Tobacco

Tobacco breeding

1. Kingdom:Plantae
Clade:Angiosperms
Clade:Eudicots
Clade:Asterids
Order:Solanales
Family:Solanaceae
Genus:Nicotiana
Species:N.tabacum
Binomial name
NicotianatabacumL.
Tobacco
2n=2x=48
Origin: America

2. Introduction
Tobaccoisaleadingcommercialcropvaluedfor
itsleafcontainingseveralimportantphyto-chemicals
includingnicotine.
Conventionally,tobaccoisusedinthe
manufactureofcigarettes,bidis,scentedchewing
mixtures,cigars,cheroots,zarda,hookah,hookah
tobaccopaste,snuff,gutka,quiwametc.
Tobaccoisusedasapsychoactivedrug,narcotic,
painkillerandpesticide.

4. InIndia,tobaccoisanimportantcommercialcrop
fetchingmorethanRs.4,400croresofforeignexchange
andgeneratesoverRs14,000croresexciserevenuetothe
exchequer,besidesgivingdirectorindirectlivelihoodto
nearly34millionpeople.
Indiantobaccohasanedgeovertheleadingtobacco
producingcountriesintermsofavailabilityofdifferent
stylesproducedwithrelativelylowproductioncosts.
SomeofthepositiveandsignificantfeaturesofIndian
tobaccoarethelowerlevelsofheavymetals,Tobacco
SpecificNitrosamines(TSNAs)andpesticideresidues
comparedtoothertobaccoproducingcountries.

5. Tobaccoasamodel
plant
•Sexual/asexual
propagation
•Easy manual
hybridization
•Autogamousspecies
witharelativelyshort
cycle(9-100days)
•Widevariabilityand
•producealarge
numberofseedsper
plant.

6. Originanddistribution
TobaccooriginatesfromSouthAmerica.
ThebotanicalgenusNicotianaofSolanaceafamilycontains
overSixtyfourSpecies,ofwhichonlytwoarecultivated-
extensivelyi.e.,NicotianatabacumandNicotianarustica.
Thewordtobaccoisgenerallyusedforreferringtoproduce
oftabacumspices.InIndia,tabacumcoversthelargestarea
andrusticaplaysarelativelyminorrole.
Tabacumvarietieshavebeendevelopedmainlyfor
Cigarette,Cigar,Cheroot,Bidi,Hookah,ChewingandSnuff.
Onthecontrary,rusticavarietiesareusedonlyforhookah,
chewingandSnuff.

9. Nicotianaspecies(Solanaceae)arewidelydistributed,
mainlyintheAmericasandAustralia.
Nicotianaafricanaistheonlyspeciesindigenousto
Africa.

10. N.tabacumisanallotetraploid,2n=4x=48chromosomes
andwastheresultofacrossingeventbetweenthespecies
N.sylvestris(2n=24)andN.tomentosiformis(2n=24),
followedbychromosomeduplication.
Indiaoccupies2
nd
placeintobaccoproduction(750Mkg)
afterChina(2350Mkg)and2ndinExports(260Mkg)after
Brazil(730Mkg).
ThebulkofIndiantobaccocomesmainlyfromAndhra
PradeshandGujrat.AndhraPradeshandGujratarefamous
forCigaretteandBiditobacco,respectively.
WestBengal,oneoftheimportantproducersofChewing
andHookahtobacco.

11. Tobacco production

12. Nicotianaglaucaisaspeciesofwildtobaccoknownbythe
commonnametreetobaccoanditsleavesandstemsare
neitherpubescentnorstickylikeNicotianatabacum.

13. Types of Tobacco based on curing
Curingisjustamethodofpreparingtheleafforfurther
processing,orforimmediateuse,usuallybyusinga
procedurewhichminimizesoreliminatescertaininherent
negativequalities.
1.Air curing
2.Flue curing
3.Fire curing
4.Sun curing
5.Fermentation by pressure-Perique
6.Fermentation by bulking -Cigar tobacco.

