TOEFL MATERIAL. This topic is about structure and written expression

TOEFL (Structure and Written Expression)

1. STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSION Nurwahida, S.Pd ., MA TESOL SAINT MICHAEL’S COLLEGE, USA

2. STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSION 1. Structure (Question 1-15) 2. Written Expression (Question 16-40)

3. General Strategies Be familiar with the directions. Begin with questions 1 through 15. Continue with questions 16 through 40. Guess to complete the section before time is up. Never leave any answer blank. Study the sentence. Do not spend too much time on the structure questions.

4. Skill 1: Be Sure the Sentence Has a Subject and a Verb A sentence in English must have at least one subject and one verb Subject= noun  Noun is someone or something

5. What can be a subject: Pure noun = pen, doctor Pronoun= I, you, we, they, she, he, it Gerund: reading, loving, etc. To V1 = To miss you is the reason why I am here Noun phrase : a new book Menerangkan Diterangkan 6. Noun clause Where he lives is not known.

6. Skill 1: Be Sure the Sentence Has a Subject and a Verb Example 1 ____was backed up for miles on the freeway. Yesterday In the morning Traffic cars

7. Skill 1: Be Sure the Sentence Has a Subject and a Verb Example 2 Engineers____for work on the new space program. Necessary Are needed Hopefully Next month

8. What can be a predicate/verb Verb ( kata kerja ) : verb 1 and verb 2 Auxiliary (kata kerja bantu ) a. to be ( is, am, are, was, were ) b. to do ( do, does, did ) (negative dan pertanyaan ) c. to have ( have, has, had ) d. modals ( will, can, shall, may, must, would, should, could, might, etc .) + verb 1

9. Have/ has:present + V3 had= past + V3 I have eaten: saya sudah / telah makan I had eaten when you came yesterday: saya telah makan ketika kamu datang kemarin She/he/it = has + verb 3 I/you/they/we =have + verb 3

10. Provide provided provided

11. I don’t study = present ( sekarang ) I didn’t study = past ( lampau ) She/he/it doesn’t study She/he/I/we/they/it/you didn’t study

12. Auxiliary (kata kerja bantu ) a. to be ( is, am, are, was, were ) I am drinking ( kalimat aktif ) I am walking The water is drunk ( kalimat pasif ) The apple is eaten

13. semua to be (am/is/are/was/were) + Ving = kalimat aktif (me/ ber ) Semua to be (am/is/are/was/were) + VIII= kalimat pasif (di/ ter )

14. The car is sold The car is stolen The car was stolen The car will be stolen The car has been stolen Sell sold sold Steal stole stolen

15. Saya sudah makan I have eaten / I haven’t eaten I have studied I have drunk I have finished She/he has

16. Skill 2: Be Careful of Object of Prepositions An object of preposition is a noun or pronoun that comes after a preposition, such as in, at, of, to, by, behind, on , after, and so on, to form a prepositional phrase. (After his exams) Tom will take a trip (by boat) Example 1 With his friend____found the movie theater. has He Later when

17. Example 1 With his friend____found the movie theater. has He Later when With/in/at/on/to/by/behind/after/between/before/for/

18. Flowers = subject Can be delivered = verb

19. Skill 3: Be Careful of Appositives

20. Example 1

21. Example 2

22. PARTICIPLES (Kata kerja yang berfungsi sebagai kata sifat ) PAST PARTICIPLES The book written by Randi is interesting. (kata sifat ) The man has written a book. (kata kerja ) PRESENTS PARTICIPLES The girl writing a note is a pharmacist. (kata sifat ) The girl is writing a poem. (Kata kerja )

23. The man has written woman / women The men have written The book The books Mouse tooth Teeth mice

24. PARTICIPLES (Kata kerja yang berfungsi sebagai kata sifat ) PAST PARTICIPLES V.3 Pasif Yang di-/ ter The book written last year was sold out PRESENTS PARTICIPLES V.ing Aktif Yang me-/ ber - The girl dancing in the cafe is my friend. PARTICIPLES

25. Skill 4: Be Careful of Present Participles

26. Example

27. Skill 5: Be Careful of Past Participles

28. Example

29. SENTENCES WITH MULTIPLE CLAUSES

30. SKILL 6. COORDINATE CONNECTORS And but or so yet S V, coordinate connector S V She laughed, but she wanted to cry

31. Example:

32. Skill 7: Use Adverb Time and Cause Connectors Correctly

33. Cause Karena Because Since For As Because of Due to + Phrase S + Verb Example: She doesn’t go to campus because it is raining . S V 2. She doesn’t go to campus because of the bad weather . Phrase

34. Example:

35. Skill 8: Use Other Adverb Connectors Correctly

36. Contrast Meskipun Although Even though Though Despite In spite of + Phrase S + Verb Example: She always reads a book although she is tired . S V 2. She goes to campus despite the bad weather . Phrase

37. MORE SENTENCES WITH MULTIPLE CLAUSES

38. Skill 9: Use Noun Clause Connectors Correctly

39. Noun = 1. as a subject 2. as an object: a. object of verb= I love you. b. object of preposition= She came here with him.

40. Example: 1. I know when he will arrive. 2. When he will arrive is not important. 3. I don’t know where she lives . ( Benar ) I don’t know where does she live . (Salah) S Verb Noun Clause as Object Noun Clause as Subject

41. I don’t know where she lives . ( Benar ) WH-Q + S + verb I don’t know where does she live . (Salah) WH-Q + Aux. + S Noun Clause  Pernyataan WH-Q + S + auxiliary/verb

42. Skill 10: Use Noun Clause Connectors/Subjects Correctly

43. Example 1. I don’t know what is in the box. s v noun clause as an object 2. Whoever is coming to the party must bring a gift. noun as a subject verb

44. Skill 11 and 12: Adjective Clause Klausa yang menjelaskan kata benda , bermakna “ yang ” who, whom, whose, which, that, where, when Human: Non-Human: Who = subjek Whom= objek Whose = kepunyaan Which = subjek / objek Of which = kepunyaan

45. Human: Non-Human: Who + auxiliary/verb Whom + S + auxiliary/verb Whose + Noun Which + auxiliary/verb Which + S + auxiliary/verb Example: The man who is reading a book is my brother. The girl whom you met yesterday is a doctor. The girl whose hair is long is my neighbor. The book which I read is interesting.

46. Example:

47. Example: