Topical Route of Administration and Percutaneous Absorption

Topical Route of Administration
Definition:
The topical route of administration refers to the application of cosmetic products directly onto the surface of the skin or mucous membranes for localized or systemic effects. This route allows for the delivery of active ingredients to the target area, where they exert their intended therapeutic or cosmetic actions.
• Purpose: Topical administration is primarily used in cosmetics to deliver active ingredients such as moisturizers, anti-aging compounds, vitamins, and botanical extracts directly to the skin.
• Advantages: It offers several advantages, including localized treatment, non-invasiveness, and convenience for daily use.
• Examples: Topical formulations include creams, lotions, gels, serums, and patches, each designed to optimize the absorption and efficacy of active ingredients through the skin barrier.

Types of Topical Formulations
• Topical formulations are applied directly to the skin.
• Purpose: To deliver active ingredients for various cosmetic and therapeutic effects.

1. Topical Route of Administration and Percutaneous Absorption Presented by : Jagruti Nitin Marathe

2. Topical Route of Administration and Percutaneous Absorption Structure & function of skin Define topical administration percutaneous absorption factors affecting absorption and formulation considerations Understand the significance in cosmetic formulations

3. Skin Structure and Function Structure Epidermis : The outermost layer of skin, providing a protective barrier. Layers within the Epidermis: Stratum Corneum: Outermost layer, consisting of dead, flattened skin cells. Key barrier to substance penetration. Stratum Lucidum : Clear layer present only in thick skin (e.g., palms, soles). Stratum Granulosum : Granular layer where cells start to die and lose their nuclei. Stratum Spinosum : Layer with spine-like projections, contributing to skin's strength. Stratum Basale : Deepest layer, where new skin cells are generated

4. Skin Structure and Function Structure Dermis: Located beneath the epidermis, providing structural support and nourishment. Layers within the Dermis: Papillary Dermis: Upper layer with loose connective tissue, containing blood vessels and nerve endings. Reticular Dermis: Deeper layer with dense connective tissue, providing strength and elasticity.

5. Skin Structure and Function Structure Hypodermis (Subcutaneous Layer) :The deepest layer, consisting of loose connective tissue and fat. Function: Insulates the body, absorbs shock, and provides energy storage

6. Function of skin Barrier Function: Protection: Shields internal organs from external pathogens, chemicals, and physical damage. Water Resistance: Prevents excessive water loss and protects against dehydration . Sensation: Nerve Endings: Detects touch, temperature, pain, and pressure, allowing interaction with the environment . Regulation of Temperature: Sweating: Helps cool the body through evaporation. Vascular Response: Adjusts blood flow to regulate temperature . Additional Functions: Vitamin D Synthesis: Skin synthesizes vitamin D in response to UV exposure. Excretion: Minor role in excreting waste through sweat.

7. Topical Route of Administration Definition The topical route of administration refers to the application of cosmetic products directly onto the surface of the skin or mucous membranes for localized or systemic effects. This route allows for the delivery of active ingredients to the target area, where they exert their intended therapeutic or cosmetic actions.

8. Topical Route of Administration Purpose: Topical administration is primarily used in cosmetics to deliver active ingredients such as moisturizers, anti-aging compounds, vitamins, and botanical extracts directly to the skin. Advantages: It offers several advantages, including localized treatment, non-invasiveness, and convenience for daily use. Examples: Topical formulations include creams, lotions, gels, serums, and patches, each designed to optimize the absorption and efficacy of active ingredients through the skin barrier.

