Topic 1 Ethics an Introductory Dive to Ethics

This discusses Ethics as under the umbrella of Philosophy. It also discusses the difference between Ethical and Moral. And lastly it shows the difference between Meta Ethics and Normative Ethics.

1. 1.Ethics an Introduction Ethics and Philosophy Ethics and Morality Meta-Ethics and Normative Ethics

2. Ethics and Philosophy Ethics may be described as a critical reflection on various life situation. It is an inquiry into some standard to guide one’s action, or as a tool to understand a given condition. In a situation one needs to make sense of one’s life Ethics suggests that besides action, one needs something that can make his or her engagement with life more meaningful and understandable. This other component is called theory. However it is often difficult, if not possible to distinguish action from theory.

3. Aristotle – work Nicomachean Ethics Moderation is needed in order to achieve eudaimonia or happiness Happy life for Aristotle not just doing particulars tasks for acquiring certain objects but also of knowing what these are for. Whether it is the search for purpose or the determination of the happy middle (moderation), a person needs to exercise the virtue of phronesis or in simple terms, careful deliberation or prudence, an ethical person as envisioned by Aristotle is one who weighs his or her options is an activity of thinking, which as suggested above, is the realm of philosophy.

4. Ethics- proceeds from commandments, rules, or traditions, commonly considered as authoritative and unchangeable. Morality- confront, as a starting point, the situation at hand without making any premature judgment that might obscure the main issue in question. Ethics and Philosophy

5. Aristotle – Man is a rational Animal Man can think for himself. The ability to think for oneself is the ultimate expression of freedom. Ethics as a philosophic discipline It seeks to impart the need to be reflective, discerning, and decisive in circumstances when existing rules or standards can no longer help individuals act adequately in their daily struggles. Ethics and Philosophy

6. Rules and standards becomes problematic when these rules or standards are imposed as ends in themselves rather than as means to help individuals attain their human fulfillment. The study of ethics is therefore, crucial because it allows people to be more in touch with their humanity. Ethics points out that the dignity of human persons comes from their ability to respond to situation which can help them see better who they are, what they can do, and who can they be. This is a task that require more than a catalogue of do’s and dont’s . Life is too rich, too complex, too meaningful to be confined within the formularies of action and prohibition.

7. C. Meta-Ethics and Normative Ethics According to Simon Blackburn in his book, Ethics: A Very Short Introduction Reasons why certain people are not convinced of conceiving and imparting Ethics as a coherent system of theories or values. Meta-ethics does not concern itself with the determination of the ethical quality of specific cases like child labor, human trafficking, or gender equality. Rather than the issue of rightness or wrongness, meta-ethics examines instead the validity of the standards that make such judgment of right or wrong possible Normative Ethics supplies the questions that fuel the critical examination of meta-ethics just as meta-ethics provides the clarification of meta-ethics just as meta-ethics provide the clarification necessary for a more enriched treatment of normative ethics. Either of them is useful for a well-grounded ethical education of students today.

8. 1.Ethics and Critical Thinking Critical Thinking Egocentrism and Sociocentrism Critical Thinking and Ethics

9. Ethics and Critical Thinking The phrase Critical thinking is used in this context to refer to the challenge of making individuals critic of their own thoughts. A critical thinker is someone who has acquired the disposition and the skills to be his or her own critic. According to Richard Paul and Linda Elder in their book Critical Thinking: Tools for Taking Charge of Your Professional and Personal Life. Critical thinking as “that mode of thinking-about any subject, content, or problem-in which the thinker improves the quality of his or her thinking by skillfully taking charge of the structure inherent in thinking and imposing intellectual standards upon them.” In other words, it is not enough to simply display the range of one’s understanding of a particular situation.Unless one commits himself or herself a critical thinker. CriticalThinking

10. Thinking in the ordinary mode- such as when one thinks of what to eat or what to include in a schedule for the next day-is described by Paul and Elder as first-order thinking. It is kind of thinking that makes people aware of a particular object of thought. Drug-addiction is wrong The moment a person turns his or her attention to how he or she is thinking instead of simply what he or she is thinking, then he or she is thinking, then he or she is ready to engage in second- order thinking. To think about the “how” and not just the “what” is to engage in reflection, assessment, and interpretation. So it is not enough to simply state that “Drug addiction is wrong” One must be able to understand as well the thought processes that lead to this conclusion. This happens too when a person thinks critically he or she tries to see a specific issue according to its many dimensions, instead of focusing only on a single aspect. For a moment, one takes his or her mind away from the object of thought in the hope of finding a new way of looking at the situation.

11. Egocentrism and Sociocentrism Egocentrism is the tendency of an individual to regard his or her own personal opinion, belief, or conviction as the sole basis for asserting the truth of a claim. If this thinking continues Something is true for an egocentric thinker because he or she thinks it is true. An egocentric thinker neither recognizes nor entertains the opinions of others particularly those who contradicts his or her claim. He or she thinks his or her opinion alone matters and all other opinions fare less in comparison with his or hers

12. Egocentrism and Sociocentrism Sociocentrism – an entire community or social group rather than an individual, imposes its own worldview on others and compels its adherents to follow such orientation without question as a means to advance the group’s interests.

13. Critical Thinking and Ethics Assumptions are untested claims that are simply taken to be true without the process of validation. Those who constantly use their assumptions in ethical judgments are egocentric thinkers. A Critical Thinker must be able to check the inference or the conclusion-making process involved in a given ethical case not to mention the implications or consequences of a particular conclusion. Ex. A government official who just accepts bribe because everyone are doing so adopts a flawed premise.

