Top 50 rules of grammar by Gopal ....pdf
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Oct 19, 2025
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About This Presentation
hyfytvvyu
Slide Content
rroiereortijeroterjdgdfjkljdflkdjd
Rule No: (1) SINCE VS FOR
Since + [specific point in time]
Ex: ‘I have been studying English since 2015.’
Since + Name of a day (Ex: Monday)/month/year/time /yesterday/name of a
season/festival/name of an event. English With Gopal Verma Sir
Rule No: (1) SINCE VS FOR
Since + [specific point in time]
Ex: ‘I have been studying English since 2015.’
Since + Name of a day (Ex: Monday)/month/year/time /yesterday/name of a
season/festival/name of an event. English With Gopal Verma Sir
rroiereortijeroterjdgdfjkljdflkdjd
For + [duration of time]
Ex: ‘I have been studying English for eight years.’
For + Numeral adjective + Minutes/hours/days/weeks/
months/years/decades/centuries. English With Gopal Verma Sir
For + [duration of time]
Ex: ‘I have been studying English for eight years.’
For + Numeral adjective + Minutes/hours/days/weeks/
months/years/decades/centuries. English With Gopal Verma Sir
rroiereortijeroterjdgdfjkljdflkdjd
Rule No: (2) TOO MUCH VS MUCH TOO VS TOO MANY
Too Much + [uncountable noun]
Ex: ‘There is too much sugar in this recipe.’
Much too + [ adjective]
Ex: ‘The dress is much too expensive for me.’
Too many + [ Plural countable noun]
Ex: ‘There are too many people in the room.’ English With Gopal Verma Sir
Rule No: (2) TOO MUCH VS MUCH TOO VS TOO MANY
Too Much + [uncountable noun]
Ex: ‘There is too much sugar in this recipe.’
Much too + [ adjective]
Ex: ‘The dress is much too expensive for me.’
Too many + [ Plural countable noun]
Ex: ‘There are too many people in the room.’ English With Gopal Verma Sir
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Rule No: (3) Modal Auxiliary + Base Form Verb (V
1
)
Can: Ability, possibility, permission
Could: Past ability, polite requests, possibility
Will: Future actions, promises, willingness
Would: Hypothetical situations, polite requests, past habits
Shall: Future intentions, formal
Should: Advice, obligation, expectations
May: Permission, possibility
Might: Possibility, polite suggestions
Must: Necessity, strong obligation, logical conclusions
Need: Expresses necessity, obligation, or requirement.
Dare: Used to express challenge or courage.English With Gopal Verma Sir
Rule No: (3) Modal Auxiliary + Base Form Verb (V
1
)
Can: Ability, possibility, permission
Could: Past ability, polite requests, possibility
Will: Future actions, promises, willingness
Would: Hypothetical situations, polite requests, past habits
Shall: Future intentions, formal
Should: Advice, obligation, expectations
May: Permission, possibility
Might: Possibility, polite suggestions
Must: Necessity, strong obligation, logical conclusions
Need: Expresses necessity, obligation, or requirement.
Dare: Used to express challenge or courage.English With Gopal Verma Sir
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Examples:
Could: ‘He could swim when he was younger.’
Will: ‘They will arrive tomorrow.’
Would: ‘I would travel if I had more time.’
Shall: ‘I shall return by noon.’
Should: ‘You should see a doctor.’English With Gopal Verma Sir
Examples:
Could: ‘He could swim when he was younger.’
Will: ‘They will arrive tomorrow.’
Would: ‘I would travel if I had more time.’
Shall: ‘I shall return by noon.’
Should: ‘You should see a doctor.’English With Gopal Verma Sir
rroiereortijeroterjdgdfjkljdflkdjd
Exception: Ought to/ Used to
Ought to: Expresses moral obligation, advice, or duty.
Ex: ‘You ought to see a doctor if you’re feeling unwell.’
Used to: Refers to past habits or states that are no longer true.
Ex: ‘I used to go for a run every morning before work.’ English With Gopal Verma Sir
Exception: Ought to/ Used to
Ought to: Expresses moral obligation, advice, or duty.
Ex: ‘You ought to see a doctor if you’re feeling unwell.’
Used to: Refers to past habits or states that are no longer true.
Ex: ‘I used to go for a run every morning before work.’ English With Gopal Verma Sir
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Rule No: (4) Whether + [condition or choice] + or + [alternative condition or choice]
Whether + --------- + IF +-------------------- ( ❌)
Whether + --------- + That +--------------- ( ❌)
Ex: ‘We need to decide whether to go to the beach or stay home.’
English With Gopal Verma Sir
Rule No: (4) Whether + [condition or choice] + or + [alternative condition or choice]
Whether + --------- + IF +-------------------- ( ❌)
Whether + --------- + That +--------------- ( ❌)
Ex: ‘We need to decide whether to go to the beach or stay home.’
English With Gopal Verma Sir
rroiereortijeroterjdgdfjkljdflkdjd
Rule No: (5) Hardly/Scarcely/Barely + Than/When
No sooner + auxiliary verb (had) + subject + past participle... than
Ex: No sooner had I sat down to dinner than the doorbell rang.
‘Than’: ‘Hardly’ + [comparative adjective/adverb] + ‘than’ + [alternative]
Example: ‘The movie was hardly more interesting than the book.’
‘When’: ‘Had hardly’ + [verb] + ‘when’ + [event]
Example: ‘He had hardly started his presentation when the lights went
out.’
