Total Station for Surveying - Components, Principals, Applications and Working

This presentation demonstrates Components, Principals, Applications and Working of Total Station for Surveying

1. What is Total Station A total station is a versatile electronic/optical instrument used in surveying and construction. It combines the functions of a theodolite (which measures angles) and an electronic distance meter (EDM) to measure both angles and distances simultaneously.

2. Types of Total Stations Manual Total Stations : Require the operator to manually aim and measure. Robotic Total Stations : Allow remote operation, reducing the need for an assistant.

3. Components and Functions Angle Measurement : Total stations measure horizontal and vertical angles using electro-optical scanning of digital bar-codes on rotating glass cylinders or discs. Distance Measurement : They use an EDM to measure the slope distance from the instrument to a specific point. Data Processing : An onboard computer collects data and performs calculations, such as triangulation, to determine coordinates.

4. Working Principle Setup : The instrument is set up on a known point and aimed at a target or prism at another known point. Measurement : The total station measures the angle and distance to the target. Calculation : The onboard computer processes these measurements to determine the exact position of the target point.

5. Advantages of using Total Station Accuracy : High precision in measuring angles and distances (1.5 millimeters). Efficiency : Combines multiple functions in one device, saving time and effort. Versatility : Suitable for various fields like construction, surveying, and archaeology.

6. Surveying : Used to plot land, measure distances, and angles for mapping. Construction : Helps in aligning structures, measuring heights, and ensuring precision in building projects. Archaeology : Used for detailed site mapping and excavation planning.

7. Parts of a Total Station

8. Parts of a Total Station 1. Telescope and Optics Telescope : Used for sighting and focusing on the target. It includes an objective lens, eyepiece, and focusing mechanism. Optical Plummet : Helps in centering the instrument over a survey point. 2. Electronic Distance Measurement (EDM) EDM Unit : Measures the distance to the target using a modulated infrared or laser signal. The signal is reflected back from a prism or the target itself, and the distance is calculated based on the time taken for the signal to return.

9. Parts of a Total Station 3. Angle Measurement Components Theodolite : Measures horizontal and vertical angles. It includes horizontal and vertical circles, which are read electronically. Angle Encoders : Provide precise digital readings of angles. 4. Electronic Control Unit Microprocessor : Processes the data collected by the EDM and theodolite. Data Collector : Stores the measured data and can transfer it to external devices for further processing.

10. Parts of a Total Station 5. Display and Input Devices Electronic Display : Shows measurements and other data. Modern total stations often have touchscreens. Keyboard/Control Panel : Allows the user to input commands and control the instrument. 6. Power Supply Battery : Provides power to the instrument. Rechargeable batteries are commonly used. Battery Compartment : Houses the battery and often includes a battery status indicator.

11. Parts of a Total Station 7. Tribrach and Leveling Components Tribrach : A detachable base that allows the total station to be mounted on a tripod. It includes leveling screws for precise adjustment. Circular Level : Helps in roughly leveling the instrument. Electronic Level : Provides more precise leveling, often displayed on the electronic screen. 8. Communication Ports USB Ports : For data transfer to and from external devices. Bluetooth/Wi-Fi : Wireless communication for data transfer and remote control.

12. Parts of a Total Station 9. Reflector and Accessories Prism Reflector : Used to reflect the EDM signal back to the instrument. It is mounted on a pole or tripod at the target point. Accessories : Include tripods, carrying cases, and various adapters and mounts.

13. Working Principle of Total Station Setup : The total station is set up over a known point and leveled using the tribrach and leveling components. Sighting : The telescope is aimed at a target, and the EDM measures the distance while the theodolite measures the angles. Data Processing : The microprocessor calculates the coordinates of the target point based on the measured angles and distances.

14. How to Set Total Station

15. Distance Measurement With Total Station

16. Height Measurement With Total station

17. Angle Measured With Total station In Hindi

18. Errors in Total Station Survey 1. Instrumental Errors Circle Eccentricity : Misalignment between the optical and mechanical centers of the total station, leading to inaccuracies in angle measurements. Horizontal Collimation Error : Occurs when the horizontal axis of the telescope is not perfectly perpendicular to the vertical axis, affecting horizontal angle measurements. Vertical Collimation Error : Misalignment in the vertical axis, impacting vertical angle measurements. Compensator Index Error : Errors in the internal compensator that corrects for tilt, leading to inaccurate readings

19. Errors in Total Station Survey 2. Environmental Errors Temperature Variations : Changes in temperature can affect the EDM signal and the physical components of the total station, causing measurement errors. Atmospheric Pressure and Humidity : Variations in atmospheric conditions can alter the speed of the EDM signal, leading to distance measurement errors

20. Errors in Total Station Survey 3. Human Errors Setup Errors : Improper leveling and centering of the total station can introduce significant errors in measurements. Sighting Errors : Inaccurate aiming at the target or prism can lead to incorrect readings. Data Entry Errors : Mistakes in entering data into the total station or data collector can result in incorrect calculations and results

21. Errors in Total Station Survey 4. Geometric Errors Height of Standards Error : Imperfections in the telescope axis can cause errors in height measurements. Tilting Axis Error : Misalignment of the tilting axis can affect both horizontal and vertical angle measurements

22. Errors in Total Station Survey 5. Reflector and Target Errors Prism Constant Error : Incorrect prism constant settings can lead to distance measurement errors. Target Movement : Movement of the target or prism during measurement can introduce inaccuracies

23. How to Reduce Errors in Total Station Survey Regular Calibration : Regularly calibrate the total station to correct for instrumental errors. Stable Setup : Ensure the tripod and total station are set up on stable ground and properly leveled. Environmental Adjustments : Apply corrections for temperature, pressure, and humidity variations. Careful Sighting : Take care to accurately sight the target and avoid parallax errors. Data Verification : Double-check data entries and calculations to avoid human errors .