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This is notes for python in MCA batch.
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MadanMohan MalaviyaUniv. of Technology, Gorakhpur
PROGRAMMING IN PYTHON
MCA-161A
4 Credits (3-0-2)
MCA 5
th
Sem (2020-21)
R K Dwivedi
Assistant Professor
Department of ITCA
MMMUT Gorakhpur

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Programming Basics and Decision Making
1.Introduction:
KeyfeaturesandapplicationsofPython,
PythonEditorsandCompilers(Interpreters),
UsingdifferentofflineandonlinePythonIDE,
InteractingwithPythonprograms
2.Datatypes:
Numeric,Boolean,Strings,Lists,Tuples,Sets,Dictionary
3.Variables:
Declarationandinitialization
4.SimpleStatements:
Takinginputsfromuser,Displayingoutputs
5.Otherconcepts:
Operators,Expressions,Indentation,Comments,Casting
6.Conditionalstatements:
if…elif…else
Contents

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1.Introduction

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1. Introduction
Keyfeatures
•Itismostwidelyused,high-level,general-purpose,multi-purposeandinterpretedprogramminglanguage.
•TherearetwomajorPythonversions:Python2andPython3(latestversionis3.7.1,wecansimplycallitasPython3).
•ItwascreatedbyGuidoVanRossum,andreleasedin1991.Python3.0wasreleasedin2008.
•ItisdevelopedunderanOSI-approvedopensourcelicense,makingitfreelyusableanddistributable,evenfor
commercialuse.
•Python works on different platforms (Windows, Mac, Linux, Raspberry Pi, etc). It is portable across operating systems.
•Python has a simple syntax similar to the English language.
•Python runs on an interpretersystem, meaning that code can be executed as soon as it is written.
•Python can be treated in a proceduralway, an object-orientatedway or a functional way.
•Itsdesignphilosophyemphasizescodereadability.
•Itssyntaxallowsprogrammerstoexpressconceptsinfewerlinesofcode.
•Thebestwaywelearnanythingisbypracticeandexercisequestions.
•Python uses new linesto complete a commandinstead of semicolons or parentheses.
•Python uses indentationthrough whitespaceinstead of curly-brackets, to define the scope of loops, functions and classes.
•Python can connect to databasesystems. It can also read and modify files.
•It is very well suited for beginners and also for experienced programmers with other programming languages like
C++ and Java.
•The biggest strength of Python is huge collection of standard libraries that can be required inmany applications
(NumPy for numerical calculations, Pandas for data analytics etc).
•you can download it for free from the following website:https://www.python.org/

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1. Introduction
ApplicationsofPython
•Pythoncanbeusedonaservertocreatewebapplications.
•ItcanbeusedtocreateGUIbaseddesktopapplications(Games,ScientificandBusinessApplications).
•Itisalsousedtocreatetestframeworksandmultimediaapplications.
•Itisusedtodevelopoperatingsystemsandprogramminglanguage.
•It can be used to handle image processing, text processing and natural language processing.
•It can be used to create programs for machine learning, deep learning, data science, big dataand data analytics
applications.
•It can also perform complex mathematics along with all cutting edge technology in software industry.
Organizations and tech-giant companies using Python :
1) Google(Components of Google spider and Search Engine)
2) Yahoo(Maps)
3) YouTube
4) Mozilla
5) Dropbox
6) Microsoft
7) Cisco
8) Spotify
9) Quora
10) Instagram
11)Amazon
12)Facebook
13)Uber etc.

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1. Introduction
PythonEditorsandInterpreters
•Pythonisinterpretedlanguagei.eit’snotcompiledandtheinterpreterwill
checkthecodelinebyline.
•Codecanbewritteninatexteditorwith.pyextensionandthenitcanbeputintothe
pythoninterpreterforexecution.

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1. Introduction
UsingdifferentofflineandonlinePythonIDE
OfflineIDE: Thonny,Pycharm,Spyder,IDLE,NetbeansorEclipsePyDevetc.
OnlineIDE: https://www.w3schools.com/python/
https://www.w3resource.com/python/python-tutorial.php
https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/python-programming-language/
https://www.tutorialspoint.com/execute_python_online.php

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1. Introduction
InteractingwithPythonprograms

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2.Datatypes

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2. Data types
Pythonisdynamicallytypedlanguage(Noneedtomentiondatatypebasedonvalueassigned,ittakesdatatype)
Youcangetthedatatypeofanyobjectbyusingthetype()function

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2. Data types
NumericType:int,float,complex

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2. Data types
BooleanType:bool

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2. Data types
TextType(Strings):str
We can assign a string to a variable as below:
a ="Hello“
We can assign a multiline stringto a variable by using three single or three double quotes
as below:
(Note:in the result, the line breaks are inserted at the same position as in the code.):
a =’‘’Hi everyone,
This is Python Class.’‘’
a =”””Hi everyone,
This is Python Class.”””
To concatenate, or combine, two strings we can use the + operator as below:
a ="Hello"
b =“Class"
c = a +" "+ b
We cannot combine stringsand numberslike this:
age =30
txt ="My name is XYZ, I am "+ age

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2. Data types
TextType(Strings):str …continued

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2. Data types
TextType(Strings):str …continued

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2. Data types
SequenceType:list
Listisacollectionwhichisordered,indexedandchangeable.Itallowsduplicate
members.
Listsarewrittenwithsquarebrackets[].
Wecanaccesslistitemsbyreferringtotheindexnumber,insidesquare
brackets.

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2. Data types
SequenceType:list …continued

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2. Data types
SequenceType:tuple
Tupleisacollectionwhichisordered,indexedandunchangeable.Itallows
duplicatemembers.
Tuplesarewrittenwithroundbrackets().
Wecanaccesstupleitemsbyreferringtotheindexnumber,insidesquare
brackets.