English With Gopal Verma Sir
Rule No: (5) Hardly/Scarcely/Barely + Than/When
No sooner + auxiliary verb (had) + subject + past participle... than
Ex: No sooner had I sat down to dinner than the doorbell rang.
‘Than’: ‘Hardly’ + [comparative adjective/adverb] + ‘than’ + [alternative]
Example: ‘The movie was hardly more interesting than the book.’
‘When’: ‘Had hardly’ + [verb] + ‘when’ + [event]
Example: ‘He had hardly started his presentation when the lights went
out.’
English With Gopal Verma Sir
rroiereortijeroterjdgdfjkljdflkdjd
‘Than’: ‘Scarcely’ + [comparative adjective/adverb] + ‘than’ + [alternative]
Example: ‘The situation was scarcely more serious than before.’
‘When’: ‘Had scarcely’ + [verb] + ‘when’ + [event]
Example: ‘They had scarcely arrived when the meeting began.’
English With Gopal Verma Sir
‘Than’: ‘Scarcely’ + [comparative adjective/adverb] + ‘than’ + [alternative]
Example: ‘The situation was scarcely more serious than before.’
‘When’: ‘Had scarcely’ + [verb] + ‘when’ + [event]
Example: ‘They had scarcely arrived when the meeting began.’
English With Gopal Verma Sir
rroiereortijeroterjdgdfjkljdflkdjd
Rule No: (6) Lest + [subject] + should + (❌) Not [ base form of verb]
/(-Ve Sense/Word)
Lest + [ subject] + May + [ base form of verb] (❌)
Lest + [ subject] + Will + [base form of verb] (❌)
Ex: ‘Take an umbrella lest you should get wet.’
English With Gopal Verma Sir
Rule No: (6) Lest + [subject] + should + (❌) Not [ base form of verb]
/(-Ve Sense/Word)
Lest + [ subject] + May + [ base form of verb] (❌)
Lest + [ subject] + Will + [base form of verb] (❌)
Ex: ‘Take an umbrella lest you should get wet.’
English With Gopal Verma Sir
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Action + lest + Purpose
Ex: She studied late into the night lest she fail the exam.
So that + [Subject] + May/Might + [Base form of Verb]
Ex: She explained the instructions so that everyone might understand the
procedure.
So as + [Not] + to + (Base form)
Ex: He left early so as not to miss the train.
English With Gopal Verma Sir
Action + lest + Purpose
Ex: She studied late into the night lest she fail the exam.
So that + [Subject] + May/Might + [Base form of Verb]
Ex: She explained the instructions so that everyone might understand the
procedure.
So as + [Not] + to + (Base form)
Ex: He left early so as not to miss the train.
English With Gopal Verma Sir
rroiereortijeroterjdgdfjkljdflkdjd
Rule No: (7) [Clause or statement] + else + but + [alternative or exception]
[Clause or statement] + else + than + [alternative or exception] (❌)
No one/ Nobody/ Nothing ---------------- But.
Rather---------------------than
Other--------------than
Ex:
‘There's nothing else to do but wait.’
I would rather go for a walk than stay indoors all day.
There is no other solution than solving the problem yourself.
Rather (Small Amount): quite; to a slight degree.
Rather (More Exactly): more accurately; more exactly
Rather: (Preference): Instead of; used especially when you prefer one thing to
another.
English With Gopal Verma Sir
Rule No: (7) [Clause or statement] + else + but + [alternative or exception]
[Clause or statement] + else + than + [alternative or exception] (❌)
No one/ Nobody/ Nothing ---------------- But.
Rather---------------------than
Other--------------than
Ex:
‘There's nothing else to do but wait.’
I would rather go for a walk than stay indoors all day.
There is no other solution than solving the problem yourself.
Rather (Small Amount): quite; to a slight degree.
Rather (More Exactly): more accurately; more exactly
Rather: (Preference): Instead of; used especially when you prefer one thing to
another.
English With Gopal Verma Sir
rroiereortijeroterjdgdfjkljdflkdjd
Rule No: (8) [ Subject] + [Verb ] + [Gerund (verb + -Ing)]
Direct Gerund is used after main verb as an object.
Example
1. ‘She enjoys practis ing the piano every evening.’
2. ‘He hates running in the rain.’
Regret Enjoy Resent Anticipate
Miss Propose Avoid Like
Start Defer Practice Hate
Risk Forgive Resist Postpone
Imagine Can't bear Continue Excuse
Consider Love Detest Finish
Can't help Prefer Dislike Mind
Pardon English With Gopal Verma Sir
Rule No: (8) [ Subject] + [Verb ] + [Gerund (verb + -Ing)]
Direct Gerund is used after main verb as an object.
Example
1. ‘She enjoys practis ing the piano every evening.’
2. ‘He hates running in the rain.’
Regret Enjoy Resent Anticipate
Miss Propose Avoid Like
Start Defer Practice Hate
Risk Forgive Resist Postpone
Imagine Can't bear Continue Excuse
Consider Love Detest Finish
Can't help Prefer Dislike Mind
Pardon English With Gopal Verma Sir
rroiereortijeroterjdgdfjkljdflkdjd
Rule No: (9) Subject + Phrase + gerund + object:
Ex:
1. ‘She is disposed to helping her colleagues.’
2. ‘She is devoted to improving public health.’
Owing To Look Forward To In Addition To Averse To
With A View To Devoted To Object To Be Used To
Accustomed To Taken To Disposed To Prone To
Given To English With Gopal Verma Sir
Rule No: (9) Subject + Phrase + gerund + object:
Ex:
1. ‘She is disposed to helping her colleagues.’
2. ‘She is devoted to improving public health.’
