TOPIC 7- Preventing Spread of Infection.pdf

Spread of infection

1. Preventing the
Spread of
Infectious
Diseases

2. Infection versus Colonization

4. Present or
incubating at the
time of
admission
From 3
rd
day and
or within 14 days
from discharge

5. [Pathogens most involved]
Gram (+)
34%
Staphylococcus
aureus
Enterococcus
spp.
Coagulase-negative
staphylococci
Gram (-)
32%
Pseudomonas
aeruginosa
Enterobacter spp.
Escherichia coli
Klebsiella spp.

6. [Pathogens most involved]
Others
Clostridium difficile
Candida albicans

7. [Most common types of infection]
1
Urinary
Tract
Infection
2
Surgical
Wound
3
Lower
Respiratory
Tract
Infection
4
Septicemia

8. 1
•Antimicrobial use in hospitals and
long-term facilities.
2
•Failure to follow basic infection
control.
3
•Patients are becoming increasingly
immunocompromised.
Why are nosocomial infections
emerging?

9. [Areas where infection is most probable]
EMERGENCY ROOM

10. [Areas where infection is most probable]
OPERATING ROOM

11. [Areas where infection is most probable]
DELIVERY ROOM

12. [Areas where infection is most probable]
NURSERY ROOM

13. [Areas where infection is most probable]
CENTRAL SUPPLY AREA

14. [Areas where infection is most probable]
NEONATAL INTENSIVE CARE UNIT

15. [Areas where infection is most probable]
INTENSIVE CARE UNIT

16. [Most vulnerable patients in hospital]
PREMATURE INFANTS AND NEWBORNS

17. [Most vulnerable patients in hospital]
WOMEN IN LABOR AND DELIVERY

18. [Most vulnerable patients in hospital]
PATIENT RECEIVING STEROIDS

19. [Most vulnerable patients in hospital]
PATIENT RECEIVING ANTICANCER DRUGS

20. [Most vulnerable patients in hospital]
PATIENT RECEIVING ANTILYMPHOCYTE
SERUM

21. [Most vulnerable patients in hospital]
PATIENT RECEIVING RADIATION

22. [Most vulnerable patients in hospital]
SURGICAL PATIENT

23. [Most vulnerable patients in hospital]
BURNS PATIENT

24. [Most vulnerable patients in hospital]
DIABETIC PATIENT

25. [Most vulnerable patients in hospital]
CANCER PATIENT

26. [Most vulnerable patients in hospital]
AIDS PATIENT

27. [Most vulnerable patients in hospital]
PARALYZED PATIENT

28. [Major contributing factors]
↑ drug-resistant
pathogens
Failure to
follow
guidelines
↑immuno-
compromised
patient
NI

29. [Major contributing factors]
↑ drug-resistant
pathogens
Failure to
follow
guidelines
↑immuno-
compromised
patient
NI
Indiscriminate
use of
antimicrobial
agents

30. [Major contributing factors]
↑ drug-resistant
pathogens
Failure to
follow
guidelines
↑immuno-
compromised
patient
NI
Indiscriminate
use of
antimicrobial
agents
False
sense of
security

31. [Major contributing factors]
↑ drug-resistant
pathogens
Failure to
follow
guidelines
↑immuno-
compromised
patient
NI
Indiscriminate
use of
antimicrobial
agents
False
sense of
security
Lengthy, more
complicated
surgery

32. [Major contributing factors]
↑ drug-resistant
pathogens
Failure to
follow
guidelines
↑immuno-
compromised
patient
NI
Indiscriminate
use of
antimicrobial
agents
False
sense of
security
Lengthy, more
complicated
surgery
Over
crowding

33. [Major contributing factors]
↑ drug-resistant
pathogens
Failure to
follow
guidelines
↑immuno-
compromised
patient
NI
Indiscriminate
use of
antimicrobial
agents
False
sense of
security
Lengthy, more
complicated
surgery
Over
crowding
Less highly
trained
personnel

34. [Major contributing factors]
↑ drug-resistant
pathogens
Failure to
follow
guidelines
↑immuno-
compromised
patient
NI
Indiscriminate
use of
antimicrobial
agents
False
sense of
security
Lengthy, more
complicated
surgery
Over
crowding
Less highly
trained
personnel
Overuse and
improper use of
indwelling devices

35. INFECTION CONTROL

36. Nosocomial Infections
INFECTION CONTROL PROCEDURES
The Contributors to Infection Control Procedure

37. [Infection control procedure]
CONTRIBUTORS
FlorenceNightingale

38. [Infection control procedure]
CONTRIBUTORS
FlorenceNightingale
-“LadywiththeLamp”
-Environmentaltheory
-Contributiontothe
Crimeanwar

