Tokyo country
AsraHafeez
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Mar 29, 2020
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About This Presentation
The history of Tokyo.
Slide Content
INFORMATION
TECHNNOLOGY AND
DATABASE
MANAGEMENT
TECHNNOLOGY AND
DATABASE
MANAGEMENT
Page | 1
Page | 2
Submitted to
MS Rumana Khan
(Assistant Professor)
Department of City and Regional Planning
School of Architecture and Planning
University of Management and Technology, Lahore
Spring, 2019
Submitted to
MS Rumana Khan
(Assistant Professor)
Department of City and Regional Planning
School of Architecture and Planning
University of Management and Technology, Lahore
Spring, 2019
Page | 3
DECLARATION
I hereby, declare that this project is the outcome of my own efforts and has not been published anywhere
else before. The matter quoted in this text has been properly referenced and acknowledged.
WORK BY
Asra Hafeez
DECLARATION
I hereby, declare that this project is the outcome of my own efforts and has not been published anywhere
else before. The matter quoted in this text has been properly referenced and acknowledged.
WORK BY
Asra Hafeez
Page | 4
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my Information Technology and
Database Management miss “Miss Rumana Khan Shirwani” for their able guidance and support
in completing our project.
DATE Information Technology and Database Management
29/03/2019
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my Information Technology and
Database Management miss “Miss Rumana Khan Shirwani” for their able guidance and support
in completing our project.
DATE Information Technology and Database Management
29/03/2019
Page | 5
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter 1. General Information about Developed and Developing Countries…………………………. 7-8
Chapter 2. Information about Cities…………………………………………………………………... 9-23
a. Location…………………………………………………………………………………………… 9
b. Historical Development………………………………………………………………………9 -10
c. Landmarks…………………………………………………………………………………..10 -11
d. Important Information………………………………………………………………………... 11-23
Chapter 3. Demography and Statistics…………………………………….……………………… .…24-27
Chapter 4. Urban Growth, Urban Form and Land Use………………………………………………. 28-30
Chapter 5. Institutional Set up/ Governance…………………………………………………………. 31
Chapter 6. Current Development Projects………………………………………………………………. 32
Chapter 7. Key Issues and Challenges...........................................................................................…...33-34
Chapter 8. Innovative Solutions, Projects and Initiatives………………………………………………. .35
Chapter 9. Future Trends and A Way Forward………………………………………………………..… 36
Chapter 10. Key Positives and Negatives…………………………………………………………….. .37-45
Chapter 11. Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………………... .46
TABLE OF FIGURES
Figure 1: Developed Countries in Global Map ......................................................................................8
Figure 2: Developing Countries on Global Map ....................................................................................9
Figure 3: Location of Tokyo on Map.................................................................................................. 10
Figure 4: Historical Development in Tokyo ........................................................................................ 11
Figure 5: Landmarks in Tokyo........................................................................................................... 12
Figure 6: Transportation of Tokyo ..................................................................................................... 12
Figure 7: Famous Food ..................................................................................................................... 14
Figure 8: Culture of Tokyo ................................................................................................................ 15
Figure 9: Religion Adopted in Tokyo ................................................................................................. 15
Figure 10: Population Measures......................................................................................................... 26
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter 1. General Information about Developed and Developing Countries…………………………. 7-8
Chapter 2. Information about Cities…………………………………………………………………... 9-23
a. Location…………………………………………………………………………………………… 9
b. Historical Development………………………………………………………………………9 -10
c. Landmarks…………………………………………………………………………………..10 -11
d. Important Information………………………………………………………………………... 11-23
Chapter 3. Demography and Statistics…………………………………….……………………… .…24-27
Chapter 4. Urban Growth, Urban Form and Land Use………………………………………………. 28-30
Chapter 5. Institutional Set up/ Governance…………………………………………………………. 31
Chapter 6. Current Development Projects………………………………………………………………. 32
Chapter 7. Key Issues and Challenges...........................................................................................…...33-34
Chapter 8. Innovative Solutions, Projects and Initiatives………………………………………………. .35
Chapter 9. Future Trends and A Way Forward………………………………………………………..… 36
Chapter 10. Key Positives and Negatives…………………………………………………………….. .37-45
Chapter 11. Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………………... .46
TABLE OF FIGURES
Figure 1: Developed Countries in Global Map ......................................................................................8
Figure 2: Developing Countries on Global Map ....................................................................................9
Figure 3: Location of Tokyo on Map.................................................................................................. 10
Figure 4: Historical Development in Tokyo ........................................................................................ 11
Figure 5: Landmarks in Tokyo........................................................................................................... 12
Figure 6: Transportation of Tokyo ..................................................................................................... 12
Figure 7: Famous Food ..................................................................................................................... 14
Figure 8: Culture of Tokyo ................................................................................................................ 15
Figure 9: Religion Adopted in Tokyo ................................................................................................. 15
Figure 10: Population Measures......................................................................................................... 26
Page | 6
Figure 11: Population Change of Tokyo ............................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 12: Population Pyramid .......................................................................................................... 28
Figure 13: Population Change............................................................................................................ 29
Figure 14: Urban Growth Tokyo Figure 15: Urban Form Tokyo .. 31
Figure 16: Land Use Tokyo ............................................................................................................... 32
Figure 17: Governance of Japan......................................................................................................... 35
Figure 18: Midtown, Tokyo............................................................................................................... 36
Figure 19: Work Load....................................................................................................................... 41
Figure 20: No time to make friends .................................................................................................... 42
Figure 21: Materialism ...................................................................................................................... 43
Figure 22: Mild Weather ................................................................................................................... 43
Figure 23: Clean Tokyo .................................................................................................................... 44
Figure 24: Convenient Tokyo ............................................................................................................ 45
Figure 25: Balance, Tokyo ................................................................................................................ 46
Figure 26: Tokyo's Night Life............................................................................................................ 47
Figure 27: Tokyo's Disneyland .......................................................................................................... 48
Figure 28: Amazing Sighting of Tokyo .............................................................................................. 49
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: Transportation Census ......................................................................................................... 13
Table 2: Mortality Rate of Tokyo....................................................................................................... 16
Table 3: Mortality Rate ..................................................................................................................... 17
Table 4: Census of Income and Expenditure ....................................................................................... 18
Table 5: Educational System ............................................................................................................. 19
Table 6: Building Construction in Yen ............................................................................................... 20
Table 7: Building Construction in Number ......................................................................................... 21
Table 8: Temperature and Precipitation .............................................................................................. 22
Table 9: Census of Medical Institutional Survey of Tokyo................................................................... 23
Table 10: Health Care Census............................................................................................................ 24
Table 11: Population Change Census ................................................................................................. 27
Table 12: USE OF LAND AREA ...................................................................................................... 32
Figure 11: Population Change of Tokyo ............................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 12: Population Pyramid .......................................................................................................... 28
Figure 13: Population Change............................................................................................................ 29
Figure 14: Urban Growth Tokyo Figure 15: Urban Form Tokyo .. 31
Figure 16: Land Use Tokyo ............................................................................................................... 32
Figure 17: Governance of Japan......................................................................................................... 35
Figure 18: Midtown, Tokyo............................................................................................................... 36
Figure 19: Work Load....................................................................................................................... 41
Figure 20: No time to make friends .................................................................................................... 42
Figure 21: Materialism ...................................................................................................................... 43
Figure 22: Mild Weather ................................................................................................................... 43
Figure 23: Clean Tokyo .................................................................................................................... 44
Figure 24: Convenient Tokyo ............................................................................................................ 45
Figure 25: Balance, Tokyo ................................................................................................................ 46
Figure 26: Tokyo's Night Life............................................................................................................ 47
Figure 27: Tokyo's Disneyland .......................................................................................................... 48
Figure 28: Amazing Sighting of Tokyo .............................................................................................. 49
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: Transportation Census ......................................................................................................... 13
Table 2: Mortality Rate of Tokyo....................................................................................................... 16
Table 3: Mortality Rate ..................................................................................................................... 17
Table 4: Census of Income and Expenditure ....................................................................................... 18
Table 5: Educational System ............................................................................................................. 19
Table 6: Building Construction in Yen ............................................................................................... 20
Table 7: Building Construction in Number ......................................................................................... 21
Table 8: Temperature and Precipitation .............................................................................................. 22
Table 9: Census of Medical Institutional Survey of Tokyo................................................................... 23
Table 10: Health Care Census............................................................................................................ 24
Table 11: Population Change Census ................................................................................................. 27
Table 12: USE OF LAND AREA ...................................................................................................... 32
Page | 7
LIST OF GRAPHS
Graph 1: Line Graph of Tokyo's Transportation Census ...................................................................... 13
Graph 2: Population Dynamic Survey of Mortality Rate in Tokyo........................................................ 16
Graph 3: Mortality Rate per 1000 Population...................................................................................... 17
Graph 4: Tokyo's Census of Income and Expenditure.......................................................................... 18
Graph 5: Educational Census............................................................................................................. 19
Graph 6: Census of Building Construction of Tokyo in Yen ................................................................ 20
Graph 7: Census of Building Construction.......................................................................................... 21
Graph 8: Temperature Census............................................................................................................ 22
Graph 9: Precipitation Census............................................................................................................ 23
Graph 10: Census of Health Care ....................................................................................................... 24
Graph 11: Health Care per 100000 Populations................................................................................... 25
Graph 12: Population Dynamics ........................................................................................................ 27
Graph 13: DIFFERENT LAND USES ............................................................................................... 33
APPENDIX
Appendix A…………………………………………………………………………………………….47
LIST OF GRAPHS
Graph 1: Line Graph of Tokyo's Transportation Census ...................................................................... 13
Graph 2: Population Dynamic Survey of Mortality Rate in Tokyo........................................................ 16
Graph 3: Mortality Rate per 1000 Population...................................................................................... 17
Graph 4: Tokyo's Census of Income and Expenditure.......................................................................... 18
Graph 5: Educational Census............................................................................................................. 19
Graph 6: Census of Building Construction of Tokyo in Yen ................................................................ 20
Graph 7: Census of Building Construction.......................................................................................... 21
Graph 8: Temperature Census............................................................................................................ 22
Graph 9: Precipitation Census............................................................................................................ 23
Graph 10: Census of Health Care ....................................................................................................... 24
Graph 11: Health Care per 100000 Populations................................................................................... 25
Graph 12: Population Dynamics ........................................................................................................ 27
Graph 13: DIFFERENT LAND USES ............................................................................................... 33
APPENDIX
Appendix A…………………………………………………………………………………………….47
Page | 8
CHAPTER 1
General Information about Developed and Developing Countries
Developed Country
A country which is developed is mostly judged by income per capita. Another economic factor is
industrialization; a country in which the growth and share of tertiary sectors dominate can also
be described as developed.