Owing To Look Forward To In Addition To Averse To
With A View To Devoted To Object To Be Used To
Accustomed To Taken To Disposed To Prone To
Given To English With Gopal Verma Sir
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Rule No: (10) Had better /had rather /had sooner /would rather
/Sooner than + Bare Infinitives (V
1
)
Ex:
1. ‘She had rather stay home than go to the party.’
2. ‘She would sooner leave than stay another minute.’
3. ‘She had rather stay home than go to the party.’
4. ‘I would rather eat out than cook at home.’
Had better
बेहतर होगा
Had rather पसंद करूं गा
Had sooner िजतनी जल्द� हो सके
Would rather पसंद करूं गा
Sooner than
क� तुलना म� जल्द�
English With Gopal Verma Sir
Rule No: (10) Had better /had rather /had sooner /would rather
/Sooner than + Bare Infinitives (V
1
)
Ex:
1. ‘She had rather stay home than go to the party.’
2. ‘She would sooner leave than stay another minute.’
3. ‘She had rather stay home than go to the party.’
4. ‘I would rather eat out than cook at home.’
Had better
बेहतर होगा
Had rather पसंद करूं गा
Had sooner िजतनी जल्द� हो सके
Would rather पसंद करूं गा
Sooner than
क� तुलना म� जल्द�
English With Gopal Verma Sir
rroiereortijeroterjdgdfjkljdflkdjd
Rule No: (11)
Subject
1
+ Given Words + Subject
2
+ Verb (According to Subject
1
)
With, As well as, rather than, along with, Except, no less than, nothing but,
Besides, Unlike, in addition to, Like, Accompanied by, together with, And not,
But.
Ex:
1.
‘All the students except Vikash attend the class.’
2. ‘Tom as well as Jerry enjoys the party.’
English With Gopal Verma Sir
Rule No: (11)
Subject
1
+ Given Words + Subject
2
+ Verb (According to Subject
1
)
With, As well as, rather than, along with, Except, no less than, nothing but,
Besides, Unlike, in addition to, Like, Accompanied by, together with, And not,
But.
Ex:
1.
‘All the students except Vikash attend the class.’
2. ‘Tom as well as Jerry enjoys the party.’
English With Gopal Verma Sir
rroiereortijeroterjdgdfjkljdflkdjd
Rule No: (12)
Given Expression ( Numbers) + Plural Countable Noun + Plural Verb.
‘A Lot Of’, ‘A Great Deal Of’, ‘Plenty Of’, ‘Most Of’, ‘A Number Of’, And ‘Some Of.
Ex:
1. Most of the houses are decorated for the holidays.
2. Some of the books are overdue at the library.
3. A lot of people are attending the conference.
English With Gopal Verma Sir
Rule No: (12)
Given Expression ( Numbers) + Plural Countable Noun + Plural Verb.
‘A Lot Of’, ‘A Great Deal Of’, ‘Plenty Of’, ‘Most Of’, ‘A Number Of’, And ‘Some Of.
Ex:
1. Most of the houses are decorated for the holidays.
2. Some of the books are overdue at the library.
3. A lot of people are attending the conference.
English With Gopal Verma Sir
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Rule No: (13)
Given Expression ( Amount) + Uncountable Noun + Singular Verb.
‘A Lot Of’, ‘A Great Deal Of’, ‘Plenty Of’, ‘Most Of’, And ‘Some Of.
Ex:
A lot of information is available online.
Plenty of water is needed for the recipe.
Much of the evidence is inconclusive.
English With Gopal Verma Sir
Rule No: (13)
Given Expression ( Amount) + Uncountable Noun + Singular Verb.
‘A Lot Of’, ‘A Great Deal Of’, ‘Plenty Of’, ‘Most Of’, And ‘Some Of.
Ex:
A lot of information is available online.
Plenty of water is needed for the recipe.
Much of the evidence is inconclusive.
English With Gopal Verma Sir
rroiereortijeroterjdgdfjkljdflkdjd
Rule No: (14)
A Number of + Plural Noun + Plural Verb.
The Number of + Plural Noun + Singular Verb.
Ex:
A number of students are participating in the competition.
A number of projects have been completed.
The number of students is increasing each year.
The number of projects has grown significantly.
English With Gopal Verma Sir
Rule No: (14)
A Number of + Plural Noun + Plural Verb.
The Number of + Plural Noun + Singular Verb.
Ex:
A number of students are participating in the competition.
A number of projects have been completed.
The number of students is increasing each year.
The number of projects has grown significantly.
English With Gopal Verma Sir
rroiereortijeroterjdgdfjkljdflkdjd
Rule No: (15)
IF/ As IF/ As Though/ I wish + Subject + Were + Object. (☑)
IF/ As IF/ As Though/ I wish + Subject + Is/am/Are/Has/ HaveWas + Object.
(❌)
Ex:
I wish I were able to join you on your trip.
They spoke as though they were experts in the field.
IF: अगर
As IF: जैसे िक
As Though: जैसे िक
Even if: भले ही
Even though: भले ही English With Gopal Verma Sir
Rule No: (15)
IF/ As IF/ As Though/ I wish + Subject + Were + Object. (☑)
IF/ As IF/ As Though/ I wish + Subject + Is/am/Are/Has/ HaveWas + Object.
(❌)
Ex:
I wish I were able to join you on your trip.
They spoke as though they were experts in the field.
IF: अगर
As IF: जैसे िक
As Though: जैसे िक
Even if: भले ही
Even though: भले ही English With Gopal Verma Sir
rroiereortijeroterjdgdfjkljdflkdjd
Rule No: (16)
Given Nouns ( Singular) + Singular Verb + Object.