39. [Infection control procedure]
CONTRIBUTORS
JosephLister

40. [Infection control procedure]
CONTRIBUTORS
JosephLister
-instituteduseofphenol
-useofphenolmist
-steamsterilization
-useofsurgicalmask,
gloves,andgown
-steriledrapeandsponge

41. [Infection control procedure]
CONTRIBUTORS
IgnazSemmelweis

42. [Infection control procedure]
CONTRIBUTORS
IgnazSemmelweis
-“Fatherof…
Handwashing
Handdisinfection
HospitalEpidemiology
-instituteduseof
chlorinatedlime

43. Nosocomial Infections
INFECTION CONTROL PROCEDURES
Aseptic
Technique
Standard
Precaution
Transmission-
Based
Precaution
Isolation
Technique

44. A S E P S I S

45. [Infection control procedure]
MEDICAL ASEPSIS/CLEAN TECHNIQUE
Involves procedures and practices that
reduce the number and transmission
of pathogens
Goal: exclusion of all pathogens

46. [Infection control procedure]
MEDICAL ASEPSIS/CLEAN TECHNIQUE
it includes:
Frequent and thorough handwashing
Proper cleaning of supplies & equipment
Disinfection
Proper disposal of needles, contaminated
materials and infectious waste

47. dry, non-infectious
waste
wet, non-infectious
waste
infectious and
pathological waste
chemical waste,
heavy metal

48. radioactive waste sharps

49. [Infection control procedure]
SURGICAL ASEPSIS/STERILE TECHNIQUE
includes practices used to render and
keep objects and areas sterile
Goal: exclusion of all microorganisms

50. [Infection control procedure]
SURGICAL ASEPSIS/STERILE TECHNIQUE
areas where this is practiced:
Operating room
Labor and delivery room
Special diagnostic areas

51. [Infection control procedure]
SURGICAL ASEPSIS/STERILE TECHNIQUE
[Principles and practices]
All objects used in a sterile field must
be sterile

52. [Infection control procedure]
SURGICAL ASEPSIS/STERILE TECHNIQUE
[Principles and practices]
Sterile objects become unsterile
when touched by unsterile
objects

53. [Infection control procedure]
SURGICAL ASEPSIS/STERILE TECHNIQUE
[Principles and practices]
Sterile items that are out of vision or
below the waist level of the nurse
are considered unsterile

54. [Infection control procedure]
SURGICAL ASEPSIS/STERILE TECHNIQUE
[Principles and practices]
Sterile objects can become unsterile
by prolonged exposure to
airborne microorganisms

55. [Infection control procedure]
SURGICAL ASEPSIS/STERILE TECHNIQUE
[Principles and practices]
Fluids flow in the direction of gravity

56. [Infection control procedure]
SURGICAL ASEPSIS/STERILE TECHNIQUE
[Principles and practices]
The edges of a sterile field are
considered unsterile

57. [Infection control procedure]
SURGICAL ASEPSIS/STERILE TECHNIQUE
[Principles and practices]
The skin cannot be sterilized and is
unsterile

58. [Infection control procedure]
SURGICAL ASEPSIS/STERILE TECHNIQUE
[Principles and practices]
Honesty is an essential quality in
maintaining surgical asepsis

59. Standard Precaution
Standard precautions are used for the
care of all hospitalized patients,
regardless of their diagnosis or
presumed infection status
(CDC, 1996)

60. Standard Precaution
Blood and all body fluids, secretions
and excretions except sweat, regardless
of whether they contain visible blood;
non-intact skin; and mucous
membranes

61. Standard Precaution
Handwashing
Alcohol-based hand rubs
Personal protective equipment

62. Personal Protective Equipment

64. Personal Protective Equipment

65. Personal Protective Equipment

66. Guidelines on the Use of Gloves
anticipated contact with moist
body substances, mucous
membrane, tissue, and non-
intact skin of all patients
Worn when there is:

67. Guidelines on the Use of Gloves
contact with surfaces and articles
visibly soiled/contaminated by
body substances
Worn when there is:

68. Guidelines on the Use of Gloves
performing of venipuncture or
other vascular access procedure
Worn when there is:

69. Guidelines on the Use of Gloves
handling of specimens when
contamination of hand is
anticipated
Worn when there is:

70. Guidelines on the Use of Gloves
change gloves between tasks and
between client contact
Should:

71. Guidelines on the Use of Gloves
do handwashing after removing
gloves
Should:

72. Guidelines on the Use of Gloves
do not provide protection from
needlesticks or other puncture
wounds
Gloves:

73. Guidelines on the Use of Other PPEs
worn in combination, used during
procedures that are likely to
generate droplets, spray, or splash
of body substances
Mask, eye protection, face shield
Trauma care
Surgery
Newborn delivery
Intubation or suctioning
Emptying bedpans
Code blue
Coughing patient with
infectious etiology