14. 1.Aircuring-
Curingbyallowingtheleavestodrybyexposuretoopenair.
Thisprocesscanalsoincludeusingfanstoforceairmovementtoacceleratethe
lossofmoisture.
Darkaircured(DAC)-usedprimarilyfordarkBurley
LightAir-Cured(LAC)-BurleyandMarylandtobaccotypes

15. 2.Fluecuring
Curingbyexposuretoindirectheat,createdbymovinghotair,smokeorsteam
throughaflueorpipe,andallowingtheheattoradiatetotheenclosureit’shoused
within.
Thehigherheatcausesamorerapiddryingeffect,andisthetraditionalmethod
forcuringVirginiaorBrightleaf,whichgetsitsyellowcolorfromtheheatexposure.
Fluecuredtobaccogenerallyhasmoresugar,lessoilandalowernicotine
content.

16. Curing Broadleaf Tobacco in a Ventilated Barn

18. 3.Firecuring
Equivalentofbarbecuing.
Withthismethod,theleafisexposedtoopenfires(smolderingratherthan
blazing)thatgiveoffsmoke.
Insomecases,theamountofsmokeisfairlymoderate.
DarkfiredKentucky(aformofBurley)hasamodestsmokinessthataddsa
woodsybite.
Latakiaisalsoafirecuredtobacco,butwithafarmorepronouncedsmoke
flavorandaromaduetotheintensityofthefumesandaromaticqualityofthe
woodused.

19. Barbecuing

20. 4.Suncuring
UsedmostlyforOrientaltobaccoorTerkishtobacco
Orientaltobaccostendtoberatheraverageinnicotine,
buttendtowardslightlyacidictosomewhatalkalinedueto
arelativelylowsugarcontent.

21. 5.Fermentationbypressure
Eg.Perique-themoststronglyflavoredofalltobaccos.
Theleavesarepackedinbarrelsandsubjectedtopressurefroma
screwjackwhichburststhecellsandtheresultingjuicesthenferment
andarereintroducedtotheleafatalatertime.
Ayear’sworthoffermentationhelpsdevelopdeeperflavorandabit
moresweetnessthanthebaseleafexhibited.

22. 6.Fermentationbybulking-Cigartobacco
Fermentationproducedbypilingbalesoftobacco(called
bulks)untilthepressurecreatestheonsetoffermentation
andthenthetemperatureiscloselymonitored,asthe
temperaturehasamajorinfluenceontheflavorandthe
colorofthefinishedleaf.
USDAcertifiedorganictobacco-ORGANICGREENRIVER
ONESUCKERTOBACCO(GROS)
Shadetobacco:ConnecticutinUSAisknownas"Tobacco
Valley“
Thuoclao:Thuoclaoisanicotine-rich(althoughnotas
strongasmapacho)typeoftobaccogrownexclusively
inVietnamandisoftensmokedbyVietnamesericefarmers.

23. Shade tobacco: Connecticut in USAis known as "Tobacco Valley“

24. Types of tobacco cultivated in India
Type Cultivated States
1. FCV Tobacco Andhra Pradesh & Karnataka
2. Bidi Tobacco Gujarat & Karnataka
3. Cigar & Cheroot Tamil Nadu & West Bengal
4. Hookah Tobacco Assam, West Bengal, Bihar & UP
5. Chewing & Snuff Tamil Nadu, West Bengal, Bihar, Assam & U.P.
6. Natu, Burley, Lanka Andhra Pradesh & HDBRG
HDBRG(HarveldeBaixoRioGrande)tobacco,oneofthepremium
burleyvarieties,isgrowninblacksoilsofGunturandPrakasam
districts.

25. Brightleaftobacco
leafready for
harvest.Whenitturns
yellow-greenthesugarcontent
isatitspeak,anditwillcuretoa
deepgoldencolorwithmild
taste.

26. Breedingobjectives
1.Highyielding:Improvingtobaccoplantforhigherleaf
biomass.
2.Superiorleafquality:Desirableleafqualitysuitableforits
conventionalusesofsmoking,chewingandsnuffing.
3.Improvingtheinputuseefficiency(N,K&water)
4.Developmentofbioticandabioticstresstolerant
varieties:IncorporatingresistancetoTMV(Tobaccomosaic
virus),Damping-off,Blackshank,Brownspot,Hollowstalk,
Fusariumwilt.