Physics, Economics, Ethics, Mathematics, Mumps (गलगंड), Measles (चेचक), Rickets
(सूखा रोग), Shingles (चमर्रोग), News, Innings, Politics, Summons, linguistics
(भाषाशा�), Billiards, Athletics (खेलकू द)…
Ex:
Physics is challenging to understand.
Summons requires a response.
English With Gopal Verma Sir
Rule No: (16)
Given Nouns ( Singular) + Singular Verb + Object.
Physics, Economics, Ethics, Mathematics, Mumps (गलगंड), Measles (चेचक), Rickets
(सूखा रोग), Shingles (चमर्रोग), News, Innings, Politics, Summons, linguistics
(भाषाशा�), Billiards, Athletics (खेलकू द)…
Ex:
Physics is challenging to understand.
Summons requires a response.
English With Gopal Verma Sir
rroiereortijeroterjdgdfjkljdflkdjd
Rule No: (16)
Given Nouns ( Plural) + Plural Verb + Object.
Children, peasantry (िकसान), Cattle (पशु), cavalry (घुड़सवार सेना), infantry (पैदल सेना),
poultry (मुग�पालन), gentry (उ� वग�), police, and people.
Ex:
Police enforce the law.
Infantry moved into position.
English With Gopal Verma Sir
Rule No: (16)
Given Nouns ( Plural) + Plural Verb + Object.
Children, peasantry (िकसान), Cattle (पशु), cavalry (घुड़सवार सेना), infantry (पैदल सेना),
poultry (मुग�पालन), gentry (उ� वग�), police, and people.
Ex:
Police enforce the law.
Infantry moved into position.
English With Gopal Verma Sir
rroiereortijeroterjdgdfjkljdflkdjd
Rule No: (17)
Noun + Preposition + Noun
Day after Day, Row upon row, Town after town, Woman after
woman
Ex:
The team practiced day after day to improve their skills.
Woman after woma n came forward to share their stories at the conference.
English With Gopal Verma Sir
Rule No: (17)
Noun + Preposition + Noun
Day after Day, Row upon row, Town after town, Woman after
woman
Ex:
The team practiced day after day to improve their skills.
Woman after woma n came forward to share their stories at the conference.
English With Gopal Verma Sir
rroiereortijeroterjdgdfjkljdflkdjd
Rule No: (18)
A + Given Expression + Verb + Object.
A European, A unique film, A union, A one-eyed person, A one- sided decision, A
university, A one-rupee note, A one- act play.
Ex:
1. A university provides a wide range of courses.
English With Gopal Verma Sir
Rule No: (18)
A + Given Expression + Verb + Object.
A European, A unique film, A union, A one-eyed person, A one- sided decision, A
university, A one-rupee note, A one- act play.
Ex:
1. A university provides a wide range of courses.
English With Gopal Verma Sir
rroiereortijeroterjdgdfjkljdflkdjd
Rule No: (19)
A/An (❌) Given Expression + Singular verb + object.
Scenery, traffic, hair, evidence, music, advice, progress, bread, work, gold,
postage, wastage, silver, furniture, news, knowledge, money, baggage, poetry,
crockery.
Ex:
The evidence is compelling in the case.
The scenery is breathtaking
English With Gopal Verma Sir
Rule No: (19)
A/An (❌) Given Expression + Singular verb + object.
Scenery, traffic, hair, evidence, music, advice, progress, bread, work, gold,
postage, wastage, silver, furniture, news, knowledge, money, baggage, poetry,
crockery.
Ex:
The evidence is compelling in the case.
The scenery is breathtaking
English With Gopal Verma Sir
rroiereortijeroterjdgdfjkljdflkdjd
Rule No: (20)
Noun (subject) + verb + the + superlative adjective + noun
(object).
The tallest, the most interesting, the fastest, the oldest, the best, the newest, the
most challenging, the highest.
Ex:
1. The most interesting book I've ever read.
2. The fastest runner in the competition.
English With Gopal Verma Sir
Rule No: (20)
Noun (subject) + verb + the + superlative adjective + noun
(object).
The tallest, the most interesting, the fastest, the oldest, the best, the newest, the
most challenging, the highest.
Ex:
1. The most interesting book I've ever read.
2. The fastest runner in the competition.
English With Gopal Verma Sir
rroiereortijeroterjdgdfjkljdflkdjd
Rule No: (21)
‘The + Ordinal number + Noun’
Ex:
1. The first day of the year.
2. The second round of the competition.
English With Gopal Verma Sir
Rule No: (21)
‘The + Ordinal number + Noun’
Ex:
1. The first day of the year.
2. The second round of the competition.
English With Gopal Verma Sir
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Rule No: (22)
The + Personality (qualities/expressions) + in + Him/her + Verb + Object
Ex:
The teacher in her explained the difficult concept with patience.
The artist in him was evident in the stunning mural he painted.
English With Gopal Verma Sir
Rule No: (22)
The + Personality (qualities/expressions) + in + Him/her + Verb + Object
Ex:
The teacher in her explained the difficult concept with patience.
The artist in him was evident in the stunning mural he painted.
English With Gopal Verma Sir
rroiereortijeroterjdgdfjkljdflkdjd
Rule No: (23)
It's time / It's high time / It's about time + Subject + V2
Ex:
"It's time" she called her parents.
"It's high time" we addressed the budget issues.
English With Gopal Verma Sir
Rule No: (23)
It's time / It's high time / It's about time + Subject + V2
Ex:
"It's time" she called her parents.