Examples
Current examples of highly developed countries include Norway, Australia, Switzerland,
Germany, Singapore, Canada, Netherlands, Denmark, Hong Kong, Sweden, United States,
Ireland, United Kingdom, New Zealand, Japan, France, Italy, Belgium and South Korea.
Figure 1: Developed Countries in Global Map
Developing Country
An underdeveloped country is known as a nation that is not developed economically. There is
very little industrial activity when compared to more developed nations. The main occupation in
most underdeveloped nations is agriculture.
CHAPTER 1
General Information about Developed and Developing Countries
Developed Country
A country which is developed is mostly judged by income per capita. Another economic factor is
industrialization; a country in which the growth and share of tertiary sectors dominate can also
be described as developed.
Examples
Current examples of highly developed countries include Norway, Australia, Switzerland,
Germany, Singapore, Canada, Netherlands, Denmark, Hong Kong, Sweden, United States,
Ireland, United Kingdom, New Zealand, Japan, France, Italy, Belgium and South Korea.
Figure 1: Developed Countries in Global Map
Developing Country
An underdeveloped country is known as a nation that is not developed economically. There is
very little industrial activity when compared to more developed nations. The main occupation in
most underdeveloped nations is agriculture.
Page | 9
Examples
For instance, Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa (BRICS) are generally considered
developing countries, but examples of common developing countries go far beyond these
popular emerging markets. Other countries that appear on most lists of developing countries
include: Argentina. Chile.
Figure 2: Developing Countries on Global Map
Examples
For instance, Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa (BRICS) are generally considered
developing countries, but examples of common developing countries go far beyond these
popular emerging markets. Other countries that appear on most lists of developing countries
include: Argentina. Chile.
Figure 2: Developing Countries on Global Map
Page | 10
CHAPTER 2
General Information about Tokyo City
1. Location
Tokyo is a city of Japan South Asia. It is located 35.69 latitude and 139.69 longitude and it is
situated at elevation 44 meters above sea level.
Figure 3: Location of Tokyo on Map
2. Historical Development
From a small fishing village named Edo in 300 BC Tokyo has become a massive metropolis for
activity and is now one of the largest megacities in the world. In the twelfth century it became
home to Edo Castle (Imperial Palace).From when the US navy first commenced Western trade
with Tokyo from this point onwards a massive growth occurred which made the way for modern
day Tokyo. From the rebuilding after many natural disasters and bombings Tokyo has emerged
as a true megacity of the world.
CHAPTER 2
General Information about Tokyo City
1. Location
Tokyo is a city of Japan South Asia. It is located 35.69 latitude and 139.69 longitude and it is
situated at elevation 44 meters above sea level.
Figure 3: Location of Tokyo on Map
2. Historical Development
From a small fishing village named Edo in 300 BC Tokyo has become a massive metropolis for
activity and is now one of the largest megacities in the world. In the twelfth century it became
home to Edo Castle (Imperial Palace).From when the US navy first commenced Western trade
with Tokyo from this point onwards a massive growth occurred which made the way for modern
day Tokyo. From the rebuilding after many natural disasters and bombings Tokyo has emerged
as a true megacity of the world.
Page | 11
Figure 4: Historical Development in Tokyo
3. Landmarks
The important landmarks in Tokyo are the following places which are famous for its
beautification are the following:
The Imperial Palace
Ginza District: Shop 'til you Drop
The Sensō-ji Temple
National Museum of Nature and Science
Ueno Park and Zoo
Tokyo National Museum
National Museum of Western Art
The Meiji Shrine
The Miraikan and Edo-Tokyo Museums
The Tokyo Sky tree
The National Art Center
The Kabuki-za Theatre, Ginza
Figure 4: Historical Development in Tokyo
3. Landmarks
The important landmarks in Tokyo are the following places which are famous for its
beautification are the following:
The Imperial Palace
Ginza District: Shop 'til you Drop
The Sensō-ji Temple
National Museum of Nature and Science
Ueno Park and Zoo
Tokyo National Museum
National Museum of Western Art
The Meiji Shrine
The Miraikan and Edo-Tokyo Museums
The Tokyo Sky tree
The National Art Center
The Kabuki-za Theatre, Ginza
Page | 12
Figure 5: Landmarks in Tokyo
4. Important Features
The important features includes the information about Transport of Tokyo, Cuisine, Culture and
Religion.
Transport of Tokyo
Public transport system of Tokyo is the fastest and most convenient way to travel around the
city. Tokyo train system is also one of the biggest in the world and at peak hour has so many
people using it the government employs staff to push citizens onto the train in order to fill the
trains to the capacity.
Figure 6: Transportation of Tokyo
Figure 5: Landmarks in Tokyo
4. Important Features
The important features includes the information about Transport of Tokyo, Cuisine, Culture and
Religion.
Transport of Tokyo
Public transport system of Tokyo is the fastest and most convenient way to travel around the
city. Tokyo train system is also one of the biggest in the world and at peak hour has so many
people using it the government employs staff to push citizens onto the train in order to fill the
trains to the capacity.
Figure 6: Transportation of Tokyo
Page | 13
Census of Tokyo’s Transportation after 3 years
Table 1: Transportation Census
Graph 1: Line Graph of Tokyo's Transportation Census
Reference: http://www.toukei.metro.tokyo.jp/tnenkan/tn-eindex.htm
Source: Statistics Division, Bureau of General Affairs
Cuisine
In Tokyo and most of Japan cuisine plays a massive part in citizen’s life, with traditional food
which has been made for centuries to modern and innovative food which is thoroughly beautiful,
Tokyo has it all. Some popular and common cuisine here include sushi, noodles and seafood
however over the recent years much of the traditional Japanese cuisine has been widely water all
over the world. 2004-2008 2009-2013 2014-2018 TOTAL
784 491 784955 843439 2 412 885
2178022 1231979 943064 4353065
Transportation Of Passanger
BUS
CAR
Census of Tokyo’s Transportation after 3 years
Table 1: Transportation Census
Graph 1: Line Graph of Tokyo's Transportation Census
Reference: http://www.toukei.metro.tokyo.jp/tnenkan/tn-eindex.htm
Source: Statistics Division, Bureau of General Affairs
Cuisine
In Tokyo and most of Japan cuisine plays a massive part in citizen’s life, with traditional food
which has been made for centuries to modern and innovative food which is thoroughly beautiful,
Tokyo has it all. Some popular and common cuisine here include sushi, noodles and seafood
however over the recent years much of the traditional Japanese cuisine has been widely water all
over the world. 2004-2008 2009-2013 2014-2018 TOTAL
784 491 784955 843439 2 412 885
2178022 1231979 943064 4353065
Transportation Of Passanger
BUS
CAR
Page | 14
Figure 7: Famous Food
Culture
Tokyo is the cultural center of Japan having originated from the Jarmon culture with influences
from China, Korea, Europe and America who impacted the culture massively to create a culture
which is vibrant, exciting and truly one of a kind.
Tokyo's unique culture is reflected through the arts with a range of traditional and modern day
types of art. Including some well-known arts such as origami and Japanese traditions, one of
them being flower arranging.
Figure 7: Famous Food
Culture
Tokyo is the cultural center of Japan having originated from the Jarmon culture with influences
from China, Korea, Europe and America who impacted the culture massively to create a culture
which is vibrant, exciting and truly one of a kind.
Tokyo's unique culture is reflected through the arts with a range of traditional and modern day
types of art. Including some well-known arts such as origami and Japanese traditions, one of
them being flower arranging.
Page | 15
Figure 8: Culture of Tokyo
Religion
Religion doesn't play a big part in the lives of most Japanese people however Religious customs
are still practiced and religious holidays are still celebrated. The two main types of religion
commonly practiced in Japan are Shintoism and Buddhism or a combination of both.
Figure 9: Religion Adopted in Toky
Figure 8: Culture of Tokyo
Religion
Religion doesn't play a big part in the lives of most Japanese people however Religious customs
are still practiced and religious holidays are still celebrated. The two main types of religion
commonly practiced in Japan are Shintoism and Buddhism or a combination of both.
Figure 9: Religion Adopted in Toky
Page | 16
Mortality Rate
Standardized death rate. In 2010, standardized death rate for Tokyo was 1.83 numbers per
1,000 persons. Standardized death rate of Tokyo fell gradually from 3.36 numbers per 1,000
persons in 1980 to 1.83 numbers per 1,000 person’s in2010.
Table 2: Mortality Rate of Tokyo
TOKYO CENSUS OF MORTALITY RATE
POPULATION DYNAMIC SURVEY
YEAR LIVE BIRTHS DEATHS NATURAL CHANGE FOETAL DEATHS
1985 1,431,577 752,283 679,294 69,009
1995 1,187,064 922,139 264,925 39,403
2005 1,062,530 1,083,796 -21,266 31,818
2015 1,005,677 1,290,444 -284,767 22,617
Graph 2: Population Dynamic Survey of Mortality Rate in Tokyo
-400,000
-200,000
0
200,000
400,000
600,000
800,000
1,000,000
1,200,000
1,400,000
1,600,000
LIVE BIRTHS DEATHS NATURAL
CHANGE
FOETAL DEATHS
Population Dynamics Survey Values
Population Change Parameters
MORTALITY RATE OF POPULATION DYNAMIC
SURVEY OF TOKYO
1985
1995
2005
2015
Mortality Rate
Standardized death rate. In 2010, standardized death rate for Tokyo was 1.83 numbers per
1,000 persons. Standardized death rate of Tokyo fell gradually from 3.36 numbers per 1,000
persons in 1980 to 1.83 numbers per 1,000 person’s in2010.
