TLR

TOll Like Receptors Immunological receptors.

1. TLR Done by Dr Anees Alsaadi Nov . 2008

2. What are Toll-like receptors ? Are receptors involved in the innate immune system . Recognize specific molecular patterns that are present in microbial components.

3. Discovery of TLR ? Named for their similarity to Toll , a receptor first identified in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogast er . The first reported human Toll-like receptor was described by Nomura and colleagues in 1994. 1997, Charles Janeway and Ruslan Medzhitov showed that a Toll-like receptor now known as TLR4 could, induce the activation of an adaptive immune response.

4. Where are TLR receptors found ? TLR family members are expressed by: Neutrophils. Macrophages. Dendritic cells. Dermal endothelial cells. Mucosal epithelial cells. TLR2 and TLR4 expressed on B and T cells.

5. Are they intracellular or extracellular? Most TLRs are on the cell surface except of TLR9 , which is an intracellular In MQ TLR4 expressed on cell surface and is internalized following engagement of the ligand . In TLR4 epithelial cells it resides in the Golgi apparatus.

6. What are the structure of TLR ?

7. What are the functions of TLR receptors ? Engagement of TLRs with their ligands leads to: Pro-inflammatory cytokines, Chemokines , Effector molecules. TLR2 Staphylococcus aureus . Haemophilus influenzae or with RSV persist longer in the lungs of TLR4 -deficient mice .

8. What are the functions of TLR receptors ?

9. What are the functions of TLR receptors ?

10. How is the signaling in TLR ?

11. How is the signaling in TLR ?

12. How is the signaling in TLR ?

13. How is TLR being regulated ?

14. Thank you