"It's high time" we addressed the budget issues.
English With Gopal Verma Sir
rroiereortijeroterjdgdfjkljdflkdjd
Rule No: (24)
Zero Conditional (General truths or habits)
Conditional word + subject + V1/V5 + object
Ex:
If you heat water, it boils.
If it rains, the ground gets wet.
English With Gopal Verma Sir
Rule No: (24)
Zero Conditional (General truths or habits)
Conditional word + subject + V1/V5 + object
Ex:
If you heat water, it boils.
If it rains, the ground gets wet.
English With Gopal Verma Sir
rroiereortijeroterjdgdfjkljdflkdjd
Rule No: (25)
First Conditional (Real and possible situations in the future)
Conditional word + subject + V1/V5 + object
Ex:
If it rains tomorrow, we will cancel the picnic.
If she studies hard, she will pass the exam.
English With Gopal Verma Sir
Rule No: (25)
First Conditional (Real and possible situations in the future)
Conditional word + subject + V1/V5 + object
Ex:
If it rains tomorrow, we will cancel the picnic.
If she studies hard, she will pass the exam.
English With Gopal Verma Sir
rroiereortijeroterjdgdfjkljdflkdjd
Rule No: (26)
Second Conditional (Hypothetical situations in the present or
future)
Conditional word + subject + V2 + object
Ex:
If I won the lottery, I would travel the world.
If he were a little more careful, he would not make so many mistakes.
English With Gopal Verma Sir
Rule No: (26)
Second Conditional (Hypothetical situations in the present or
future)
Conditional word + subject + V2 + object
Ex:
If I won the lottery, I would travel the world.
If he were a little more careful, he would not make so many mistakes.
English With Gopal Verma Sir
rroiereortijeroterjdgdfjkljdflkdjd
Rule No: (27)
Third Conditional (Unreal situations in the past)
Conditional word + subject + had + V3 + object
Ex:
If I had known about the meeting, I would have attended.
If they had left earlier, they would have caught the train.
English With Gopal Verma Sir
Rule No: (27)
Third Conditional (Unreal situations in the past)
Conditional word + subject + had + V3 + object
Ex:
If I had known about the meeting, I would have attended.
If they had left earlier, they would have caught the train.
English With Gopal Verma Sir
rroiereortijeroterjdgdfjkljdflkdjd
Rule No: (28)
Each/ Either/ Neither/ Every + Noun ( singular) + verb (singular)
Ex:
1. Each student has a unique project.
2. Either candidate is qualified for the job.
English With Gopal Verma Sir
Rule No: (28)
Each/ Either/ Neither/ Every + Noun ( singular) + verb (singular)
Ex:
1. Each student has a unique project.
2. Either candidate is qualified for the job.
English With Gopal Verma Sir
rroiereortijeroterjdgdfjkljdflkdjd
Rule No: (29)
Preposition/Prepositional Phrase + Objective Case Pronoun
List of preposition / Prepositional Phrase
With, For, About, To, Of, Against, By, Between, Under, Among, In front of, Next
to, Along with, Together with, In addition to, Due to, On behalf of, As well as, In
place of, Contrary to, Compared to, Rather than, Aside from.
Ex:
The car is parked in front of us.
Rather than (Conjunction): To indicate negation as a contrary choice or wish
Rather than (Preposition):
के बजाय
English With Gopal Verma Sir
Rule No: (29)
Preposition/Prepositional Phrase + Objective Case Pronoun
List of preposition / Prepositional Phrase
With, For, About, To, Of, Against, By, Between, Under, Among, In front of, Next
to, Along with, Together with, In addition to, Due to, On behalf of, As well as, In
place of, Contrary to, Compared to, Rather than, Aside from.
Ex:
The car is parked in front of us.
Rather than (Conjunction): To indicate negation as a contrary choice or wish
Rather than (Preposition):
के बजाय
English With Gopal Verma Sir
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Rule No: (30)
(Irregular Verbs: V1=V2=V3)
Set, Burst, Read, Shed, Thrust, Cost, Hit, Forecast, Wed, Overcast, Broadcast,
Slit, Telecast, Rid, Bid, Shut, Cut, Spread, Bet, Cast, Quit.
Ex:
He will bid at the auction.
She shut the door yesterday.
English With Gopal Verma Sir
Rule No: (30)
(Irregular Verbs: V1=V2=V3)
Set, Burst, Read, Shed, Thrust, Cost, Hit, Forecast, Wed, Overcast, Broadcast,
Slit, Telecast, Rid, Bid, Shut, Cut, Spread, Bet, Cast, Quit.
Ex:
He will bid at the auction.
She shut the door yesterday.
English With Gopal Verma Sir
rroiereortijeroterjdgdfjkljdflkdjd
Rule No: (31)
Action Verb + Adverb
Linking Verb + Adjective
Be (am, is, are, was, were, being, been), Become, Seem, Appear, Feel, Look,
Sound, Taste, Smell, Grow, Stay, Turn, remain, prove, look, taste, Appear.
Ex:
They completed the project efficiently
Adv.
The cake looks delicious
Adj.
English With Gopal Verma Sir
Rule No: (31)
Action Verb + Adverb
Linking Verb + Adjective
Be (am, is, are, was, were, being, been), Become, Seem, Appear, Feel, Look,
Sound, Taste, Smell, Grow, Stay, Turn, remain, prove, look, taste, Appear.
Ex:
They completed the project efficiently
Adv.
The cake looks delicious
Adj.