14. A Critical thinker must likewise pay attention to the theory or concept underlying an action or a situation. Theory and reality are one. It is theory that puts names on things around us and, thanks to these names, our minds are able to know the world as it appears. In ethics, theory is just as important. Ex. A person, for examples, who suffers from very oppressive conditions at work will not find the voice to air his or her predicament unless he or she has a clear notion of justice, rights, and human dignity. Justice an understanding of these theories enables one to have a better grasp of his or her circumstances. One cannot look at reality without the proper lenses. Theories provide these instruments. Thus, theories aid in seeing things more clearly in much the same way lenses do to human sight.

15. Four main parts Despite being red, Mars is actually a cold place. It's full of iron oxide dust Earth is the third planet from the Sun and the only one that harbors life Venus has a beautiful name and is the second planet from the Sun Jupiter is a gas giant and the biggest planet in the Solar System Mars Earth Venus Jupiter

16. Venus has a beautiful name and is the second planet from the Sun It's the fourth largest planet by diameter in the Solar System General rules in socratic dialogue Mars is actually a cold place. It's full of iron oxide dust Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun and the smallest of them all It was named after the Roman god of wealth and agriculture Jupiter is a gas giant and the biggest planet in the Solar System Mars Venus Mercury Saturn Neptune Jupiter

17. Awesome words

18. “This is a quote, words full of wisdom that someone important said and can make the reader get inspired.” —Someone Famous

19. A picture is worth a thousand words

20. Pictures reinforces the concept Images reveal large amounts of data, so remember: use an image instead of a long text. Your audience will appreciate it

21. 8,300,000 Big numbers catch your audience’s attention

22. Jupiter's rotation period 9h 55m 23s 333,000 The Sun’s mass compared to Earth’s 386,000 km Distance between Earth and the Moon

23. It’s the closest planet to the Sun and the smallest one in the Solar System Mercury Venus has a beautiful name and is the second planet from the Sun Venus Mars is actually a cold place. It’s full of iron oxide dust Mars Let’s use some percentages 50% 75% 25%

24. Greece Athens Historical background on a map Ancient greek philosophy Mars is actually a cold place. It's full of iron oxide dust, which gives the planet its reddish cast More than 1,800 disciples

25. Timeline of Socrates life Birth Venus is the second planet from the Sun Education Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun Potidea Despite being red, Mars is a cold place Death Jupiter is the biggest planet of them all 469 B.C 432 B.C 462 B.C 399 B.C

26. Parts of Socrates' philosophy Despite being red, Mars is actually a cold place. It's full of iron oxide dust Earth is the third planet from the Sun and the only one that harbors life Venus has a beautiful name and is the second planet from the Sun Jupiter is a gas giant and the biggest planet in the Solar System The dialectic The politics The religion Intellectualism 1st 2nd 3rd 4th

27. Differences: Socrates vs. Sophists Socrates Sophists The method Socrates uses the dialectic as a method Defend rhetoric as a method to transmit knowledge Virtue/morals They are directly linked to the presence or knowledge Virtue is linked to fame and public recognition The philosopher A person who guides another to get the truth Is an individual who illustrates and teaches The philosophy Must be practical and work through dialogue Teach disciples the necessary skills

28. Impact of Socrates in philosophy Follow the link in the graph to modify its data and then paste the new one here. For more info, click here Q1 15% Mars is a cold planet Q2 15% Mercury is very small Q3 60% Jupiter is a gas giant Q4 90% Saturn has several rings

29. Five concepts of Socrates The method The universal The wisdom The politics The religion 01 02 03 04 05 Dialectic is the main feature Define that universal essence Question everything established Must be specialists in the field Religion from an intimate level

30. The problem of definition speaks of: The religion and the social The moral and the politics The steps of the Socratic method are: Irony - maieutics Maieutics - irony Read and mark true or false Socrates' teaching method is based on Dialogue and understanding Dialogue and dialectic The socratic method consisted of Irony and maieutics Maieutics and rhetoric Read the questions and mark the boxes with a T if it is true , or F if it is false :

31. Socrates’ philosophy It consists of an active and participatory search for knowledge. It invites you to think for yourself and find new ways to address real problems He developed the theory of moral intellectualism based on anthropological dualism. Socratic moral intellectualism identifies knowledge as a virtue When looking for the definition of virtue, he tries to define that universal essence, giving rise to the universal as a philosophical problem The socratic method Moral intellectualism The term "Universal"

32. Philosophy crossword 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1. Have a particular opinion 5. Form of cooperative dialogue 7. Greek philosopher from Athens Across 2. Capacity of consciously applying logic 4. Perception of the world 8. Socrates defines it as absolute truth Down

33. The Socratic Maieutics Dialogue between two people whose goal is to help us remember or find truth or knowledge for ourselves The definition The teacher proposes a topic to discuss and asks the student The student answers confidently, the teacher rebuts with another question Progressively the questions become more uncomfortable, painful and confusing A process of acceptance of ignorance and discovery of the truth is developed The discussion concludes with a conclusion or inconclusive The socratic method

34. Write something about Socrates Make an essay about Socrates with the words below You can write here… Word bank Irony Method Socratic Greek Dialogue Intellectualism Death

35. Flow of the socratic dialogue Why did you say it? What does your statement mean? Identify what you are thinking 01 Do you have a reliable source? How can you know the truth? Examine the facts behind your belief 02 Is it always true? Under what conditions could be false? Challenge the thought 03 Can others view in the same way? Are there possible counter arguments? Look at it from a different angle 04

36. Answer the following questions Who is Socrates? Who were his students? His most famous quote is… When was Socrates born? What is the Maieutica? How did Socrates die?

37. Socratic concept map Socrates Moral intellectualism Ignorance, no one knowingly does wrong Knowledge and manifests itself as... Dialectic Irony Maieutica Vice Virtue Self-control Non-violence Freedom

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