TOPIC 1 FOOD SECURITY AND GLOBAL NUTRITION 2023.pptx

1. Food security
2. Global nutrition
3. Pressures on food prices
4. Food security and increase in population

1. FOOD SECURITY AND GLOBAL NUTRITION TOPIC 1

2. LECTURE OUTLINES Food Security Key Points of Food Security Some Facts about Food Security in Suriname Achieving Food Security 01 Global Nutrition Conception of Global Nutrition Some Facts about Nutrition in Suriname Strategies for Improving Global Nutrition 02 Pressures on Food Prices Factors that Influence on Food Prices Impacts of Rising Food Prices Strategies for Reducing Food Prices 03 Food Security and Increase in Population Modern Trends In World Population Development Modern Trends In Surinamese Population Development Managing Food Security In The Face of a Growing Population 04

3. Food Security What is it and how to achieve it?

4. Key Points of Food Security 2 3 4 5 1 Food sustainability refers to the ability of food systems to provide sufficient food for present and future generations without compromising the environment, and social and economic well-being. Food stability refers to the ability of individuals and communities to maintain access to food during times of crisis, such as natural disasters or economic shocks. Food utilization refers to the ability of individuals to use food effectively to meet their nutritional needs. It is influenced by factors such as food quality, dietary diversity, and health status. Access to food refers to the ability of individuals and households to obtain food. It is influenced by factors such as income, food prices, and transportation costs. Food availability refers to the availability of food at the national, regional, and household levels. It is affected by factors such as agricultural production, food imports, and food distribution. A vailability A ccessibility U tilization S tability S ustainability

5. Source: https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#country/ 207 Some Facts about Food Security in Suriname

6. Source: https://www.arcgis.com/apps/dashboards/ c4a25e71d3c545f08de7718290509859

7. Source: https://analytics.wfp.org/t/Public/views/CaribbeanFoodSecurityLivelihoodsImpactSurvey/Overview

8. Major Challenges to Food Security Poverty : Poverty is a major barrier to food security as people living in poverty often lack the resources to purchase or produce enough food to meet their dietary needs. Conflict and political instability : Conflict and political instability can disrupt food production and distribution systems, leading to food shortages and famine. Food waste and loss : An estimated one-third of all food produced for human consumption is lost or wasted, which represents a significant loss of resources and food that could be used to address food insecurity. . Limited access to markets and infrastructure : Limited access to markets, roads, and other infrastructure can make it difficult for farmers to sell their products and for food to be distributed to those who need it most. Climate change : Climate change is causing extreme weather events such as droughts, floods, and hurricanes that are reducing agricultural productivity and making it harder for farmers to grow enough food to feed the population. . Water scarcity : The availability of fresh water for agriculture is decreasing due to population growth, urbanization, and climate change, leading to reduced food production. Land degradation : The degradation of land due to soil erosion, deforestation, and desertification is reducing the amount of productive land available for food production. Population growth : The world's population is expected to reach 9.7 billion by 2050, which will put additional pressure on food production and distribution systems. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

9. Key Strategies that Can Help to Reach Food Security Addressing climate change Promoting sustainable agricultural practices Improving access to markets Investing in social protection programs Strengthening food systems Supporting smallholder farmers Improving access to markets can help farmers to sell their products at fair prices, which can increase their income and promote food security. This includes improving transportation infrastructure and developing market linkages. Sustainable agriculture can help to increase food production while reducing the negative impacts of agriculture on the environment. This includes using environmentally friendly farming practices, promoting biodiversity, and reducing the use of harmful chemicals. Social protection programs, such as cash transfer programs, food assistance programs, and social safety nets, can help to reduce poverty and increase access to food for vulnerable populations. Strengthening food systems can help to improve food security by promoting sustainable production, reducing food waste and loss, improving food safety and nutrition, and promoting equitable distribution of food. Climate change is a major threat to food security, as it can lead to crop failures, water scarcity, and other challenges. Addressing climate change through mitigation and adaptation measures can help to promote food security in the long term. Smallholder farmers are often the most vulnerable to food insecurity, but they also play a critical role in food production. Supporting smallholder farmers through training, access to credit, and other forms of support can help to increase their productivity and improve their livelihoods. ,