Table 2: Mortality Rate of Tokyo
TOKYO CENSUS OF MORTALITY RATE
POPULATION DYNAMIC SURVEY
YEAR LIVE BIRTHS DEATHS NATURAL CHANGE FOETAL DEATHS
1985 1,431,577 752,283 679,294 69,009
1995 1,187,064 922,139 264,925 39,403
2005 1,062,530 1,083,796 -21,266 31,818
2015 1,005,677 1,290,444 -284,767 22,617
Graph 2: Population Dynamic Survey of Mortality Rate in Tokyo
-400,000
-200,000
0
200,000
400,000
600,000
800,000
1,000,000
1,200,000
1,400,000
1,600,000
LIVE BIRTHS DEATHS NATURAL
CHANGE
FOETAL DEATHS
Population Dynamics Survey Values
Population Change Parameters
MORTALITY RATE OF POPULATION DYNAMIC
SURVEY OF TOKYO
1985
1995
2005
2015
Page | 17
Table 3: Mortality Rate
TOKYO CENSUS OF MORTALITY RATE
VITAL STATISTICS PER 1,000 POPULATION
YEAR LIVE BIRTH RATE DEATH RATE
NATURAL
CHANGE RATE
INFANT
MORTALITY
RATE
1985 11.9 6.3 5.6 5.5
1995 9.6 7.4 2.1 4.3
2005 8.4 8.6 -0.2 2.8
2015 8.0 10.3 -2.3 1.9
Graph 3: Mortality Rate per 1000 Population
REFERENCE: https://www.stat.go.jp/english/data/nenkan/67nenkan/1431-02.html
SOURCE: Statistics Division, Bureau of General Affairs
-4.0
-2.0
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
LIVE BIRTH RATE DEATH RATE NATURAL
CHANGE RATE
INFANT
MORTALITY RATEPopulation Per 1000 Deaths Rate
Population Change Parameters
MORTALITY RATE VITAL STATISTICE PER 1000
POPULATION OF TOKYO
1985
1995
2005
2015
Table 3: Mortality Rate
TOKYO CENSUS OF MORTALITY RATE
VITAL STATISTICS PER 1,000 POPULATION
YEAR LIVE BIRTH RATE DEATH RATE
NATURAL
CHANGE RATE
INFANT
MORTALITY
RATE
1985 11.9 6.3 5.6 5.5
1995 9.6 7.4 2.1 4.3
2005 8.4 8.6 -0.2 2.8
2015 8.0 10.3 -2.3 1.9
Graph 3: Mortality Rate per 1000 Population
REFERENCE: https://www.stat.go.jp/english/data/nenkan/67nenkan/1431-02.html
SOURCE: Statistics Division, Bureau of General Affairs
-4.0
-2.0
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
LIVE BIRTH RATE DEATH RATE NATURAL
CHANGE RATE
INFANT
MORTALITY RATEPopulation Per 1000 Deaths Rate
Population Change Parameters
MORTALITY RATE VITAL STATISTICE PER 1000
POPULATION OF TOKYO
1985
1995
2005
2015
Page | 18
Income and Expenditure
Department of Census and Statistics conducts Household Income and Expenditure Survey
(HIES) once in every five years. Data collected from this survey is used to observe the
consumption patterns to compute various other socioeconomic indicators such a poverty price
indices etc.
Table 4: Census of Income and Expenditure
Graph 4: Tokyo's Census of Income and Expenditure
REFERENCE: http://www.toukei.metro.tokyo.jp/tnenkan/tn-eindex.htm
SOURCE: Statistics Division, Bureau of General Affairs
YEARIncomeWages and salariesOtherDisposable incomeExpendituresConsumption expendituresNon-Consumption expenditcuresSurplus
2013 523.6 486.6 37 426.1 416.6 319.2 97 107
2014 519.8 483.3 36 423.5 415 318.8 96.2 104.8
2015 525.7 485.6 40.1 427.3 413.8 315.4 98 111.9
2016 527 487.9 39 428.7 407.9 309.6 98 119.1
2017 533.8 493.8 40 434.4 412.5 313.1 99.4 121.4
TOKYO CENSUS OF INCOME AND EXPENDITURES
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
Income and Expenditure Values
Outcomes
INCOME AND EXPENDITURE OD TOKYO
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
Income and Expenditure
Department of Census and Statistics conducts Household Income and Expenditure Survey
(HIES) once in every five years. Data collected from this survey is used to observe the
consumption patterns to compute various other socioeconomic indicators such a poverty price
indices etc.
Table 4: Census of Income and Expenditure
Graph 4: Tokyo's Census of Income and Expenditure
REFERENCE: http://www.toukei.metro.tokyo.jp/tnenkan/tn-eindex.htm
SOURCE: Statistics Division, Bureau of General Affairs
YEARIncomeWages and salariesOtherDisposable incomeExpendituresConsumption expendituresNon-Consumption expenditcuresSurplus
2013 523.6 486.6 37 426.1 416.6 319.2 97 107
2014 519.8 483.3 36 423.5 415 318.8 96.2 104.8
2015 525.7 485.6 40.1 427.3 413.8 315.4 98 111.9
2016 527 487.9 39 428.7 407.9 309.6 98 119.1
2017 533.8 493.8 40 434.4 412.5 313.1 99.4 121.4
TOKYO CENSUS OF INCOME AND EXPENDITURES
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
Income and Expenditure Values
Outcomes
INCOME AND EXPENDITURE OD TOKYO
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
Page | 19
Education of Tokyo
Education in Japan is compulsory at the elementary and lowers secondary levels. Most students
attend public schools through the lower secondary level, but private education is popular at the
upper secondary and university levels. Education prior to elementary school is provided at
kindergartens and day-care centers.
Census of Education of Tokyo
Table 5: Educational System
Education graph of Tokyo 2009
2009 2013 2016
No of Students 2330650 2346692 2325709
No of teachers 143252 144490 149030
No of schools 4592 4580 4467
Graph 5: Educational Census
REFERENCE: http://www.toukei.metro.tokyo.jp/tnenkan/tn-eindex.htm
SOURCE: Statistics Division, Bureau of General Affairs
0
500000
1000000
1500000
2000000
2500000
2009 2013 2016
EDUCATIONAL CENSUS
No of Students
No of teachers
No of schools
Education of Tokyo
Education in Japan is compulsory at the elementary and lowers secondary levels. Most students
attend public schools through the lower secondary level, but private education is popular at the
upper secondary and university levels. Education prior to elementary school is provided at
kindergartens and day-care centers.
Census of Education of Tokyo
Table 5: Educational System
Education graph of Tokyo 2009
2009 2013 2016
No of Students 2330650 2346692 2325709
No of teachers 143252 144490 149030
No of schools 4592 4580 4467
Graph 5: Educational Census
REFERENCE: http://www.toukei.metro.tokyo.jp/tnenkan/tn-eindex.htm
SOURCE: Statistics Division, Bureau of General Affairs
0
500000
1000000
1500000
2000000
2500000
2009 2013 2016
EDUCATIONAL CENSUS
No of Students
No of teachers
No of schools
Page | 20
Building Construction in Tokyo
For one, Japan is a world leader in the number of quake-resistant structures. In Tokyo, 87%
of buildings are reportedly built to withstand earthquakes. Skyscrapers and high-rises must
follow strict building codes, and often rest on Teflon that allows the base of the buildings to slide
ever-so-slightly during a tremor.
Census of Building Construction in Yen of Tokyo
Table 6: Building Construction in Yen
Graph 6: Census of Building Construction of Tokyo in Yen
2004-2008 2009-2013 2014-2018 TOTAL
58 061 164 69656924 73250463 200 968 551
140070447 165549667 158589388 464209502
124220459 89156913 177872742 391250114
Building Construction Cost in Yen¥
WOODEN CONSTRUCTION COST
REINFORCED CONSTRUCTIONCOST
STEEL FRAM CONSTRUCTION COST
－
20 000 000
40 000 000
60 000 000
80 000 000
100 000 000
120 000 000
140 000 000
160 000 000
180 000 000
200 000 000
2004-20082009-20132014-2018
Cost in Yen
Year
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION OF TOKYO
WOODEN
CONSTRUCTION COST
REINFORCED
CONSTRUCTIONCOST
STEEL FRAM
CONSTRUCTION COST
Building Construction in Tokyo
For one, Japan is a world leader in the number of quake-resistant structures. In Tokyo, 87%
of buildings are reportedly built to withstand earthquakes. Skyscrapers and high-rises must
follow strict building codes, and often rest on Teflon that allows the base of the buildings to slide
ever-so-slightly during a tremor.
Census of Building Construction in Yen of Tokyo
Table 6: Building Construction in Yen
Graph 6: Census of Building Construction of Tokyo in Yen
2004-2008 2009-2013 2014-2018 TOTAL
58 061 164 69656924 73250463 200 968 551
140070447 165549667 158589388 464209502
124220459 89156913 177872742 391250114
Building Construction Cost in Yen¥
WOODEN CONSTRUCTION COST
REINFORCED CONSTRUCTIONCOST
STEEL FRAM CONSTRUCTION COST
－
20 000 000
40 000 000
60 000 000
80 000 000
100 000 000
120 000 000
140 000 000
160 000 000
180 000 000
200 000 000
2004-20082009-20132014-2018
Cost in Yen
Year
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION OF TOKYO
WOODEN
CONSTRUCTION COST
REINFORCED
CONSTRUCTIONCOST
STEEL FRAM
CONSTRUCTION COST
Page | 21
Census of Building Construction in Number of Tokyo
Table 7: Building Construction in Number
Graph 7: Census of Building Construction
REFERENCE: http://www.toukei.metro.tokyo.jp/tnenkan/tn-eindex.htm
SOURCE: Statistics Division, Bureau of General Affairs
Temperature and Precipitation of Tokyo
In meteorology, precipitation is any product of the condensation of atmospheric water vapor
that falls under gravity. The main forms of precipitation include drizzle, rain, sleet, snow,
graupel and hail. Short, intense periods of rain in scattered locations are called "showers."
2004-2008 2009-2013 2014-2018 TOTAL
29 351 36802 36044 102 197
2802 3520 2895 9217
8431 10214 9732 28377
Building Construction In Number
WOODEN CONSTRUCTION NUM
REINFORCED CONSTRUCTION NUM
STEEL FRAM CONSTRUCTION NUM
－
5 000
10 000
15 000
20 000
25 000
30 000
35 000
40 000
2004-20082009-20132014-2018
Cost in No.
Year
Census Data of Building Construction
WOODEN
CONSTRUCTION
NUM
REINFORCED
CONSTRUCTION
NUM
STEEL FRAM
CONSTRUCTION
NUM
Census of Building Construction in Number of Tokyo
Table 7: Building Construction in Number
Graph 7: Census of Building Construction
REFERENCE: http://www.toukei.metro.tokyo.jp/tnenkan/tn-eindex.htm
SOURCE: Statistics Division, Bureau of General Affairs
Temperature and Precipitation of Tokyo
In meteorology, precipitation is any product of the condensation of atmospheric water vapor
that falls under gravity. The main forms of precipitation include drizzle, rain, sleet, snow,
graupel and hail. Short, intense periods of rain in scattered locations are called "showers."
2004-2008 2009-2013 2014-2018 TOTAL
29 351 36802 36044 102 197
2802 3520 2895 9217
8431 10214 9732 28377
Building Construction In Number
WOODEN CONSTRUCTION NUM
REINFORCED CONSTRUCTION NUM
STEEL FRAM CONSTRUCTION NUM
－
5 000
10 000
15 000
20 000
25 000
30 000
35 000
40 000
2004-20082009-20132014-2018
Cost in No.