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2. Data types
SequenceType:tuple …continued

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2. Data types
SetType:set
Setisacollectionwhichisunordered,unindexedandunchangeable.Itdoes
notallowduplicatemembers.
Setsarewrittenwithcurlybrackets{}.

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2. Data types
MappingType(Dictionary):dict
Dictionaryisacollectionwhichisunordered,indexedandchangeable.Itdoes
notallowduplicatemembers.
Dictionariesarewrittenwithcurlybrackets,andtheyhavekeysandvalues.
Wecanaccesstheitemsofadictionarybyreferringtoitskeyname,insidesquare
brackets.

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3.Variables

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3. Variables
Declarationandinitialization
Variablesarecontainersforstoringdatavalues.
Pythonhasnocommandfordeclaringavariable.
Avariableiscreatedthemomentyoufirstassignavaluetoit.
Rules for Python variables:
❖A variable name must start with a letter or the underscore character
❖A variable name cannot start with a number
❖A variable name can only contain alpha-numeric characters and underscores (A-z, 0-9,
and _ )
❖Variable names are case-sensitive (age, Age and AGE are three different variables)
Variablesdonotneedtobedeclaredwithanyparticulartypeandcanevenchangetype
aftertheyhavebeenset.
Stringvariablescanbedeclaredeitherbyusingsingleordoublequotes.
Wecanassignvaluestomultiplevariablesinoneline.
Wecanassignthesamevaluetomultiplevariablesinoneline.

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3. Variables
Declarationandinitialization …continued

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4.SimpleStatements

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4. Simple Statements
Takinginputsfromuser
Python3.6usestheinput()methodwhilePython2.7usestheraw_input()method.

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4. Simple Statements
Displayingoutputs
printstatementisoftenusedtooutputvariables.
Toconcatenatetwoormorestringsorstringvariablesthe+characterisused.
Fornumbers,the+characterworksasamathematicaloperator.
Ifyoutrytocombineastringandanumber,Pythonwillgiveyouanerror.

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5.OtherConcepts

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5. Other Concepts
OperatorsandExpressions
•Arithmetic operators (+, -, *, /, %, **, //)
•Assignment operators (=, +=, -=, *=, /=, %=, **=, //=, &=, |=, <<=, >>=, ^=)
•Comparison operators (==, !=, <, >, <=, >=)
•Logical operators (and, or, not)
•Identity operators (is, is not)
•Membership operators (in, not in)
•Bitwise operators (&, |, ^, ~, <<, >>)

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5. Other Concepts
OperatorsandExpressions …continued
Arithmetic operators
** is used for Exponentiation and // is used for Floor division.

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5. Other Concepts
OperatorsandExpressions …continued
Logical operators

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5. Other Concepts
OperatorsandExpressions …continued
Identity operators

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5. Other Concepts
OperatorsandExpressions …continued
Identity operators

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5. Other Concepts
OperatorsandExpressions …continued
Membership operators

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5. Other Concepts
Indentation
Indentationreferstothespacesatthebeginningofacodeline.
Whereinotherprogramminglanguagestheindentationincodeisforreadabilityonly,
theindentationinPythonisveryimportant.
Pythonusesindentationtoindicateablockofcode.Otherlanguagesoftenusecurly-
bracketsforthispurpose.
Pythonwillgiveyouanerrorifyouskiptheindentation.
Thenumberofspacesisuptoyouasaprogrammer,butithastobeatleastone.
Youhavetousesamenumberofspacesinthesameblockofcode,otherwisePython
willgiveyouanerror.
CorrectExample:
if5>2:
print("Five is greater than two!")
if5>2:
print("Five is greater than two!")

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5. Other Concepts
Comments
Commentsstartswitha#,andPythonwillignorethem.
Pythondoesnotreallyhaveasyntaxformultilinecomments.
Toaddamultilinecommentyoucouldinserta#foreachline.
Since Python will ignore string literals that are not assigned to a variable, you
can add a multiline string (triple quotes) in your code, and place your comment
inside it.

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5. Other Concepts
Casting
Castingcanbedoneusingconstructors:int(),float(),str()

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6.ConditionalStatements

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6. Conditional Statements
if…elif…else
a =200
b =33
ifb > a:
print("b is greater than a")
elifa == b:
print("a and b are equal")
else:
print("a is greater than b")
If you have only one statement to execute, you can put it on the same line as the if
statement.
ifa > b:print("a is greater than b")

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6. Conditional Statements
if…elif…else

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6. Conditional Statements
if…elif…else
Ternary Operators, orConditional Expressions
If you have only one statement to execute, one for if, and one for else, you can put it
all on the same line.
a=2
b =330
print("A")ifa > belseprint("B")
You can also have multiple else statements on the same line.
a =330
b =330
print("A")ifa > belseprint("=")ifa == belseprint("B")
Logical operators to combine conditional statements
Theand/orkeywords are logical operators, and can be used as below:
ifa > b and a > c:
ifa > b or a > c:

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6. Conditional Statements
Ternaryoperator

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6. Conditional Statements
Logicaloperator

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6. Conditional Statements
if…elif…else
Nested if
You can have if statements inside if statements, this is called nested if
statements.
x =41
ifx >10:
print("Above ten,")
ifx >20:
print("and also above 20!")
else:
print("but not above 20.")

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6. Conditional Statements
Nestedif

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6. Conditional Statements
if…elif…else
Pass statement
if statements cannot be empty, but if you for some reason have an if statement
with no content, put in the pass statement to avoid getting an error.
a =33
b =200
ifb > a:
pass

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6. Conditional Statements
Passstatement

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Queries ?