English With Gopal Verma Sir
rroiereortijeroterjdgdfjkljdflkdjd
Rule No: (32)
Many + Noun (plural) + verb (plural)
Many a + Noun (singular) + verb (singular)
A great/good many + Noun (plural) + verb (plural)
Ex:
Many students are studying in the library.
Many a student has struggled with this topic.
A good many chairs were arranged for the meeting.
A great many people have already registered for the event.
Many:
कई
Many a: अनेक
A great Many: ब�त सारे
English With Gopal Verma Sir
Rule No: (32)
Many + Noun (plural) + verb (plural)
Many a + Noun (singular) + verb (singular)
A great/good many + Noun (plural) + verb (plural)
Ex:
Many students are studying in the library.
Many a student has struggled with this topic.
A good many chairs were arranged for the meeting.
A great many people have already registered for the event.
Many:
कई
Many a: अनेक
A great Many: ब�त सारे
English With Gopal Verma Sir
rroiereortijeroterjdgdfjkljdflkdjd
Rule No: (33)
Correct correlative conjunctions pair.
1) Both…………And,
2) Either…………Or,
3) Neither………… Nor,
4) Whether…………Or,
5) Not Only…………But also,
6) Such…………That
English With Gopal Verma Sir
Rule No: (33)
Correct correlative conjunctions pair.
1) Both…………And,
2) Either…………Or,
3) Neither………… Nor,
4) Whether…………Or,
5) Not Only…………But also,
6) Such…………That
English With Gopal Verma Sir
rroiereortijeroterjdgdfjkljdflkdjd
Rule No: (34)
“One Of The/ Either Of/ Neither Of/ Each Of/ + The + Plural
Noun/Pronoun.
Ex:
One of the books has been misplaced.
Neither of the solutions was effective.
English With Gopal Verma Sir
Rule No: (34)
“One Of The/ Either Of/ Neither Of/ Each Of/ + The + Plural
Noun/Pronoun.
Ex:
One of the books has been misplaced.
Neither of the solutions was effective.
English With Gopal Verma Sir
rroiereortijeroterjdgdfjkljdflkdjd
Rule No: (35)
Position of Adverbs (MPT)
Adverb of Manner + Adverb of Place + Adverb of Time
Ex:
She danced gracefully in the ballroom last night.
English With Gopal Verma Sir
Rule No: (35)
Position of Adverbs (MPT)
Adverb of Manner + Adverb of Place + Adverb of Time
Ex:
She danced gracefully in the ballroom last night.
English With Gopal Verma Sir
rroiereortijeroterjdgdfjkljdflkdjd
Rule No: (36)
Beside VS Besides
Besides (
इसके अलावा): Adds additional information or means "in addition to."
Beside (के बगल म�): Indicates that something is located next to or alongside
something else.
Ex:
The cat is sleeping beside the fireplace.
Besides milk and butter, we need some vegetables.
English With Gopal Verma Sir
Rule No: (36)
Beside VS Besides
Besides (
इसके अलावा): Adds additional information or means "in addition to."
Beside (के बगल म�): Indicates that something is located next to or alongside
something else.
Ex:
The cat is sleeping beside the fireplace.
Besides milk and butter, we need some vegetables.
English With Gopal Verma Sir
rroiereortijeroterjdgdfjkljdflkdjd
Rule No: (37)
Pronoun 231 (+Ve) VS 123 ( -Ve)
Ex:
1.You he and I are going.
2.I, you and he have committed a sin.English With Gopal Verma Sir
Rule No: (37)
Pronoun 231 (+Ve) VS 123 ( -Ve)
Ex:
1.You he and I are going.
2.I, you and he have committed a sin.English With Gopal Verma Sir
rroiereortijeroterjdgdfjkljdflkdjd
Rule No: (38)
Little/ A little/ The little + Uncountable Noun + Object.
Little (
थोड़ा): Hardly any
The little (जो थोड़ा है): All that is available
A little (थोड़ा सा): Some but not much
Ex:
She gave a little encouragement to the new member.
The team received little support from management.
English With Gopal Verma Sir
Rule No: (38)
Little/ A little/ The little + Uncountable Noun + Object.
Little (
थोड़ा): Hardly any
The little (जो थोड़ा है): All that is available
A little (थोड़ा सा): Some but not much
Ex:
She gave a little encouragement to the new member.
The team received little support from management.
English With Gopal Verma Sir
rroiereortijeroterjdgdfjkljdflkdjd
Rule No: (39)
Subject (Singular Indefinite Pronoun)
Everybody, somebody, nobody, anybody, someone, no one, everyone, anyone,
everything, something, nothing, anything. + Singular Verb.
Ex:
Everybody is excited for the weekend.
Each/Every/Either/Neither/One/ + Singular Noun + Singular Verb.
Both/Several + Plural Noun + Plural Verb.
English With Gopal Verma Sir
Rule No: (39)
Subject (Singular Indefinite Pronoun)
Everybody, somebody, nobody, anybody, someone, no one, everyone, anyone,
everything, something, nothing, anything. + Singular Verb.
Ex:
Everybody is excited for the weekend.
Each/Every/Either/Neither/One/ + Singular Noun + Singular Verb.
Both/Several + Plural Noun + Plural Verb.
English With Gopal Verma Sir
rroiereortijeroterjdgdfjkljdflkdjd
Rule No: (40)
‘Half of / one third of / two thirds of / Three fourths of / + Countable Noun +
Plural Verb.
‘Half of / one third of / two thirds of / Three fourths of / + Uncountable Noun +
Singular Verb.
Ex:
Half of the students are attending the seminar.
Three fourths of the sand was washed away.