Year
Census Data of Building Construction
WOODEN
CONSTRUCTION
NUM
REINFORCED
CONSTRUCTION
NUM
STEEL FRAM
CONSTRUCTION
NUM
Page | 22
Census of Temperature and Precipitation of Tokyo
Table 8: Temperature and Precipitation
Graph 8: Temperature Census JANUARY FEBRURAY MARCH APRILMAY JUNE JULYAUGUSTSEPTEMBER OCTOBER NOVEMBER DECEMBER ANNUAL
HIGH 9.6 10.4 13.6 19 22.9 25.5 29.2 30.8 26.9 21.5 16.3 11.9 19.8
LOW 0.9 1.7 4.4 9.4 14 18 21.8 23 19.7 14.2 8.3 3.5 11.6
PRECIPITATION 52 56 118 125 138 168 154 168 210 198 93 51 1529
TEMPERATURE AND PRECIPITATION (Normal Value) (1981-2010 average) TEMPERATURE (℃) PRECIPITATION (mm)
TEMPERATURE
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
JANUARY
FEBRURAY
MARCH
APRIL
MAY JUNE JULY
AUGUST
SEPTEMBER
OCTOBER
NOVEMBER DECEMBER
ANNUAL
Temperature Values
Months
TEMPERATURE CENSUS OF TOKYO
TEMPERATURE HIGH
TEMPERATURE LOW
Census of Temperature and Precipitation of Tokyo
Table 8: Temperature and Precipitation
Graph 8: Temperature Census JANUARY FEBRURAY MARCH APRILMAY JUNE JULYAUGUSTSEPTEMBER OCTOBER NOVEMBER DECEMBER ANNUAL
HIGH 9.6 10.4 13.6 19 22.9 25.5 29.2 30.8 26.9 21.5 16.3 11.9 19.8
LOW 0.9 1.7 4.4 9.4 14 18 21.8 23 19.7 14.2 8.3 3.5 11.6
PRECIPITATION 52 56 118 125 138 168 154 168 210 198 93 51 1529
TEMPERATURE AND PRECIPITATION (Normal Value) (1981-2010 average) TEMPERATURE (℃) PRECIPITATION (mm)
TEMPERATURE
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
JANUARY
FEBRURAY
MARCH
APRIL
MAY JUNE JULY
AUGUST
SEPTEMBER
OCTOBER
NOVEMBER DECEMBER
ANNUAL
Temperature Values
Months
TEMPERATURE CENSUS OF TOKYO
TEMPERATURE HIGH
TEMPERATURE LOW
Page | 23
Graph 9: Precipitation Census
REFERENCE: http://www.toukei.metro.tokyo.jp/tnenkan/tn-eindex.htm
SOURCE: Statistics Division, Bureau of General Affairs
Health Care of Tokyo
Healthcare standards in Tokyo are comparable to any other highly industrialized cities. Although
the city is very populous, the city is clean and food and water is safe anywhere in the city. There
are many hospitals in Tokyo.
Census of Health Care of Tokyo (Medical Institutional Survey)
Table 9: Census of Medical Institutional Survey of Tokyo
TOKYO CENSUS HEALTH CARE
MEDICAL INSTITUTIONAL SURVEY
YEAR Hospitals Medical clinics Dental clinics Total
2008 8,794 99,083 67,779 175,656
2011 8,605 99,547 68,592 176,546
2014 8,493 100,461 68,592 177,546
2015 8,480 100,995 68,592 178,212
2016 8,442 101,592 68,940 178,911
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
JANUARY
FEBRURAY
MARCH
APRIL
MAY JUNE JULY
AUGUST
SEPTEMBER
OCTOBER
NOVEMBER DECEMBER
ANNUALPrecipitation Yearly Value
Months
PRECIPITATION CENSUS OF
TOKYO
PRECIPITATION
Graph 9: Precipitation Census
REFERENCE: http://www.toukei.metro.tokyo.jp/tnenkan/tn-eindex.htm
SOURCE: Statistics Division, Bureau of General Affairs
Health Care of Tokyo
Healthcare standards in Tokyo are comparable to any other highly industrialized cities. Although
the city is very populous, the city is clean and food and water is safe anywhere in the city. There
are many hospitals in Tokyo.
Census of Health Care of Tokyo (Medical Institutional Survey)
Table 9: Census of Medical Institutional Survey of Tokyo
TOKYO CENSUS HEALTH CARE
MEDICAL INSTITUTIONAL SURVEY
YEAR Hospitals Medical clinics Dental clinics Total
2008 8,794 99,083 67,779 175,656
2011 8,605 99,547 68,592 176,546
2014 8,493 100,461 68,592 177,546
2015 8,480 100,995 68,592 178,212
2016 8,442 101,592 68,940 178,911
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
JANUARY
FEBRURAY
MARCH
APRIL
MAY JUNE JULY
AUGUST
SEPTEMBER
OCTOBER
NOVEMBER DECEMBER
ANNUALPrecipitation Yearly Value
Months
PRECIPITATION CENSUS OF
TOKYO
PRECIPITATION
Page | 24
Graph 10: Census of Health Care
Census of Health Care of Tokyo (Rates per 100000 Populations
Table 10: Health Care Census
TOKYO CENSUS HEALTH CARE
RATS PER 100,000 POPULATION
YEAR Hospitals Medical clinics Dental clinics Total
2008 7 78 53.1 137.6
2011 7 78 53.3 138
2014 7 79 54 139.7
2015 7 80 54.1 140.2
2016 6.7 80 54.3 140.9
0
50,000
100,000
150,000
200,000
2008 2011 2014 2015 2016
Medical Survey Data
Years
MEDICAL INSTITUTIONAL SURVEY
OF TOKYO
Hospitals
Medical clinics
Dental clinics
Total
Graph 10: Census of Health Care
Census of Health Care of Tokyo (Rates per 100000 Populations
Table 10: Health Care Census
TOKYO CENSUS HEALTH CARE
RATS PER 100,000 POPULATION
YEAR Hospitals Medical clinics Dental clinics Total
2008 7 78 53.1 137.6
2011 7 78 53.3 138
2014 7 79 54 139.7
2015 7 80 54.1 140.2
2016 6.7 80 54.3 140.9
0
50,000
100,000
150,000
200,000
2008 2011 2014 2015 2016
Medical Survey Data
Years
MEDICAL INSTITUTIONAL SURVEY
OF TOKYO
Hospitals
Medical clinics
Dental clinics
Total
Page | 25
Graph 11: Health Care per 100000 Populations
REFERENCE: http://www.toukei.metro.tokyo.jp/tnenkan/tn-eindex.htm
SOURCE: Statistics Division, Bureau of General Affairs
0
50
100
150
2008 2011 2014 2015 2016Per 100000 Population Data
Years
HEALTH CARE PER 100,000
POPULATION OF TOKYO
Hospitals
Medical clinics
Dental clinics
Total
Graph 11: Health Care per 100000 Populations
REFERENCE: http://www.toukei.metro.tokyo.jp/tnenkan/tn-eindex.htm
SOURCE: Statistics Division, Bureau of General Affairs
0
50
100
150
2008 2011 2014 2015 2016Per 100000 Population Data
Years
HEALTH CARE PER 100,000
POPULATION OF TOKYO
Hospitals
Medical clinics
Dental clinics
Total
Page | 26
CHAPTER 3
Demography and Statistics
As of October 1, 2015, the population of Tokyo is estimated to be 13.491 million, or about 11%
of Japan’s total population, and it has the largest population among all the 47 prefectures. At
2,191 square kilometers, the area of Tokyo is 0.6% of the total area of Japan. With a population
density of 6,158 persons per square kilometer, Tokyo is the most densely populated prefecture in
Japan. The ward area is home to 9.241 million persons, the Tama area, 4.223 million, and the
Islands, 26,000. Tokyo has 6.946 million households, with an average 1.94 persons per
household. The number of foreign residents according to the basic resident register is 440,000 as
of October 1, 2015.
Trends in Population in Tokyo
Figure 10: Population Measures
Population Change
The population migration between Tokyo and other prefectures in 2014 showed 405,000 persons
moving into Tokyo while 331,000 persons moved out, for a net social increase of 73,000
persons. With the exception of 1985, there was a prevailing trend of out-migration exceeding in-
migration since 1967, until a net social increase was seen for the first time in 12 years in 1997.
CHAPTER 3
Demography and Statistics
As of October 1, 2015, the population of Tokyo is estimated to be 13.491 million, or about 11%
of Japan’s total population, and it has the largest population among all the 47 prefectures. At
2,191 square kilometers, the area of Tokyo is 0.6% of the total area of Japan. With a population
density of 6,158 persons per square kilometer, Tokyo is the most densely populated prefecture in
Japan. The ward area is home to 9.241 million persons, the Tama area, 4.223 million, and the
Islands, 26,000. Tokyo has 6.946 million households, with an average 1.94 persons per
household. The number of foreign residents according to the basic resident register is 440,000 as
of October 1, 2015.
Trends in Population in Tokyo
Figure 10: Population Measures
Population Change
The population migration between Tokyo and other prefectures in 2014 showed 405,000 persons
moving into Tokyo while 331,000 persons moved out, for a net social increase of 73,000
persons. With the exception of 1985, there was a prevailing trend of out-migration exceeding in-
migration since 1967, until a net social increase was seen for the first time in 12 years in 1997.
Page | 27
2014 again showed a net increase. Following the peak net natural increase of 182,000 in 1968,
Tokyo experienced a slowing of population growth and marked its first population decline in
2012. During 2014, there was a net natural decrease of 125, with about 111,000 births and
111,000 deaths.
Table 11: Population Change Census
Graph 12: Population Dynamics
Reference: http://www.toukei.metro.tokyo.jp/tnenkan/tn-eindex.htm
Source: Statistics Division, Bureau of General Affairs RATE OF POPULATION POPULATION DENSITY
YEARSFEMALE MALES(0-14) YEARS(15-64) YEARS65 and over Change (%) (per km2)
1980 11706057594 23.5 67.4 9.1 0.9 314
1985 12104959497 21.5 68.2 10.3 0.67 325
1990 12361160697 18.2 69.7 12.1 0.42 332
1995 12557061574 16 69.5 14.6 0.31 337
2000 12692662111 14.6 68.1 17.4 0.21 340
2005 12776862349 13.8 66.1 20.2 0.13 343
2010 12805762328 13.2 63.8 23 0.05 343
2015 12709561842 12.6 60.7 26.6 -0.15 341
2016 12693361766 12.4 60.3 27.3 -0.13 340
2017 12670661655 12.3 60 27.7 -0.18 340
POPULATION AGE COMPOSITION (%)
POPULATION
-20000
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
120000
140000
1980198519901995200020052010201520162017
Population Values
Years
POPULATION CHANGE OF TOKYO
POPULATION FEMALE
POPULATION MALES
AGE COMPOSITION (%) (0-14)
YEARS
AGE COMPOSITION (%) (15-
64) YEARS
AGE COMPOSITION (%) 65 and
over
RATE OF POPULATION
Change (%)
POPULATION DENSITY (per
km2)
2014 again showed a net increase. Following the peak net natural increase of 182,000 in 1968,
Tokyo experienced a slowing of population growth and marked its first population decline in
2012. During 2014, there was a net natural decrease of 125, with about 111,000 births and
111,000 deaths.