74. Standard Precaution
Handwashing
Alcohol-based hand rubs
Personal protective equipment
No to needle resheathing/ recapping
Puncture resistant containers

76. Standard Precaution
Handwashing
Alcohol-based hand rubs
Personal protective equipment
No to needle resheating/ recapping
Puncture resistant containers
Patient care equipment

77. Standard Precaution

78. Standard Precaution
Handwashing
Alcohol-based hand rubs
Personal protective equipment
No to needle resheating
Puncture resistant containers
Patient care equipment
Appropriate patient placement

79. Isolation Technique
Protective
Source

80. HEPA
Source isolation

81. Source isolation

82. HEPA
Protective/Neutropenicisolation

83. GUIDELINESFORREVERSEISOLATION
all items coming in contact with the
patient must be disinfected

84. SourceProtective
Roompressure:Negative Positive
Protected
person:
OtherpatientsPatient
Movement of air:
Air from the
room does
not go out
Air from the
room goes out

85. Transmission-based Precaution
Airborne
Droplet
Contact

86. Transmission-based Precaution
Airborne
Patient
Placement
PPE
Transport
Varicella, Rubeola, TB
Private room, unless unavailable
N95 respirator
Limited to essential purposes
Place a surgical mask on patient

87. Transmission-based Precaution
Airborne

88. Transmission-based Precaution
Droplet
Patient
Placement
PPE
Transport
Pneumonia, Meningitis, Influenza
Private room, unless unavailable
Mask
Limited to essential purposes
Place a surgical mask on patient

89. Transmission-based Precaution
Contact
Patient
Placement
PPE
Transport
With discharges or secretions
Private room, unless unavailable
Gloves, gown
Limited to essential purposes
Maintain precautions

90. TRANSMISSION-BASED PRECAUTION
[Airborne Precaution]
Susceptible people should not enter the
room of a client who has rubeolaor
varicella; if they must enter, they
should wear a respirator

91. TRANSMISSION-BASED PRECAUTION
[Airborne Precaution]
Limit movement of client outside the
room to essential purposes; place a
surgical mask on the client during
transport

92. TRANSMISSION-BASED PRECAUTION
[Droplet Precaution]
Place client in private room

93. TRANSMISSION-BASED PRECAUTION
[Droplet Precaution]
If a private room is not available, place
client with another client who is
infected with the same
microorganism

94. TRANSMISSION-BASED PRECAUTION
[Droplet Precaution]
Wear a mask if working within 3 feet of
the client

95. TRANSMISSION-BASED PRECAUTION
[Droplet Precaution]
Limit movement of client outside the
room to essential purposes; place a
surgical mask on client during
transport

96. TRANSMISSION-BASED PRECAUTION
[Contact Precautions]
Place client in private room

97. TRANSMISSION-BASED PRECAUTION
[Contact Precaution]
If a private room is not available, place
client with another client who is
infected with the same
microorganism

98. TRANSMISSION-BASED PRECAUTION
[Contact Precaution]
Wear gloves as described in Standard
Precautions
[Change gloves after contact with
infectious material]

99. TRANSMISSION-BASED PRECAUTION
[Contact Precaution]
Wear gloves as described in Standard
Precautions
[Removes gloves before leaving client’s
room]

100. TRANSMISSION-BASED PRECAUTION
[Contact Precaution]
Wear gloves as described in Standard
Precautions
[Wash hands immediately after removing
gloves. Use an antimicrobial agent]

101. TRANSMISSION-BASED PRECAUTION
[Contact Precaution]
Wear gloves as described in Standard
Precautions
[After handwashing, do not touch
possibly contaminated surfaces or
items in the room]

102. TRANSMISSION-BASED PRECAUTION
[Contact Precaution]
Limit movement of client outside the
room

103. TRANSMISSION-BASED PRECAUTION
[Contact Precaution]
Dedicate the use of noncritical client care
equipment to single client or to
clients with same infecting
microorganisms

104. TRANSMISSION-BASED PRECAUTION
[Special Contact Precaution]
VRE infections
use of antimicrobial soaps for
handwashing

105. TRANSMISSION-BASED PRECAUTION
[Special Contact Precaution]
VRE infections
no sharing of equipment among client
with or without VRE

106. TRANSMISSION-BASED PRECAUTION
[Special Contact Precaution]
VRE infections
isolation should continue until at least
three cultures taken 1 week apart are
negative