or vanadium. Eg :- T i-6Al-2Nb-1Ta-0.8 Mo, Ti-5Al-5Sn-2Zr-2Mo, etc. Alpha & Beta Alloys- These are metastable and generally include some combination of both alpha and beta stabilizers, and which can be heat treated. Eg :- Ti-6Al-4V, Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn, etc. Beta Alloys- These are metastable and which contain sufficient beta stabilizers (such as molybdenum, silicon and vanadium to allow them to maintain the beta phase when quenched, and which can also be solution treated and aged to improve strength . Eg :- Ti-13V-11Cr-3Al, Ti-8Mo-8V-2Fe-3Al, etc.

19. Pure Ti has low strength, therefore, strength can be improved by alloying High strength to weight ratio α-Ti alloy has high creep strength & reasonable ductility β-Ti alloys are heavier , stronger & less ductile ( α + β) alloys shows good strength-ductility combination Titanium alloys has moderate tensile strength High Melting point Titanium alloys properties

20. Applications INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS Aerospace application:- Due to high tensile strength to density ratio. Turbines blades:-Withstand moderately high temperature without creeping. Armor plating To make Oil and Gas pipeline.

21. 2. BIOLOGICAL APPLICATION Joint Replacements Titanium’s biocompatibility means that it can be fused to bone without the risk of severe side effects, reactions or infection. The composition of the titanium is readily accepted by a patient’s body. Dental Implants Titanium is used in Dental implant because it’s light weight metal and it won’t react with any chemical. Also is used because combined easily with the real bone. Sunscreen 3D Printing With Titanium

22. 3 . ENVIRONMENT APPLICATIONS Air purification OH+ stuck around the germs cells and pollutant particles and therefore Pollutant particles become unstable and Splits into CO2 and H2O harmless particles. Water purification Deodorization .

23. 4 . Emerging Applications Computer Industry Hard disk drives:- Compared to aluminium , which is the primary material currently used, titanium provides significant advantages. Its non-magnetic properties prevent interference with the data storage process. Automotive Industry Engine parts such as connecting rods, wrist pins, valves, valve retainers and springs, rocker arms and camshafts, to name a few, lend themselves to fabrication from titanium, because it is durable, strong, lightweight and resists heat and corrosion. Geothermal Power There are new opportunities in geothermal power generation, where highly caustic steam released from the earth is captured to generate electricity.

24. References NPTEL video l ecture (IITK) by Prof. H. S. Ray. https :// www.britannica.com/technology/titanium-processing#ref623435 https://titaniumprocessingcenter.com/what-is-the-kroll-process / https://www.patana.ac.th/parents/curriculum/chemistry/units / http://www.timet.com / TITANIUM Process Technologies Images from Google.

25. THANK YOU