Table 11: Population Change Census
Graph 12: Population Dynamics
Reference: http://www.toukei.metro.tokyo.jp/tnenkan/tn-eindex.htm
Source: Statistics Division, Bureau of General Affairs RATE OF POPULATION POPULATION DENSITY
YEARSFEMALE MALES(0-14) YEARS(15-64) YEARS65 and over Change (%) (per km2)
1980 11706057594 23.5 67.4 9.1 0.9 314
1985 12104959497 21.5 68.2 10.3 0.67 325
1990 12361160697 18.2 69.7 12.1 0.42 332
1995 12557061574 16 69.5 14.6 0.31 337
2000 12692662111 14.6 68.1 17.4 0.21 340
2005 12776862349 13.8 66.1 20.2 0.13 343
2010 12805762328 13.2 63.8 23 0.05 343
2015 12709561842 12.6 60.7 26.6 -0.15 341
2016 12693361766 12.4 60.3 27.3 -0.13 340
2017 12670661655 12.3 60 27.7 -0.18 340
POPULATION AGE COMPOSITION (%)
POPULATION
-20000
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
120000
140000
1980198519901995200020052010201520162017
Population Values
Years
POPULATION CHANGE OF TOKYO
POPULATION FEMALE
POPULATION MALES
AGE COMPOSITION (%) (0-14)
YEARS
AGE COMPOSITION (%) (15-
64) YEARS
AGE COMPOSITION (%) 65 and
over
RATE OF POPULATION
Change (%)
POPULATION DENSITY (per
km2)
Page | 28
Demography Composition by Age
According to the National Census, as of October 1, 2010, the population of Tokyo was 13.159
million (Statistics Bureau, Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications). This number was
divided into three age categories: child population (ages 0 - 14) at 1.477 million; the working-age
population (ages 15 - 64) at 8.85 million; and the aged population (ages 65 and over) at 2.642
million. These figures are 11.4%, 68.2% and 20.4%, respectively, of the overall population. The
percentage of aged persons exceeded the United Nations standard of 14% for an “aged society”
in 1998, and is now approaching the level of 21%, signifying a “super-aged society.”
Figure 11: Population Pyramid
Demography Composition by Occupation
According to the National Census of 2010, when employed persons were viewed by the four
employment groups, 23,000 persons (0.4%) were employed in agriculture, forestry, and fisheries;
1.064 million (17.7%) in manufacturing and transportation-related occupations; 1.575 million
(26.2%) in sales and services; and 2.542 million (42.3%) in clerical, technical, and management
occupations.
Demography Composition by Age
According to the National Census, as of October 1, 2010, the population of Tokyo was 13.159
million (Statistics Bureau, Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications). This number was
divided into three age categories: child population (ages 0 - 14) at 1.477 million; the working-age
population (ages 15 - 64) at 8.85 million; and the aged population (ages 65 and over) at 2.642
million. These figures are 11.4%, 68.2% and 20.4%, respectively, of the overall population. The
percentage of aged persons exceeded the United Nations standard of 14% for an “aged society”
in 1998, and is now approaching the level of 21%, signifying a “super-aged society.”
Figure 11: Population Pyramid
Demography Composition by Occupation
According to the National Census of 2010, when employed persons were viewed by the four
employment groups, 23,000 persons (0.4%) were employed in agriculture, forestry, and fisheries;
1.064 million (17.7%) in manufacturing and transportation-related occupations; 1.575 million
(26.2%) in sales and services; and 2.542 million (42.3%) in clerical, technical, and management
occupations.
Page | 29
Changes in Population Composition by Three Age Groups
Figure 12: Population Change
The denominators (total population) from 1995 to 2005 used to calculate the percentages include
persons of unknown age.
Changes in Population Composition by Three Age Groups
Figure 12: Population Change
The denominators (total population) from 1995 to 2005 used to calculate the percentages include
persons of unknown age.
Page | 30
CHAPTER 4
Urban Growth, Urban Form and Land Use
Tokyo, the largest mega-region in the world so far with 35 million inhabitants in 2007, has
experienced a rapid growth in the twentieth century with various issues associated with urban
form and urban environment.
If Tokyo is evaluated as one of the most efficient, productive and sustainable mega-regions in the
world, it is the result of rapid urban growth and development in the twentieth century.
After that, Tokyo has been facing new challenges as it left the phase of rapid growth and entered
the phase of no- or low-growth, depopulating and aging society.
This chapter focuses on the history of Tokyo’s urban growth, the diversity of urban form issues
in Tokyo, some previous successes in solving urban environmental problems and some new
challenges facing efforts to enhance urban sustainability.
In this chapter, the term “Tokyo” refers to Tokyo region comprised of Tokyo Metropolitan
Government (TMG) jurisdiction and the surrounding three prefectures of Kanagawa, Chiba and
Saitama, covering 13,551 km2 and accommodating 35 million inhabitants.
As of January 2008, there were 23 wards, 26 cities, five towns and eight villages in TMG
jurisdiction, and there were total of four designated cities, 91 cities, 59 towns and five villages in
the three prefectures. “Central Tokyo” in this chapter roughly refers to central three wards of
Chuo, Chiyoda and Minato, and inner five wards of Shibuya, Shinjuku, Toshima, Bunkyo and
Taito.
The 23-ward area is the former city of Tokyo before it was abolished in 1943 that now
comprises the central city area of the current Tokyo metropolitan region, with a population of
about 8.7 million. A. Sorensen and J. Okata (eds.), Megacities: Urban Form, Governance, and
Sustainability. Individual authors or their assignees retain rights to their respective contributions;
reproduced by permission. 15 16 J. Okata and A. Murayama Although there are governmental
organizations for TMG, the three prefectures as well as wards, cities, towns and villages, there is
no governmental organization or planning body for the whole Tokyo (region). History of
Tokyo’s Urban Growth During the twentieth century Tokyo experienced a significant urban
expansion due to rapid population growth. The expansion of densely inhabited district with
CHAPTER 4
Urban Growth, Urban Form and Land Use
Tokyo, the largest mega-region in the world so far with 35 million inhabitants in 2007, has
experienced a rapid growth in the twentieth century with various issues associated with urban
form and urban environment.
If Tokyo is evaluated as one of the most efficient, productive and sustainable mega-regions in the
world, it is the result of rapid urban growth and development in the twentieth century.
After that, Tokyo has been facing new challenges as it left the phase of rapid growth and entered
the phase of no- or low-growth, depopulating and aging society.
This chapter focuses on the history of Tokyo’s urban growth, the diversity of urban form issues
in Tokyo, some previous successes in solving urban environmental problems and some new
challenges facing efforts to enhance urban sustainability.
In this chapter, the term “Tokyo” refers to Tokyo region comprised of Tokyo Metropolitan
Government (TMG) jurisdiction and the surrounding three prefectures of Kanagawa, Chiba and
Saitama, covering 13,551 km2 and accommodating 35 million inhabitants.
As of January 2008, there were 23 wards, 26 cities, five towns and eight villages in TMG
jurisdiction, and there were total of four designated cities, 91 cities, 59 towns and five villages in
the three prefectures. “Central Tokyo” in this chapter roughly refers to central three wards of
Chuo, Chiyoda and Minato, and inner five wards of Shibuya, Shinjuku, Toshima, Bunkyo and
Taito.
The 23-ward area is the former city of Tokyo before it was abolished in 1943 that now
comprises the central city area of the current Tokyo metropolitan region, with a population of
about 8.7 million. A. Sorensen and J. Okata (eds.), Megacities: Urban Form, Governance, and
Sustainability. Individual authors or their assignees retain rights to their respective contributions;
reproduced by permission. 15 16 J. Okata and A. Murayama Although there are governmental
organizations for TMG, the three prefectures as well as wards, cities, towns and villages, there is
no governmental organization or planning body for the whole Tokyo (region). History of
Tokyo’s Urban Growth During the twentieth century Tokyo experienced a significant urban
expansion due to rapid population growth. The expansion of densely inhabited district with
Page | 31
population of 40 persons/ha or more. The population of Tokyo grew from 7.5 million in 1920 to
nearly 35 million in 2007. The major planning issue for twentieth century Tokyo was to expand
and intensify the urban area in order to accommodate this rapid growth. Tokyo began as the
national capital city called ‘Edo’ which was constructed by the Shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu after
1600, and it grew to be one of the largest metropolises in the world by the early 1700s. After the
imperial restoration in 1860s, when reformers overthrew the feudal system in a bid to modernize
Japanese society and economy, Edo was renamed to Tokyo (East-Capital-City), and was
remodeled into a modern city by introduction of railway, tram and trunk road network, modern
water supply and modern parks until 1910s. Fig. 2-1. Tokyo Metropolitan Government (TMG)
jurisdiction, prefectural and municipal boundaries in Tokyo 2. Tokyo’s Urban Growth.
Figure 13: Urban Growth Tokyo Figure 14: Urban Form Tokyo
population of 40 persons/ha or more. The population of Tokyo grew from 7.5 million in 1920 to
nearly 35 million in 2007. The major planning issue for twentieth century Tokyo was to expand
and intensify the urban area in order to accommodate this rapid growth. Tokyo began as the
national capital city called ‘Edo’ which was constructed by the Shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu after
1600, and it grew to be one of the largest metropolises in the world by the early 1700s. After the
imperial restoration in 1860s, when reformers overthrew the feudal system in a bid to modernize
Japanese society and economy, Edo was renamed to Tokyo (East-Capital-City), and was
remodeled into a modern city by introduction of railway, tram and trunk road network, modern
water supply and modern parks until 1910s. Fig. 2-1. Tokyo Metropolitan Government (TMG)
jurisdiction, prefectural and municipal boundaries in Tokyo 2. Tokyo’s Urban Growth.