9. Topical Route of Administration Types of Topical Formulations Creams Lotions Gels Serums Ointments Pastes Sprays Patches : Powders Masks Balms Oil

10. Topical Formulation Cream Emulsions of water and oil phases. Provides moisturizing and barrier-enhancing effects. eg : Moisturizing creams, anti-aging creams. Lotions Fluid preparations with higher water content. Lightweight and fast-absorbing. eg : Body lotions, facial toners. Gels Semi-solid systems containing gelling agents. Often used for targeted applications and cooling effects. eg : Acne gels, eye contour gels. serums: Concentrated formulations with high potency. Penetrates deeper into the skin for specific treatments. eg : Anti-aging serums, vitamin C serums. Ointments Thick, greasy preparations with high oil content. Provides intensive hydration and barrier repair. eg : Healing ointments, emollient ointments Pastes Semi-solid preparations with high viscosity. Used for protective or drying effects. eg : Zinc oxide pastes, acne treatment pastes.

11. Topical Formulation Sprays: Liquid formulations for easy application. Provides a fine mist for even coverage. eg : Sunscreen sprays, hydration sprays. Patches: Adhesive systems delivering ingredients over time. Used for transdermal delivery or localized treatment. eg : Anti-wrinkle patches, acne treatment patches. Powders: Dry formulations for oil absorption or setting makeup. Can contain active ingredients for specific skin benefits. eg : Setting powders, mineral powders Masks: Thick formulations applied for a set period and then removed. Provides intensive treatment and nourishment. eg : Sheet masks, clay masks. Balms Thick , waxy formulations usually containing butters and oils. Highly moisturizing and protective; often solid at room temperature. Eg: Lip care, cuticle care, and intensive skin treatments. Oils Pure oils or oil-based formulations without emulsifiers. Rich and nourishing; provides a glossy finish. eg : Facial oils, body oils, and hair treatment oils.

12. Percutaneous Absorption Definition: Percutaneous Absorption is the process by which substances applied to the skin penetrate through the skin layers and either enter the systemic circulation or act locally within the skin. This process allows active ingredients in topical products to exert their effects either on the skin's surface or deeper within the skin layers.

13. Percutaneous Absorption Definition: Definition: The process through which substances penetrate the skin and enter the systemic circulation or act locally within the skin . Mechanism : Involves diffusion through the skin's layers, including the stratum corneum, epidermis, and dermis . Factors Affecting Absorption: Molecular size, solubility, skin condition, and formulation characteristics.

14. Percutaneous Absorption Process: Entry: Active ingredients first contact the stratum corneum, the outermost layer of the skin. Penetration: Movement through the epidermis and into the dermis, where deeper effects can occur. Mechanisms : Passive Diffusion: Most common; substances move from areas of high concentration to low concentration. Active Transport: Some substances use carrier molecules or energy to penetrate deeper layers.

15. Mechanism : Application of Active Ingredient ↓ Entry into Stratum Corneum ↓ Penetration through Epidermis ↓ Mechanisms of Absorption: Passive Diffusion → Moves from high to low concentration Active Transport → Uses carriers or energy ↓ Reaches Dermis/Local Effect or Systemic Circulation

16. Factors Affecting Absorption Molecular Size: Smaller molecules generally penetrate more effectively . Solubility : Lipophilic substances often penetrate better than hydrophilic ones . Formulation Type: Different types affect how ingredients are delivered and absorbed . Skin Condition: Hydration and health impact absorption; tailor formulations accordingly . Penetration Enhancers: Enhance the delivery of active ingredients. 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

17. Enhancing Absorption Penetration Enhancers: Chemicals that increase permeability. Formulation Strategies: Use of liposomes, microemulsions , and other technologies. Application Methods: Massaging, occlusive dressings.

18. The Significance in Cosmetic Formulations Penetration Enhancers: Improve skin permeability for better ingredient delivery . Formulation Techniques: Utilize advanced technologies like nanotechnology and microencapsulation . Optimizing pH Levels: Adjust pH for better ingredient efficacy and skin compatibility . Use of Solubilizers and Carriers: Enhance solubility and transport of active ingredients . Vehicle Selection: Choose the appropriate base for optimal absorption . Combination with Exfoliants : Remove dead skin cells to enhance penetration