27. 5.Reductionofharmfulsubstances
Smoketar(nicotinefreetotalparticulatematter),carbon
monoxideandtobaccospecificnitrosamines(TSNA)arethe
chemicalsubstancesresponsiblefortobaccorelatedhealth
problems.
Inviewofthis,reducingthesesubstancesinthecultivated
varietiesisessentialfortheproductionofsafertobacco.
ReductionofTSNA(<1ppm)inburleytobaccoandsmoketar
(<12mg/cigarette)inFCVtobaccoareimportantbreeding
objectives.
ResearchatCTRIanditsresearchstationsresultedinthe
developmentoflowtaradvancedFCVbreedinglinesviz.,JS-117,
JS-78andJS-62andlowTSNAburleyline,324C.
Lowtarline,JS-117andlowtarhybrid,NLSH-1areinthepre-
releaseevaluationstage.

28. 6. Production of higher levels of phytochemicals
Valuable phytochemicals produced in tobacco, their products and uses.

29. 7.Uniformripening:
Uniformlyripetobaccoleafisdesirableforthecuring
process.
8.Mechanizationoftobaccocultivation
Mechanizationoftobaccoproductionincluding
•seedlingproduction,
•planting,
•Stitching,
•unloading,
•fieldoperations,
•barntechnology,
•seedprocessingand
•deliveryformanpowersaving

32. De-suckering

33. Breedingmethods
Themagnitudeofheterosisinburleytobaccoishigher
thanthatinflue-curedtobacco.
Therefore,flue-curedtobaccobreedingprogrammesare
gearedtowardstheproductionofpurelinesratherthan
hybrids.
DevelopmentofHybridtobaccos
•Researcheffortsresultedinthedevelopmentandreleaseof
twoBidihybrids,GTH-1andMRGTH-1(Mosaicresistance)and
achewinghybrid,Kamatchi.
•Inaddition,twoFCVtobaccohybrids(CH1andCH-3)were
identifiedforreleased.

34. Problems encountered in flue-cured tobacco breeding
Tobaccohasanarrowgeneticbase,whichrestrictsgeneticadvance.
Nicotineandtotalnitrogenconcentrationsoftheleafarenegatively
correlatedtoyield.Itisspeculatedthattherewillbeamarketdemand
forthetobaccoleafwithalownicotineconcentration.Breeding
programmesmaytakeadvantageofthisnaturallyoccurring
phenomenontosatisfythespeculativemarketdemandforleafwith
lownicotine.
Sustainedanti-tobaccocampaign-healthhazards.
Increaseincostofproductionduetoescalationininputcostsand
labourwages,lackofenergyandlaboursavingdevicesintobacco
cultivation,
Issueofdeforestationduetofire-woodusedintobaccocuringand
shortageofcoalforcuringtobacco,vagariesofweather,
Lackoforganizedmarketingsystemfornon-FCVtobaccosimilarto
thesysteminvogueforFCVtobaccoetc.

35. Anti-tobacco campaign

37. •Bio-engineeredproducts:Tobaccoplantsarebeing
usedashostsforbioengineeringprocessesto
producenewantibiotics,vaccines,cancer
treatments,othermedicines,bloodsubstitutesand
biodegradableplasticsandindustrialenzymesand
solvents.
•Developmentofgeneticallyengineeredtobacco
plantsthatcouldcleanupcontaminatedareas
aroundweaponsfactoriesandammunitionsdumps
justbybeinggrowninthecontaminateddirt.
Biotechnology in Tobacco

38. Schematic diagram of
different approaches of
phytoremediation

39. Combiningnewplantbreedingtechniques
(CRISPR/CAS9)toturntobaccoleavesintoorganicfactories
producingbeneficialmoleculesforvaccines,antibodies
andcosmeticproducts,insteadofmakingcigarettes.
Thisistheobjectiveofthe7.2millioneuroEU
projectNewcotiana,forrevivingthetraditionalcultivation
oftobacco,withthepurposeofcreatingnewsustainable
applicationswhicharegoodforhealth.
Manufacturingofsmallmoleculessuchascarotenoids,
playingaprotectiverolefortheeyeandpyridinicalkaloids
usefulinthepalliativetreatmentofmultiple
sclerosisandAlzheimer.