Figure 13: Urban Growth Tokyo Figure 14: Urban Form Tokyo
Page | 32
Figure 15: Land Use Tokyo
Table 12: USE OF LAND AREA
YEAR TOTAL LAND FORESTLAND AND FIELDS AGRICULTURAL LAND INLAND WATER ROADS DEVELOPED LAND OTHER
1980 377.7 256.8 55.9 13.1 9.9 13.9 28.1
1990 377.7 255.2 53.3 13.1 11.4 16 28.7
2000 377.9 253.8 49.1 13.5 12.7 17.9 30.9
2010 377.9 253.5 46.7 13.3 13.6 19 31.9
2014 378 254 45.4 13.4 13.7 19.2 32.3
2014 100 67.2 12 3.5 3.6 5.1 8.6
LAND AREA: SURFACE AREA BY USE
TOTAL PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION (%)
TOKYO CENSUS OF LAND AREA USE
Figure 15: Land Use Tokyo
Table 12: USE OF LAND AREA
YEAR TOTAL LAND FORESTLAND AND FIELDS AGRICULTURAL LAND INLAND WATER ROADS DEVELOPED LAND OTHER
1980 377.7 256.8 55.9 13.1 9.9 13.9 28.1
1990 377.7 255.2 53.3 13.1 11.4 16 28.7
2000 377.9 253.8 49.1 13.5 12.7 17.9 30.9
2010 377.9 253.5 46.7 13.3 13.6 19 31.9
2014 378 254 45.4 13.4 13.7 19.2 32.3
2014 100 67.2 12 3.5 3.6 5.1 8.6
LAND AREA: SURFACE AREA BY USE
TOTAL PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION (%)
TOKYO CENSUS OF LAND AREA USE
Page | 33
Graph 13: DIFFERENT LAND USES
Reference: http://www.toukei.metro.tokyo.jp/tnenkan/tn-eindex.htm
Source: Statistics Division, Bureau of General Affairs
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
Land Use Values
Land Distribution
USE OF LAND AREA OF TOKYO
1980
1990
2000
2010
2014
Graph 13: DIFFERENT LAND USES
Reference: http://www.toukei.metro.tokyo.jp/tnenkan/tn-eindex.htm
Source: Statistics Division, Bureau of General Affairs
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
Land Use Values
Land Distribution
USE OF LAND AREA OF TOKYO
1980
1990
2000
2010
2014
Page | 34
CHAPTER 5
Institutional Set up/ Governance
Japan local governments, at both the prefecture and city levels, have engaged in international
cooperation with local governments in developing countries in Asia to improve environmental
management and explains their motivations to do so even if international cooperation is not
usually considered part of local governments’ mandate, and despite fiscal constraints.
Forms of cooperation include training officials from developing countries in Japan, dispatch of
Japanese local government expert officials to developing countries, partnering with and
providing assistance to international organizations, establishing organizations for international
environmental cooperation, and hosting international intercity network programs.
This cooperation can be explained by a combination of environment-related factors and degree
of local area’s international orientation.
Environment-related factors include desire to make a contribution based on local experience and
human capital, promotion of international environmental business, response to trans-boundary
pollution issues, and conservation of natural assets.
Collaboration with the national government is an important facilitating though not determining
factor since local governments respond differently to national policies.
Other facilitating factors include local governments’ fiscal capacity.
The cases in this study can promote consideration of the potential motivations and ways that
local governments in industrialized countries can contribute to international environmental
development.
CHAPTER 5
Institutional Set up/ Governance
Japan local governments, at both the prefecture and city levels, have engaged in international
cooperation with local governments in developing countries in Asia to improve environmental
management and explains their motivations to do so even if international cooperation is not
usually considered part of local governments’ mandate, and despite fiscal constraints.
Forms of cooperation include training officials from developing countries in Japan, dispatch of
Japanese local government expert officials to developing countries, partnering with and
providing assistance to international organizations, establishing organizations for international
environmental cooperation, and hosting international intercity network programs.
This cooperation can be explained by a combination of environment-related factors and degree
of local area’s international orientation.
Environment-related factors include desire to make a contribution based on local experience and
human capital, promotion of international environmental business, response to trans-boundary
pollution issues, and conservation of natural assets.
Collaboration with the national government is an important facilitating though not determining
factor since local governments respond differently to national policies.
Other facilitating factors include local governments’ fiscal capacity.
The cases in this study can promote consideration of the potential motivations and ways that
local governments in industrialized countries can contribute to international environmental
development.
Page | 35
Figure 16: Governance of Japan
CHAPTER 6
Current Development Projects
Akasaka Sacas, 2008, A "New Urban Centre" project. Ebisu Garden Place, A complex built
over the former Yebisu Brewery in Ebisu, Shibuya. It houses a department store, various shops
and eateries, offices, the brewery museum and Tokyo Metropolitan Museum of Photography.
Accessible from JR Ebisu Station via the Yebisu skywalk Odaiba, Late 1990s-early 2000s, a new
entertainment and shopping development built on man-made islands in Tokyo Bay. Odaiba can
be accessed by crossing the Rainbow Bridge. Omotesando Hills, Mori Building, A "New Urban
Centre" project Roppongi Hills, Mori Building, 2003 Over $4 billion Tokyo Station, 2013,
Renovations to the historic Marunouchi side of the station were completed in 2012.
Developments to the Yaesu side are expected to finish in 2013. Tokyo Midtown, 2008, A "New
Urban Centre" Project located near Roppongi Hills, housing shops, the Suntory Museum of
Art and the Ritz Carlton Tokyo. Midtown Tower at the center of the complex is the tallest
building in Tokyo.
Figure 16: Governance of Japan
CHAPTER 6
Current Development Projects
Akasaka Sacas, 2008, A "New Urban Centre" project. Ebisu Garden Place, A complex built
over the former Yebisu Brewery in Ebisu, Shibuya. It houses a department store, various shops
and eateries, offices, the brewery museum and Tokyo Metropolitan Museum of Photography.
Accessible from JR Ebisu Station via the Yebisu skywalk Odaiba, Late 1990s-early 2000s, a new
entertainment and shopping development built on man-made islands in Tokyo Bay. Odaiba can
be accessed by crossing the Rainbow Bridge. Omotesando Hills, Mori Building, A "New Urban
Centre" project Roppongi Hills, Mori Building, 2003 Over $4 billion Tokyo Station, 2013,
Renovations to the historic Marunouchi side of the station were completed in 2012.
Developments to the Yaesu side are expected to finish in 2013. Tokyo Midtown, 2008, A "New
Urban Centre" Project located near Roppongi Hills, housing shops, the Suntory Museum of
Art and the Ritz Carlton Tokyo. Midtown Tower at the center of the complex is the tallest
building in Tokyo.
Page | 36
Figure 17: Midtown, Tokyo
Figure 17: Midtown, Tokyo
Page | 37
CHAPTER 7
Key Issues and Challenges
Problems in Tokyo
There are many problems due to Tokyo's massive population of over 13 million with a
population density so high but one of the major problems is Tokyo's housing crisis.
As about 83% of Japan is mountainous it causes major pressure on the rest of Japan with its 127
million inhabitants crammed onto only 17% of the island.
This leaves a major strain on the housing available in Tokyo which is currently so crowded that
some parts of the city have more than 20 000 people per square kilometer. While none of the
citizens of Tokyo live in slums the housing is very crowded and many people are forced to share
multi-storey public housing with hundreds to thousands of other citizens.
This lack of housing is caused by the fact that Tokyo has one of the highest average population
densities in the world consisting of 6038 people per square kilometer which continues to grow
day by day and put pressure on the already struggling public housing system.
Another problem present in Tokyo is the water supply which will struggle to keep up to the
demand if the population continues to rise at this amazing rate. While at the present the water
supply in Tokyo is stable with Tokyo's population rising so fast the water supply to Tokyo could
soon become a major problem. After two major oil spills of the coast of Japan this has further
caused pressure on Tokyo's water supplies as much of the water in the ocean even despite a large
amount of cleaning completed to clean the water a large amount still may harm citizens who
drink it which has meant that a further strain has been put on the dams to provide enough water
for the whole population.
Finally, another problem present in Tokyo because of its dense population with so many people
is the pollution caused by the industrial sector and households of Tokyo. This includes not just
household waste but waste from the industrial sector which has been created due to Japan's
flourishing manufacturing sector which produces large amount of non-combustible wastes which
is hard to process due to the lack of facilities made for processing these types of waste materials.
Also having such a dense population means there's a huge amount of air pollution created from
the public transport system and car exhaust fumes which pollute the air and cause the Tokyo
CHAPTER 7
Key Issues and Challenges
Problems in Tokyo
There are many problems due to Tokyo's massive population of over 13 million with a
population density so high but one of the major problems is Tokyo's housing crisis.
As about 83% of Japan is mountainous it causes major pressure on the rest of Japan with its 127
million inhabitants crammed onto only 17% of the island.
This leaves a major strain on the housing available in Tokyo which is currently so crowded that
some parts of the city have more than 20 000 people per square kilometer. While none of the
citizens of Tokyo live in slums the housing is very crowded and many people are forced to share
multi-storey public housing with hundreds to thousands of other citizens.
This lack of housing is caused by the fact that Tokyo has one of the highest average population
densities in the world consisting of 6038 people per square kilometer which continues to grow
day by day and put pressure on the already struggling public housing system.
Another problem present in Tokyo is the water supply which will struggle to keep up to the
demand if the population continues to rise at this amazing rate. While at the present the water
supply in Tokyo is stable with Tokyo's population rising so fast the water supply to Tokyo could
soon become a major problem. After two major oil spills of the coast of Japan this has further
caused pressure on Tokyo's water supplies as much of the water in the ocean even despite a large
amount of cleaning completed to clean the water a large amount still may harm citizens who
drink it which has meant that a further strain has been put on the dams to provide enough water
for the whole population.
Finally, another problem present in Tokyo because of its dense population with so many people
is the pollution caused by the industrial sector and households of Tokyo. This includes not just
household waste but waste from the industrial sector which has been created due to Japan's
flourishing manufacturing sector which produces large amount of non-combustible wastes which
is hard to process due to the lack of facilities made for processing these types of waste materials.
Also having such a dense population means there's a huge amount of air pollution created from
the public transport system and car exhaust fumes which pollute the air and cause the Tokyo
Page | 38
officials massive problems. This is made worse by the fact of the massive amount of trains which
are overworked because of the massive population which needs to be transported around.
Solution to the Problems in Tokyo
The solution to Tokyo's problem isn't easy however one solution which could ease the population
density and therefore remove these problems which is currently being looked at by the Japanese
government is to decentralize Tokyo.
This could be achieved by moving government owned companies to other less populated areas of
Japan and therefore creating more jobs in less populated parts of Japan.
Many people don't choose to live in jam packed cities or live in a city suffering from pollution
problems but people live there for the jobs and if a percentage of jobs were taken to other parts
of Japan it would cause some people would leave to follow their job to its new location and
therefore would reduce the population density.
This would reduce the strain on housing, water supply and growing pollution rates and would
allow people to have a better quality of life rather being jam packed into housing.
Innovations which have been discovered by the institute of technology in Tokyo a world
prestigious university also offer new ways to reduce one of Tokyo's major problems in pollution
through an almost self-sustaining power use system.