English With Gopal Verma Sir
Rule No: (40)
‘Half of / one third of / two thirds of / Three fourths of / + Countable Noun +
Plural Verb.
‘Half of / one third of / two thirds of / Three fourths of / + Uncountable Noun +
Singular Verb.
Ex:
Half of the students are attending the seminar.
Three fourths of the sand was washed away.
English With Gopal Verma Sir
rroiereortijeroterjdgdfjkljdflkdjd
Rule No: (41)
Arrangement of Adjective ‘OSASCOMP’
O - Opinion: (e.g., lovely, beautiful, ugly)
S - Size: (e.g., small, large, tiny)
A - Age: (e.g., old, young, ancient)
S - Shape: (e.g., round, square, rectangular)
C - Color: (e.g., red, blue, green)
O - Origin: (e.g., French, American, tropical)
M - Material: (e.g., wooden, metal, cotton)
P - Purpose: (e.g., sleeping (bag), cooking (utensils), racing (car))
English With Gopal Verma Sir
Rule No: (41)
Arrangement of Adjective ‘OSASCOMP’
O - Opinion: (e.g., lovely, beautiful, ugly)
S - Size: (e.g., small, large, tiny)
A - Age: (e.g., old, young, ancient)
S - Shape: (e.g., round, square, rectangular)
C - Color: (e.g., red, blue, green)
O - Origin: (e.g., French, American, tropical)
M - Material: (e.g., wooden, metal, cotton)
P - Purpose: (e.g., sleeping (bag), cooking (utensils), racing (car))
English With Gopal Verma Sir
rroiereortijeroterjdgdfjkljdflkdjd
Opinion + Size + Age + Shape + Color + Origin + Material + Purpose + Noun
Ex:
A lovely big old round red French wooden table
A beautiful small new square blue Italian ceramic vase
English With Gopal Verma Sir
Opinion + Size + Age + Shape + Color + Origin + Material + Purpose + Noun
Ex:
A lovely big old round red French wooden table
A beautiful small new square blue Italian ceramic vase
English With Gopal Verma Sir
rroiereortijeroterjdgdfjkljdflkdjd
Rule No: (42)
No other + Noun (Singular) + Positive Degree Adjective + as... + so /as +
No + Noun (Singular) +...so/as + Positive Degree Adjective + as...
(For comparison within a group)
Ex:
No other student is as talented as Sarah in this class.
No other painting is so striking as this one in the gallery.
English With Gopal Verma Sir
Rule No: (42)
No other + Noun (Singular) + Positive Degree Adjective + as... + so /as +
No + Noun (Singular) +...so/as + Positive Degree Adjective + as...
(For comparison within a group)
Ex:
No other student is as talented as Sarah in this class.
No other painting is so striking as this one in the gallery.
English With Gopal Verma Sir
rroiereortijeroterjdgdfjkljdflkdjd
Rule No: (43)
Present Participle (V1+ing)
Past Participle (V
3
)
Perfect Participle (Having +V3)
Example:
"The running water is very cold."
“The broken vase was on the floor."
“Having finished the report, she went home." English With GopalVerma Sir
Rule No: (43)
Present Participle (V1+ing)
Past Participle (V
3
)
Perfect Participle (Having +V3)
Example:
"The running water is very cold."
“The broken vase was on the floor."
“Having finished the report, she went home." English With GopalVerma Sir
rroiereortijeroterjdgdfjkljdflkdjd
Rule No: (44)
comprise, describe, enter, visit, approach, reach, investigate, accompany,
consider, violate, pervade, precede, succeed, invade, resist, eschew, direct, join,
sign, affect, ensure, board, discuss, describe, order, tell, demand, attack,
control, resemble, and ridicule + Direct Object.
Discuss/Describe/Reach/Order/Tell/Demand/Attack/Resemble/
Ridicule + Preposition (❌) + Direct Object.
Ex: We need to discuss about the issue before the meeting.
English With Gopal Verma Sir
Rule No: (44)
comprise, describe, enter, visit, approach, reach, investigate, accompany,
consider, violate, pervade, precede, succeed, invade, resist, eschew, direct, join,
sign, affect, ensure, board, discuss, describe, order, tell, demand, attack,
control, resemble, and ridicule + Direct Object.
Discuss/Describe/Reach/Order/Tell/Demand/Attack/Resemble/
Ridicule + Preposition (❌) + Direct Object.
Ex: We need to discuss about the issue before the meeting.