10. Global Nutrition What is it and how to improve it?

11. Nutrition and Global Nutrition Nutrients include macronutrients such as carbohydrates, proteins, and fats, as well as micronutrients such as vitamins and minerals, which are required in smaller amounts but are still essential for good health. Nutrition is the process by which an organism takes in and utilizes nutrients from food for growth, maintenance, and repair of tissues, as well as for energy production and other metabolic activities. Good nutrition is crucial for overall health and well-being and can help prevent and manage various health conditions. It encompasses the interrelated areas of food security, food safety, and dietary intake, and considers the social, economic, and environmental factors that influence nutrition outcomes at the global level. Global nutrition refers to the study and management of nutrition on a global scale, with a focus on addressing malnutrition and its associated health consequences. Global nutrition also includes efforts to improve access to safe and nutritious food, increase awareness and education about healthy eating, and reduce disparities in nutrition status between different populations and regions of the world. 1 2 3 1 2 3

12. Some Facts about Nutrition in Suriname Dietary intakes of key foods and nutrients in adults aged 20 years and over compare against the minimum and maximum targets Source : Tufts University. Global Dietary Database. Published online 2019. Available at: https://www.globaldietarydatabase.org/data-download. Accessed 16 November 2022

13. Some Facts about Nutrition in Suriname Mortality attributable to dietary composition and weight Source: New analysis based on estimates of food intake from the Global Dietary Database, weight measurements from the NCD Risk Factor Collaboration, risk-disease relationships from the epidemiological literature and mortality and population estimates from the Global Burden of Disease project. For more information see: https://globalnutritionreport.org/resources/nutrition-profiles/latin-america-and-caribbean/south-america/suriname/

14. The Global Nutrition Targets TARGET 8 To ensure universal access to safe drinking water and sanitation. TARGET 2 To reduce the number of women of reproductive age who are anemic by 50%. TARGET 7 To achieve a 30% reduction in the prevalence of anemia in women of reproductive age. TARGET 3 To achieve a 50% reduction in the prevalence of low birth weight. TARGET 9 To reduce and maintain childhood stunting to less than 5%. TARGET 1 To reduce the number of children under 5 who are stunted by 40%. TARGET 6 To increase the rate of exclusive breastfeeding in the first 6 months up to at least 50%. TARGET 4 To achieve a 50% reduction in the prevalence of childhood wasting. TARGET 5 To ensure that there is no increase in childhood overweight.

15. Progress Towards the Global Nutrition Targets in Suriname Source : WHO. Global Health Observatory Data Repository/World Health Statistics. Available at: https://www.who.int/data/gho/data/indicators. Accessed 16 November 2022.; UNICEF/WHO. Low birthweight estimates; published online 2019. Available at: https://data.unicef.org/topic/nutrition/low-birthweight. Accessed 16 November 2022; UNICEF. Global databases: Infant and young child feeding; published online July 2020. Available at: http://data.unicef.org/nutrition/iycf. Accessed 16 November 2022; UNICEF/WHO/World Bank. Joint Child Malnutrition Estimates Expanded Database: Stunting, Wasting and Overweight; published online July 2020. Available at: https://data.unicef.org/resources/dataset/malnutrition-data. Accessed 16 November 2022; NCD Risk Factor Collaboration. 2017. Available at: http://ncdrisc.org/data-downloads.html. Accessed 16 November 2022; Tufts University. Global Dietary Database; published online 2019. Available at: https://www.globaldietarydatabase.org/data-download. Accessed 16 November 2022 1 6 11 2 7 12 3 4 5 8 9 10 13

16. Key Strategies that Can Help to Improve Global Nutrition 3 Unsafe food can contribute to malnutrition through foodborne illnesses, which can affect both nutritional intake and absorption. Efforts to improve food safety and hygiene can help to prevent these illnesses, reducing the risk of malnutrition. Improve Food Safety And Hygiene: 1 Efforts should be made to improve food security and availability, particularly in low-income and resource-constrained settings. This can be achieved through interventions such as food aid, agricultural development, and food fortification. Increase Access to Nutritious Food: 4 Poverty, lack of education, and social inequalities can all contribute to malnutrition. Addressing these underlying factors can help to improve nutrition outcomes by increasing access to food and health care, and improving overall living conditions. Address Social and Economic Factors: 2 Education and awareness campaigns can help to increase knowledge and promote healthy eating habits, particularly in areas where there is a high prevalence of malnutrition. This can include messages on the importance of balanced diets, breastfeeding, and optimal feeding practices for infants and young children. Promote Healthy Dietary Behaviors: 5 Adequate funding for nutrition programs and research is critical for improving global nutrition outcomes. Investment in research can help to identify effective interventions, while funding for nutrition programs can ensure that interventions are implemented and sustained over time. Increase Investment in Nutrition:

17. Pressures on Food Prices What is it and how to reduce it?

18. Factors that Can Put Pressure on Food Prices Changes in exchange rates: Changes in government policies, such as tariffs or subsidies, can affect the cost of food production and distribution. Global trade: Changes in trade policies or disruptions to supply chains can affect the availability and cost of food. Consumer preferences and diets: Changes in consumer preferences, such as a shift towards plant-based diets, can affect demand for certain foods and drive prices up or down. Market speculation: Speculation by investors in commodity markets can drive up food prices. Supply and demand: If there is an increase in demand for food, and the supply cannot keep up with this demand, prices will rise. . Weather and natural disasters: Extreme weather conditions such as droughts, floods, hurricanes, and wildfires can negatively affect crop yields and livestock production, leading to lower supplies and higher prices. Energy prices: The cost of energy, such as fuel used for transportation and production, can affect food prices. Changes in exchange rates: When exchange rates change, it can affect the cost of importing and exporting food, leading to price changes. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

19. Websites with Information About Food Prices Dynamics in the World The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations publishes a Food Price Index, which tracks the monthly changes in international prices of a basket of food commodities. You can find the index on their website at http://www.fao.org/worldfoodsituation/foodpricesindex/en/. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) The World Bank tracks food prices and publishes a Food Price Watch report, which provides an analysis of recent trends in food prices in developing countries. You can find the report on their website at https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/poverty/brief/global-food-price-watch. World Bank The International Monetary Fund (IMF) also publishes data on food prices, which can be accessed through their website at https://www.imf.org/en/Data. The International Monetary Fund The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) publishes a monthly report on World Agricultural Supply and Demand Estimates (WASDE), which includes information on global food prices. You can find the report on their website at https://www.usda.gov/oce/commodity/wasde/. United States Department of Agriculture

20. Impacts of Rising Food Prices 3 When food prices rise dramatically, it can lead to social unrest and protests. This is particularly true in countries where food is a significant portion of household spending, and where people are already struggling to make ends meet. Social unrest: 1 When food prices rise, people who are already living in poverty may struggle to afford basic necessities like food, housing, and healthcare. This can lead to a cycle of poverty where people are unable to meet their basic needs and are forced to make difficult choices about how to allocate their limited resources. Increased poverty: 4 Rising food prices can lead to inflation, which can undermine economic stability and growth. High food prices can also lead to reduced consumer spending on other goods and services, which can have ripple effects throughout the economy. Economic instability: 2 Rising food prices can lead to malnutrition, particularly among vulnerable populations like children and pregnant women. As people are forced to cut back on their food intake or consume lower-quality foods, they may not receive the nutrients they need to maintain their health and well-being. Malnutrition: 5 In some cases, rising food prices can lead to environmental degradation, as farmers may be forced to expand their agricultural operations into ecologically sensitive areas or use unsustainable practices to increase yields. Environmental degradation:

21. How Rising Food Prices Could Influence Suriname 2 3 4 5 1 If Suriname relies on imported food to meet its needs, rising food prices could lead to a trade deficit and put pressure on the country's foreign exchange reserves. Additionally, Suriname's agricultural sector may face challenges if farmers struggle to afford inputs like seeds, fertilizer, and irrigation. If rising food prices lead to social unrest or protests, it could destabilize the political situation in Suriname. This could have negative impacts on governance, the economy, and social cohesion. When food prices rise, households in Suriname may have less money to spend on other goods and services. This could lead to reduced consumer spending, which could have ripple effects throughout the economy. Rising food prices can lead to higher inflation, which can undermine economic stability and growth. This could make it more difficult for businesses to operate and for consumers to afford non-food items. Rising food prices can make it more difficult for low-income households in Suriname to afford basic necessities like food. This could lead to increased food insecurity, particularly among vulnerable populations like children, the elderly, and those living in poverty. I ncreased food insecurity H igher inflation R educed consumer spending P olitical instability A gricultural challenges