Using a unique structure of solar panels which if used on a bigger scale could provide a massive
amount of Tokyo's electricity and allow a reduction of traditional methods, for example burning
coal to produce electricity.
With this reduction there would then be a reduction in pollution from gases let into the
atmosphere through the traditional methods of producing electricity.
They've also researched many other forms of renewable energy and continue to make
breakthroughs which could help Tokyo implement more effective ways of producing energy and
therefore reduce the pollution levels.
Finally, with this new way of thinking and a wide range of innovations they offer sustainable
options to reduce Tokyo's housing, water supply and pollution problems.
officials massive problems. This is made worse by the fact of the massive amount of trains which
are overworked because of the massive population which needs to be transported around.
Solution to the Problems in Tokyo
The solution to Tokyo's problem isn't easy however one solution which could ease the population
density and therefore remove these problems which is currently being looked at by the Japanese
government is to decentralize Tokyo.
This could be achieved by moving government owned companies to other less populated areas of
Japan and therefore creating more jobs in less populated parts of Japan.
Many people don't choose to live in jam packed cities or live in a city suffering from pollution
problems but people live there for the jobs and if a percentage of jobs were taken to other parts
of Japan it would cause some people would leave to follow their job to its new location and
therefore would reduce the population density.
This would reduce the strain on housing, water supply and growing pollution rates and would
allow people to have a better quality of life rather being jam packed into housing.
Innovations which have been discovered by the institute of technology in Tokyo a world
prestigious university also offer new ways to reduce one of Tokyo's major problems in pollution
through an almost self-sustaining power use system.
Using a unique structure of solar panels which if used on a bigger scale could provide a massive
amount of Tokyo's electricity and allow a reduction of traditional methods, for example burning
coal to produce electricity.
With this reduction there would then be a reduction in pollution from gases let into the
atmosphere through the traditional methods of producing electricity.
They've also researched many other forms of renewable energy and continue to make
breakthroughs which could help Tokyo implement more effective ways of producing energy and
therefore reduce the pollution levels.
Finally, with this new way of thinking and a wide range of innovations they offer sustainable
options to reduce Tokyo's housing, water supply and pollution problems.
Page | 39
CHAPTER 8
Innovative Solutions, Projects and Initiatives
Space is a big problem in Japan. The small, mountainous island nation has limited flat ground
for building, and what there is comes at a premium. Its other huge issue is energy, which the
country struggles to produce and pays to import enough to satisfy its needs.
One solution: massive solar farms floating on bodies of water. This week, Kyocera Corporation
and Century Tokyo Leasing Corporation announced they had begun work on what they say will
be the world’s largest floating solar installation by the amount of power produced. A rendering
of the installation. The companies plan to create a giant geometric block of 51,000 individual
solar modules floating on the surface of the Yama Kura Dam reservoir in Chiba Prefecture, some
70km (43 miles) from Tokyo. They’ll cover an area of 180,000 square meters. And once they’re
up and running in 2018, they’ll have a capacity of 13.7 megawatts. The company behind
the Yama Kura project has already completed much smaller projects, like this one in Hyogo
Prefecture around Kobe.
Japan’s energy problem is long-lived, but is particularly acute right now. The
country managed to build up its high-tech, energy-hungry culture with few natural resources, like
indigenous coal or gas. It tackled the problem through building nuclear power stations, but had
to take them all offline when its Fukushima plant was damaged by the devastating earthquake
and tsunami of 2011. Since then it’s brought some plants back online. But at the start of last year
it was producing only 9% of its own energy. The rest comes in the form of expensive imports:
Japan is the world’s biggest importer of liquefied natural gas. Investing heavily in renewables,
and particularly those that utilize space on rooftops or lakes, is part of Japan’s plan to become
less reliant on imports. Advocates of floating solar say it has several benefits. It uses “dead”
space on the surface of water bodies, and is easy to assemble. Rather than using heavy machinery
required for ground-mounted installations, the panels are clipped together and pushed out from
the bank of the lake. This 200 kilowatt plant in England was constructed in one week.
CHAPTER 8
Innovative Solutions, Projects and Initiatives
Space is a big problem in Japan. The small, mountainous island nation has limited flat ground
for building, and what there is comes at a premium. Its other huge issue is energy, which the
country struggles to produce and pays to import enough to satisfy its needs.
One solution: massive solar farms floating on bodies of water. This week, Kyocera Corporation
and Century Tokyo Leasing Corporation announced they had begun work on what they say will
be the world’s largest floating solar installation by the amount of power produced. A rendering
of the installation. The companies plan to create a giant geometric block of 51,000 individual
solar modules floating on the surface of the Yama Kura Dam reservoir in Chiba Prefecture, some
70km (43 miles) from Tokyo. They’ll cover an area of 180,000 square meters. And once they’re
up and running in 2018, they’ll have a capacity of 13.7 megawatts. The company behind
the Yama Kura project has already completed much smaller projects, like this one in Hyogo
Prefecture around Kobe.
Japan’s energy problem is long-lived, but is particularly acute right now. The
country managed to build up its high-tech, energy-hungry culture with few natural resources, like
indigenous coal or gas. It tackled the problem through building nuclear power stations, but had
to take them all offline when its Fukushima plant was damaged by the devastating earthquake
and tsunami of 2011. Since then it’s brought some plants back online. But at the start of last year
it was producing only 9% of its own energy. The rest comes in the form of expensive imports:
Japan is the world’s biggest importer of liquefied natural gas. Investing heavily in renewables,
and particularly those that utilize space on rooftops or lakes, is part of Japan’s plan to become
less reliant on imports. Advocates of floating solar say it has several benefits. It uses “dead”
space on the surface of water bodies, and is easy to assemble. Rather than using heavy machinery
required for ground-mounted installations, the panels are clipped together and pushed out from
the bank of the lake. This 200 kilowatt plant in England was constructed in one week.
Page | 40
CHAPTER 9.
Future Trends and A Way Forward
As cities across Asia arm themselves with the newest technologies to become the smart cities of
the future, Tokyo is doing what it does so well – quietly leading the charge with cutting-edge
innovation. The capital of Japan was named the Most Innovative City last month as part of the
annual Cities Innovation Index by data provider 2thinknow, beating its global rivals London and
New York. Tokyo “showed clear direction by embracing smart technology change to lead
innovation and leadership in what we have identified as the twin long-term globe-shaking trends
of robotics and 3D manufacturing,” says Christopher Hire, director at the research firm. The
award comes after years of specific government efforts to prepare its economy and culture for
the future. In 2016, Japan introduced Society 5.0 as part of the country’s transformation to drive
development and solve social issues. Japan is playing its major role in innovations from the
Fourth Industrial Revolution, such as robots, the Internet of Things, big data and Artificial
Intelligence, and their application to various economic sectors are critical. Japanese
manufacturing companies have invested widely and heavily in automation since the economic
boom period known as Japan Inc. in the 1980s to boost output and productivity, a strategy that
continues through to today. Looking ahead, Iwanaga foresees more automation spreading to
Industries as varied as healthcare to forestry and fishery, and in all aspects of daily life
autonomous driving. A big boost could be on the horizon. While Japan’s government, businesses
and academia are working to tackle some of these issues, the upcoming Tokyo Olympics in 2020
could give the city a leg-up as it ramps up innovative efforts in hospitality, protection against
infection, accessibility, security and energy.
CHAPTER 9.
Future Trends and A Way Forward
As cities across Asia arm themselves with the newest technologies to become the smart cities of
the future, Tokyo is doing what it does so well – quietly leading the charge with cutting-edge
innovation. The capital of Japan was named the Most Innovative City last month as part of the
annual Cities Innovation Index by data provider 2thinknow, beating its global rivals London and
New York. Tokyo “showed clear direction by embracing smart technology change to lead
innovation and leadership in what we have identified as the twin long-term globe-shaking trends
of robotics and 3D manufacturing,” says Christopher Hire, director at the research firm. The
award comes after years of specific government efforts to prepare its economy and culture for
the future. In 2016, Japan introduced Society 5.0 as part of the country’s transformation to drive
development and solve social issues. Japan is playing its major role in innovations from the
Fourth Industrial Revolution, such as robots, the Internet of Things, big data and Artificial
Intelligence, and their application to various economic sectors are critical. Japanese
manufacturing companies have invested widely and heavily in automation since the economic
boom period known as Japan Inc. in the 1980s to boost output and productivity, a strategy that
continues through to today. Looking ahead, Iwanaga foresees more automation spreading to
Industries as varied as healthcare to forestry and fishery, and in all aspects of daily life
autonomous driving. A big boost could be on the horizon. While Japan’s government, businesses
and academia are working to tackle some of these issues, the upcoming Tokyo Olympics in 2020
could give the city a leg-up as it ramps up innovative efforts in hospitality, protection against
infection, accessibility, security and energy.
Page | 41
CHAPTER 10
Key Positives and Negatives
The Negative and Positive Side of Japan
In case you somehow didn’t know it already, I love Japan! But at the same time, just like no
human being is perfect, no country is perfect either.
1. Japanese people work too much
Japanese people learn from a very young age that they are supposed to dedicate themselves
completely to their work, whatever that may be. Japanese schoolchildren are rarely asked to do
chores around the house like American kids, Children are expected to stay after school to clean
up their classrooms, and then to participate in club activities which can be very rigorous and go
very late. After that they are supposed to study and do their homework, which can take hours
since their schoolwork is quite demandin g. This implies that Japanese stay
at work approximately 400 hours longer than workers in the United States, which becomes
as much as 60 day a year. So many Japanese children have virtually no time to play all day.
Figure 18: Work Load
CHAPTER 10
Key Positives and Negatives
The Negative and Positive Side of Japan
In case you somehow didn’t know it already, I love Japan! But at the same time, just like no
human being is perfect, no country is perfect either.
1. Japanese people work too much
Japanese people learn from a very young age that they are supposed to dedicate themselves
completely to their work, whatever that may be. Japanese schoolchildren are rarely asked to do
chores around the house like American kids, Children are expected to stay after school to clean
up their classrooms, and then to participate in club activities which can be very rigorous and go
very late. After that they are supposed to study and do their homework, which can take hours
since their schoolwork is quite demandin g. This implies that Japanese stay
at work approximately 400 hours longer than workers in the United States, which becomes
as much as 60 day a year. So many Japanese children have virtually no time to play all day.
Figure 18: Work Load
Page | 42
2. It can be hard to make friends in Japan
Life in Japan might be especially lonely for you if you’re a very outgoing and friendly sort of
person who likes to spend a lot of time with other people. I suppose it has a lot to do with the
tendency for Japanese people to be so dedicated to their jobs. Because a lot of people put almost
all their time into their work, they don’t really socialize with anyone other than their coworkers.
