Tonga Trench

1. Tonga Trench
Pacific Ocean
(22° 56′ 41″ S, 174° 43′ 59″ W)
By: Julie Gruttadauro

2. ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
•No light
•Very high pressure
•Lengths of thousand kilometers
•Hundreds of kilometers wide
•3-4 kilometers deeper than ocean floor

3. Maximum Time Humans Can Cope
•Diving Records from the "Ocean Planet" Exhibition
• feet meters
•free dive (Francisco Ferreras)............................417 127
•deepest alga......................................................900 274
•ray of light from the sun perceptive to the human eye...1,600 500
•military submarine.............................................2,950
900bathysphere.................................................3,000 914
•Johnson Sea Link (four-person submersible)....3,000 914
•sperm whale.......................................................3,773 1,150
•northern elephant seal.......................................4,921 1,500 RMS
•Titanic's final resting place................................12,500 3,810
•Alvin (three-person submersible)......................14,763
4,500octopus.....................................................16,404
5,000sponge......................................................18,500 5,639
•Jason (robotic submarine).................................19,685 6,000
•Shinkai (three-person submersible)...................21,414 6,527
•deepest recorded fish........................................27,460 8,370
•amphipod (crab relative)....................................32,199 9,789
•deepest spot on earth........................................35,802 10,912

4. Three body systems affected
•Respiratory System
Adaptations: Trimix
•Circulatory System
Adaptations: Your body producing more blood
cells
•Nervous System
Adaptations: proper equipment, submarine

5. Equipment/clothing Needed
•Trimix
•Diving shot
•Submarines or some type of “ship” with the high
water pressure

6. Bibliography
• “Tonga Trench.” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonga_Trench, January 16,
2008.
• “OceanTrench.” http://www.tiscali.co.uk/reference/
– encyclopaedia/hutchinson/m0007760.html. January 16, 2008.
• Feldman, Gene Carl. http://seawifs.gsfc.nasa.gov
/OCEAN_PLANET/HTML/education_diving_records.html. January 16,
2008.
• “Ocean Planet.” http://ep.physoc.org/cgi/content/full/91/1/1. January 16,
2008.
• Tyson, Peter. “Hazards of Deep Diving.” http://www.pbs.org/
– wgbh/nova/lostsub/diving.html. January 17, 2008.
• “Deep Diving.” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_diving. January 17,
2008.
• “Submarine Depth Ratings.” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crush_depth.
– January 18, 2008.