22. Key Strategies that Can Help to Decrease Food Prices Address climate change Increase investment in agriculture Improve market transparency Reduce food waste Increase food aid Support smallholder farmers Greater market transparency can reduce price volatility by providing farmers and consumers with more information about supply and demand, production levels, and market trends. This could include better data collection, reporting, and dissemination, as well as policies to limit market speculation and hoarding Investment in agricultural research, development, and infrastructure can increase productivity and reduce food prices. This could include investments in irrigation, better seeds and fertilizers, and improved farming practices. Up to one-third of all food produced globally is lost or wasted, which contributes to higher food prices. Strategies to reduce food waste, such as improved storage and transportation systems, could help reduce food prices. Climate change is likely to have significant impacts on global food production and prices in the coming decades. Addressing climate change through mitigation and adaptation measures could help reduce price volatility and improve food security. Smallholder farmers often have limited access to markets, inputs, and credit, which can make it difficult for them to compete and drive down food prices. Supporting smallholder farmers with access to markets, inputs, and credit can help increase productivity, reduce food waste, and drive down prices. Providing food aid to vulnerable populations can help alleviate the impact of rising food prices. However, food aid should be used judiciously, as it can also undermine local agricultural markets and make them more vulnerable to price volatility.

23. Food Security and Increase in Population What is it and how to manage it?

24. Main Trends In World Population Development Ageing population: As fertility rates decline and life expectancy increases, the world's population is ageing. In 2020, there were an estimated 703 million people aged 65 years or over worldwide, and this number is projected to nearly triple to 1.5 billion by 2050. Urbanization: As populations grow, more people are moving to urban areas. In 2020, around 56% of the world's population lived in urban areas, and this is projected to increase to 68% by 2050. Impact of COVID-19: The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on population growth. Some countries have seen a decline in fertility rates due to the pandemic, while others have experienced a temporary slowdown in immigration. Rapid population growth: The world's population grew from around 2.5 billion in 1950 to 7.9 billion in 2021, a more than threefold increase in just 70 years. . Slowing population growth rate: The rate of population growth has been declining since the 1960s. In the 1960s, the world's population was growing at a rate of around 2% per year, but it has since declined to around 1% per year in 2021. Regional differences: Population growth rates vary significantly by region. Some regions, such as Sub-Saharan Africa and the Middle East, continue to experience rapid population growth, while others, such as Europe and East Asia, have low or even negative population growth rates. 1 2 3 4 5 6

25. For more information see: https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/ Some Facts About World Population Development 1950 2050 2023

26. Main Trends In Surinamese Population Development d d Slow Population Growth Rate: Suriname's population has been growing at a relatively slow rate in recent years. The population grew from around 430,000 in 2000 to around 600,000 in 2021, an increase of around 40% in 21 years. Fertility Rate Decline: Suriname's fertility rate has declined significantly in recent decades. In 2020, the total fertility rate was around 2.3 children per woman, down from around 3.5 in the 1980s. Migration: Suriname has a relatively high rate of emigration, particularly among young people. This has contributed to the country's slow population growth rate. Urbanization: Like many other countries, Suriname is experiencing increasing urbanization. In 2020, around 70% of Suriname's population lived in urban areas, up from around 60% in 2000. . Ageing Population: As in many other countries, Suriname's population is ageing. In 2020, around 8% of the population was aged 65 years or over, and this is projected to increase to around 13% by 2050.