Figure 19: No time to make friends
3. There’s too much materialism
Japan is a modern country that’s very convenient and comfortable to live in, which is very nice.
If you go walking around Tokyo today, it’s easy to start feeling like a loser if your bag doesn’t
match your shoes. Japan has a way of making you feel like you “need” things that you really
don’t. It seems like a lot of modern Japanese women look to shopping as a source of fulfillment,
Tokyo is officially the safest city in the world! Crime is very low, it is safe to walk around alone
at night, and things like pickpocketing and terrorism are virtually non-existent. You can leave
your personal belongings on your seat in a cafe when you go to get your order, which isn't
something you can do in many places. Tokyo being so safe despite its size is definitely an upside
of living here.
2. It can be hard to make friends in Japan
Life in Japan might be especially lonely for you if you’re a very outgoing and friendly sort of
person who likes to spend a lot of time with other people. I suppose it has a lot to do with the
tendency for Japanese people to be so dedicated to their jobs. Because a lot of people put almost
all their time into their work, they don’t really socialize with anyone other than their coworkers.
Figure 19: No time to make friends
3. There’s too much materialism
Japan is a modern country that’s very convenient and comfortable to live in, which is very nice.
If you go walking around Tokyo today, it’s easy to start feeling like a loser if your bag doesn’t
match your shoes. Japan has a way of making you feel like you “need” things that you really
don’t. It seems like a lot of modern Japanese women look to shopping as a source of fulfillment,
Tokyo is officially the safest city in the world! Crime is very low, it is safe to walk around alone
at night, and things like pickpocketing and terrorism are virtually non-existent. You can leave
your personal belongings on your seat in a cafe when you go to get your order, which isn't
something you can do in many places. Tokyo being so safe despite its size is definitely an upside
of living here.
Page | 43
Figure 20: Materialism
4. The weather is mild
Many places in Japan are known and visited for the opportunities that their weather provides.
Northern prefectures such as Hokkaido, Aomori, and Nagano are famous for winter sports and
get several feet of snow every year. Southern prefectures such as those in Kyushu get really hot
in the summer.
Figure 21: Mild Weather
Figure 20: Materialism
4. The weather is mild
Many places in Japan are known and visited for the opportunities that their weather provides.
Northern prefectures such as Hokkaido, Aomori, and Nagano are famous for winter sports and
get several feet of snow every year. Southern prefectures such as those in Kyushu get really hot
in the summer.
Figure 21: Mild Weather
Page | 44
5. Its Clean
Compared to many other cities, Tokyo is incredibly clean. The streets are free of litter (in most
places), the parks are very well kept, and people generally care about their local environment.
Figure 22: Clean Tokyo
5. Its Clean
Compared to many other cities, Tokyo is incredibly clean. The streets are free of litter (in most
places), the parks are very well kept, and people generally care about their local environment.
Figure 22: Clean Tokyo
Page | 45
6. It’s Convenient
Tokyo is incredibly convenient for a number of reasons.
Shops are open until late. My local supermarket is open from 10:00am until after midnight
and convenience stores, which are on almost every street and sell everything from cigarettes
and alcohol to beauty products and ready meals, are open 24/7.
The trains run every few minutes in central Tokyo. I never have to check train times
because there will always be one running every four minutes or so.
Trains are rarely late, and when they are, it is usually only by a few minutes.
There are vending machines everywhere. This is even true for rural areas.
Figure 23: Convenient Tokyo
6. It’s Convenient
Tokyo is incredibly convenient for a number of reasons.
Shops are open until late. My local supermarket is open from 10:00am until after midnight
and convenience stores, which are on almost every street and sell everything from cigarettes
and alcohol to beauty products and ready meals, are open 24/7.
The trains run every few minutes in central Tokyo. I never have to check train times
because there will always be one running every four minutes or so.
Trains are rarely late, and when they are, it is usually only by a few minutes.
There are vending machines everywhere. This is even true for rural areas.
Figure 23: Convenient Tokyo
Page | 46
7. Good Balance of Modern and Traditional
In Tokyo, I can head down to Shibuya, Ikebukuro, or Shinjuku for ultra-modern buildings,
restaurants, shops, and nightclubs. If I'm in the mood for something more traditional, I can visit
one of the many well-preserved temples and shrines in the city.
Tokyo has an excellent blend of the modern lifestyle while holding on to their traditions such as
the kimono, tea ceremonies, and sumo wrestling. Whatever I am in the mood for, there is
somewhere in Tokyo I can go.
Figure 24: Balance, Tokyo
7. Good Balance of Modern and Traditional
In Tokyo, I can head down to Shibuya, Ikebukuro, or Shinjuku for ultra-modern buildings,
restaurants, shops, and nightclubs. If I'm in the mood for something more traditional, I can visit
one of the many well-preserved temples and shrines in the city.
Tokyo has an excellent blend of the modern lifestyle while holding on to their traditions such as
the kimono, tea ceremonies, and sumo wrestling. Whatever I am in the mood for, there is
somewhere in Tokyo I can go.
Figure 24: Balance, Tokyo
Page | 47
8. Has Great Nightlife
Shibuya, Roppongi, and beyond have all sorts of events in their exciting nightclubs. Shinjuku's
2-chome is the city's gay district and is chock full of fun bars and clubs. And then there is the
Japanese style of drinking at izakaya pubs.
Izakayas sell delicious pub food such as salted soybeans, meat on a stick, and unique specialties.
You can also try all kinds of beer, wine, and sake. It's a great way to spend an evening. If you
like sweet drinks, I recommend "umeshuu," which is plum-based sake.
Figure 25: Tokyo's Night Life
8. Has Great Nightlife
Shibuya, Roppongi, and beyond have all sorts of events in their exciting nightclubs. Shinjuku's
2-chome is the city's gay district and is chock full of fun bars and clubs. And then there is the
Japanese style of drinking at izakaya pubs.
Izakayas sell delicious pub food such as salted soybeans, meat on a stick, and unique specialties.
You can also try all kinds of beer, wine, and sake. It's a great way to spend an evening. If you
like sweet drinks, I recommend "umeshuu," which is plum-based sake.
Figure 25: Tokyo's Night Life
Page | 48
9. Its Near Tokyo Disneyland
Tokyo Disneyland and Tokyo Disney Sea are less than an hour from Tokyo, which is another
great reason to live here! Osaka has Universal Studios but we have two Disney-themed parks
that people love to visit.
Figure 26: Tokyo's Disneyland
10. It Has Amazing Sightseeing
Even when living in Japan, there are many places I still haven't seen. Tokyo has some great
sightseeing spots such as Tokyo Tower, the Imperial Palace Gardens, Tokyo Sky tree, Sensō-ji
Temple, Harajuku's Takeshita-dori Street, parks, shopping, and more to keep people coming
back again and again. Tokyo is never boring, and that is another reason I love being here.
9. Its Near Tokyo Disneyland
Tokyo Disneyland and Tokyo Disney Sea are less than an hour from Tokyo, which is another
great reason to live here! Osaka has Universal Studios but we have two Disney-themed parks
that people love to visit.
Figure 26: Tokyo's Disneyland
10. It Has Amazing Sightseeing
Even when living in Japan, there are many places I still haven't seen. Tokyo has some great
sightseeing spots such as Tokyo Tower, the Imperial Palace Gardens, Tokyo Sky tree, Sensō-ji
Temple, Harajuku's Takeshita-dori Street, parks, shopping, and more to keep people coming
back again and again. Tokyo is never boring, and that is another reason I love being here.
Page | 49
Figure 27: Amazing Sighting of Tokyo
Figure 27: Amazing Sighting of Tokyo
Page | 50
CHAPTER 11.
Conclusion
Japan is highly industrialized country that is full of life rich with culture, social activities, history
and landmarks. Simultaneously as Tokyo is growing drastically It has several issues to cope with
such as increasing population, environmental problems, Housing problems, energy insufficiency
and land use management. However, government at national and international level is playing its
crucial role to deal with these issue in a proper and efficient way. It has developed an articulated
metropolitan governance system that responds to its specific economic, environmental and social
Japan is playing its major role in innovations from the Fourth Industrial Revolution such as
robots, the Internet of Things, big data and Artificial Intelligence, and their application to various
economic sectors are critical. Japanese are very hard working and striving hard to do their best
despite facing the world’s major disasters. People living in cities are not much friendly since they
are engaged in job activities. Japan is also notorious for burdening its employs. Following that
they have least time to make friends and be with families.
CHAPTER 11.
Conclusion
Japan is highly industrialized country that is full of life rich with culture, social activities, history
and landmarks. Simultaneously as Tokyo is growing drastically It has several issues to cope with
such as increasing population, environmental problems, Housing problems, energy insufficiency
and land use management. However, government at national and international level is playing its
crucial role to deal with these issue in a proper and efficient way. It has developed an articulated
metropolitan governance system that responds to its specific economic, environmental and social
Japan is playing its major role in innovations from the Fourth Industrial Revolution such as
robots, the Internet of Things, big data and Artificial Intelligence, and their application to various
economic sectors are critical. Japanese are very hard working and striving hard to do their best
despite facing the world’s major disasters. People living in cities are not much friendly since they
are engaged in job activities. Japan is also notorious for burdening its employs. Following that
they have least time to make friends and be with families.
Page | 51
APPENDIX A
References
1. Statistics Division, Bureau of General Affairs, TMG; “Population of Tokyo (estimates)”
Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications; “Population Census”.
2. 8-1 Nishi-Shinjuku 2-chome, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 163-8001
3. Based on the GIS data in (2005) from the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport,
Government of Japan, Data from land use control back-up system (Tochiriyou Chousei
Sougou Shien Network System) Bureau of Environment, Tokyo Metropolitan
Government (2006) Tokyo Metropolitan Government Environmental.
4. White Paper 2006 Cervero R (1998) the transit metropolis: a global inquiry. Island Press,
Washington, DC Department of Urban Development, Tokyo Metropolitan Government
(2003) Disaster-proof urban improvement promotion plan (Bousai Toshizukuri Suishin
Keikaku)
APPENDIX A
References
1. Statistics Division, Bureau of General Affairs, TMG; “Population of Tokyo (estimates)”
Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications; “Population Census”.
2. 8-1 Nishi-Shinjuku 2-chome, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 163-8001
3. Based on the GIS data in (2005) from the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport,
Government of Japan, Data from land use control back-up system (Tochiriyou Chousei
Sougou Shien Network System) Bureau of Environment, Tokyo Metropolitan
Government (2006) Tokyo Metropolitan Government Environmental.
4. White Paper 2006 Cervero R (1998) the transit metropolis: a global inquiry. Island Press,
Washington, DC Department of Urban Development, Tokyo Metropolitan Government
(2003) Disaster-proof urban improvement promotion plan (Bousai Toshizukuri Suishin
Keikaku)
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