English With Gopal Verma Sir
rroiereortijeroterjdgdfjkljdflkdjd
Rule No: (45) Concepts of Narration
Pronouns
1) I → he/she
2) You → I/we or he/she (depending on the context)
3) We → they
4) My → his/her
5) Your → my or his/her
6) Our → their 7) His/Her → my (❌)
8) Their → our (❌)
English With Gopal Verma Sir
Rule No: (45) Concepts of Narration
Pronouns
1) I → he/she
2) You → I/we or he/she (depending on the context)
3) We → they
4) My → his/her
5) Your → my or his/her
6) Our → their 7) His/Her → my (❌)
8) Their → our (❌)
English With Gopal Verma Sir
rroiereortijeroterjdgdfjkljdflkdjd
Time Expressions
1) Now → then
2) Today → that day
3) Tomorrow → the next day/the following day
4) Yesterday → the day before
5) Here → there
6) This → that
7) These → those
8) Last week/month/year → the previous week/month/year
English With Gopal Verma Sir
Time Expressions
1) Now → then
2) Today → that day
3) Tomorrow → the next day/the following day
4) Yesterday → the day before
5) Here → there
6) This → that
7) These → those
8) Last week/month/year → the previous week/month/year
English With Gopal Verma Sir
rroiereortijeroterjdgdfjkljdflkdjd
Modal Auxiliary
1) Can → Could
2) Could → Could
3) May → Might
4) Might → Might
5) Must → Had to
6) Should → Should
7) Shall → Should / Would
8) Will → Would
9) Would → Would
10) Need → Needed
English With Gopal Verma Sir
Modal Auxiliary
1) Can → Could
2) Could → Could
3) May → Might
4) Might → Might
5) Must → Had to
6) Should → Should
7) Shall → Should / Would
8) Will → Would
9) Would → Would
10) Need → Needed
English With Gopal Verma Sir
rroiereortijeroterjdgdfjkljdflkdjd
Tense
Present Simple → Past Simple
Present Continuous → Past Continuous
Present Perfect → Past Perfect
Past Simple → Past Perfect
Future Simple → Would
English With Gopal Verma Sir
Tense
Present Simple → Past Simple
Present Continuous → Past Continuous
Present Perfect → Past Perfect
Past Simple → Past Perfect
Future Simple → Would
English With Gopal Verma Sir
rroiereortijeroterjdgdfjkljdflkdjd
Rule No: (46)
Few (
थोड़े): A smaller number, often inadequate.
A Few (कुछ): A small but sufficient number.
The Few (थोड़े से लोग): A specific, notable group.
Ex:
"Few students completed the assignment on time."
"A few students completed the assignment on time."
"The few students who completed the assignment on time were praised by the
teacher."
English With Gopal Verma Sir
Rule No: (46)
Few (
थोड़े): A smaller number, often inadequate.
A Few (कुछ): A small but sufficient number.
The Few (थोड़े से लोग): A specific, notable group.
Ex:
"Few students completed the assignment on time."
"A few students completed the assignment on time."
"The few students who completed the assignment on time were praised by the
teacher."
English With Gopal Verma Sir
rroiereortijeroterjdgdfjkljdflkdjd
Rule No: (47)
Further VS Farther
Further: - it is used to refer to 'more or additional'.
Ex: Can you give me any further information?
Farther: at a greater distance in space, direction or time.
Ex: the farther shore of the lake.
English With Gopal Verma Sir
Rule No: (47)
Further VS Farther
Further: - it is used to refer to 'more or additional'.
Ex: Can you give me any further information?
Farther: at a greater distance in space, direction or time.
Ex: the farther shore of the lake.
English With Gopal Verma Sir
rroiereortijeroterjdgdfjkljdflkdjd
Rule No: (48)
Given Verb + Reflexive Pronouns.
Absent, Present , Adapt, Adjust, Acquit, Exert, Apply, Hurt, Prostrate,
Submit, Resign, Reconcile, Introduce, Avail, Amuse, Enjoy, Satisfy,
Avenge, Pride, Etc.
Reflexive Pronoun: Myself / Ourselves / Yourself /Yourselves / Himself / Herself /
Itself / Themselves/Oneself.
Ex:
I adapted myself to the new environment quickly.
We need to adjust ourselves to the changes in the schedule.
English With Gopal Verma Sir
Rule No: (48)
Given Verb + Reflexive Pronouns.
Absent, Present , Adapt, Adjust, Acquit, Exert, Apply, Hurt, Prostrate,
Submit, Resign, Reconcile, Introduce, Avail, Amuse, Enjoy, Satisfy,
Avenge, Pride, Etc.
Reflexive Pronoun: Myself / Ourselves / Yourself /Yourselves / Himself / Herself /
Itself / Themselves/Oneself.
Ex:
I adapted myself to the new environment quickly.
We need to adjust ourselves to the changes in the schedule.
English With Gopal Verma Sir
rroiereortijeroterjdgdfjkljdflkdjd
Rule No: (49)
Seldom Or Never (शायद ह� कभी/कभी नह�ं): Rarely or not at all.
Seldom If Ever (शायद ह� कभी/य�द कभी): Very rarely, if at all
Little Or Nothing ( बहुत कम या कुछ नह�ं): Either a very small amount or no amount
at all, emphasizing minimal or absent presence.
Little If Anything (बहुत कम या कुछ): Very little, if any
Ex:
He seldom or never eats sweets, preferring Savory snacks instead.
The report had little or nothing new to offer about the ongoing issue.
English With Gopal Verma Sir
Rule No: (49)
Seldom Or Never (शायद ह� कभी/कभी नह�ं): Rarely or not at all.
Seldom If Ever (शायद ह� कभी/य�द कभी): Very rarely, if at all
Little Or Nothing ( बहुत कम या कुछ नह�ं): Either a very small amount or no amount
at all, emphasizing minimal or absent presence.
Little If Anything (बहुत कम या कुछ): Very little, if any
Ex:
He seldom or never eats sweets, preferring Savory snacks instead.
The report had little or nothing new to offer about the ongoing issue.
English With Gopal Verma Sir
rroiereortijeroterjdgdfjkljdflkdjd
Rule No: (50)
Until VS Unless (❌) Not
Until : to the point in time up to which something continues.
Unless: the condition under which something will not happen.
Ex:
She worked at the office until 8 PM.
We will miss the deadline unless we start working faster.
English With Gopal Verma Sir
Rule No: (50)
Until VS Unless (❌) Not
Until : to the point in time up to which something continues.
Unless: the condition under which something will not happen.
Ex:
She worked at the office until 8 PM.
We will miss the deadline unless we start working faster.
English With Gopal Verma Sir
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