27. Ways In Which Population Growth Can Impact Food Security Population Growth and Food Security The impacts of increasing populations on food security can be significant and complex, as the demand for food grows with the number of people, and this can lead to a variety of challenges. Overall, increasing populations can have a significant impact on food security, and addressing these challenges will require a holistic approach that considers the interrelationships between population growth, agricultural production, and environmental sustainability. INCREASED DEMAND FOR FOOD : As the population grows, so does the demand for food. This can lead to food shortages, price spikes, and an increased risk of malnutrition, especially for vulnerable populations like low-income families, children, and the elderly. PRESSURE ON AGRICULTURAL RESOURCES: With more people to feed, there is more pressure on the land, water, and other resources needed for agriculture. This can lead to overuse, depletion, and degradation of these resources, which can reduce the productivity and resilience of agricultural systems. LAND-USE CHANGES: As the population grows, more land is needed for housing, infrastructure, and other uses, which can reduce the amount of land available for agriculture. This can lead to the conversion of agricultural land to non-agricultural uses, which can further exacerbate food shortages and price spikes. CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS: Climate change can affect food security by altering the availability and quality of agricultural resources, such as water, soil, and biodiversity. Increasing populations can exacerbate these impacts by placing additional stress on already fragile ecosystems. FOOD WASTE: As populations grow and urbanize, more food is wasted due to inefficient supply chains, storage, and consumption patterns. This can lead to unnecessary food shortages and price spikes, as well as environmental impacts associated with food production and disposal. .

28. Managing Food Security In The Face of a Growing Population Address Poverty: Poverty and food insecurity are often intertwined, and addressing poverty through economic development programs can help reduce food insecurity. Support Small-scale Farmers: Small-scale farmers often face challenges accessing resources and markets, but supporting these farmers through training, financing, and access to markets can help increase food production and reduce food insecurity. Adapt to Climate Change: Climate change is impacting food production and food security. Addressing this issue requires implementing climate-smart agriculture practices, promoting agroforestry, and investing in technologies that reduce emissions. Promote Food Diversification: Encouraging the cultivation of diverse crops, promoting healthy and balanced diets, and providing education on nutritional needs can help ensure that communities have access to a variety of nutritious foods. Reduce Food Waste: Addressing food waste can increase the availability of food, reduce food insecurity, and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Strategies include improving supply chain management, implementing food recovery programs, and raising public awareness. Improve Food Distribution Systems: Enhancing food distribution systems can help ensure that food is accessible to people in remote or underserved areas. This can involve investing in infrastructure, such as roads and transportation, and providing incentives for businesses to operate in these areas. Increase Food Production: This involves increasing the quantity and quality of food produced through improved agricultural practices, such as crop rotation, using genetically modified crops, irrigation systems, and implementing sustainable farming practices.

29. Informational Resources What can you use to increase your knowledge about the study subject?

30. Means for utilizing agricultural surpluses to further overall economic development The sustainability of the natural resource environment Gender issues in relation to agriculture and resource use The contribution of improved technologies to agricultural development The importance of agricultural policies and institutions to development and trade Actions to encourage more rapid agricultural and economic development Book Description RECOMMENDED TEXTBOOK FOR STUDYING THE TOPIC Economics of Agricultural Development examines the causes, severity, and effects of poverty, population growth, and malnutrition in developing countries. It discusses potential solutions to these problems, progress made in many countries in recent years, and the implications of globalization for agriculture, poverty, and the environment. Topics covered in the book :

31. Informational Resources This portal provides a wide range of resources and data related to food security and nutrition, including reports, statistics, and case studies from around the world. https://www.fao.org/fao-stories/food-security-nutrition-portal/en/ FAO's Food Security and Nutrition Portal: This annual report provides an in-depth analysis of the global nutrition situation, including trends, challenges, and opportunities for action. It also offers a comprehensive set of data and indicators on nutrition. https://globalnutritionreport.org/ The Global Nutrition Report: This interactive map provides a visual representation of hunger and malnutrition around the world, with data on undernourishment, stunting, and wasting. https://www.wfp.org/zero-hunger/hunger-map The World Food Program's Hunger Map: This website provides a wide range of statistics on food and agriculture, including data on food production, consumption, trade, and prices. http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) Statistics Division:

32. Conclusion Food security and global nutrition are critical issues that require urgent attention from governments, international organizations, and individuals. Despite significant progress made in the past few decades, millions of people worldwide still suffer from hunger, malnutrition, and other food-related problems. To address these issues, there is a need for collaborative efforts to ensure food availability, accessibility, and affordability, while also promoting healthy and sustainable diets. This requires investments in agriculture, infrastructure, education, and social safety nets, as well as policies that support small-scale farmers, reduce food waste and promote sustainable food production practices. Achieving food security and improving global nutrition requires a comprehensive approach that recognizes the complex interplay of social, economic, and environmental factors that shape food systems, and that prioritizes the needs and rights of the most vulnerable and marginalized populations. Thank you for your patience !