TOWN PLANNING unit 2.2.pptx town planning theories

TOWN PLANNING unit 2.2.pptx town planning theories

1. TOWN PLANNING Planning concepts & Evolution

2. Urban Utopia ( Broadacre ) As early as the 1920s, Frank Lloyd Wright began to regard his architectural work as an integral part of a larger concept which he called Broadacre City. This new democratic city, as envisioned by Wright, would take advantage of modern technol­ogy and communications to decentralize the old city and create an environment in which the individual would flourish. Broadacre City  was an urban or suburban development concept proposed by Frank Wright Broadacre’s vast suburban landscape, seemingly scattered across an entire continent, anticipates the prevailing urban context.

3. Urban Utopia ( Broadacre ) It first appeared in his book "The Disappearing City’" in 1932. Broadway City was also called "Usonian" or "ideal city". According to Wright, structures in a Broadacre city ought to be organic and in harmony with humanity as well as the environment. Broadacre City was designed to be a continuous urban area with a low population density and services grouped depending on the type.

4. The philosophy behind his community planning was decentralization . The new advancement must be away from the urban communities. In this decentralization of American cities, all services, amenities and facilities could exist together "factories could be set side by side with farmland and residences.” He Created a very detailed 12 by 12 foot (3.7 × 3.7 m) of scale model showing the hypothetical 4 square mile (10 km²) community network. Broadacre City was the antithesis of a city and the apotheosis of the newly born suburbia, shaped through Wright's particular vision. It was both a planning idea as well as socio-political scheme by which each household (5 People) would be given a one acre (4,000 m²) plot of land from the federal lands reserves, and a Wright-conceived that society or community would be built from scratch from this.

5. Urban Utopia ( Broadacre ) In a sense it was the exact opposite of transit-oriented development. The importance was also given to the railway stations and office buildings as well as apartment buildings in Broadacre City, but the apartment dwellers are expected to be a small minority. Broadacre City was having the landscape design and garden city ideas inspired from Frederick Law Olmsted and also from Ebenezer Howard. Concept for the absence of the automobile, born much later. The idea of ideal community by Wright was a complete rejection of the Industrialized and congested American cities of the starting 20th century.

6. Urban Utopia ( Broadacre ) According to him, cities shouldn't be centralized, rather it should be decentralized in functions; no longer it would be focused towards central business district. Broadacre City will be an experimental approach of a city development rather than a serious proposal—one where the fast moving automobile would be the important function of the city". It was a truly an utopian vision of modern America. Wright saw that the outmoded cities around him creating problems for the society. "To look at the plan of a great City is to look at something like the cross-section of a fibrous tumor,"

7. Letchworth Garden City In his 1898 book, To-morrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform (reprinted in 1902 as Garden Cities of To-morrow), Sir Ebenezer Howard laid out his solution: the garden city. Just five years after the book’s release, the first of these communities was founded: Letchworth Garden City, in Hertfordshire County, north of London . Letchworth Garden City was founded under the watchful eyes of Ebenezer Howard and his Garden City Association (GCA). Howard defined three “magnet” locations: Town, Country, and Town-Country

8. Letchworth Garden City The city is surrounded by an inviolate greenbelt and large areas of land reserved for agriculture, preventing expansion of the urban area The city is composed of rings centered on a park and “Crystal Palace,” home to a farmers’ market and winter garden. Working outward, six wedge-shaped wards hold residential and commercial properties, as well as the “Grand Avenue” filled with parks, schools, and churches. Factories at the outer edge send products off on a looped railroad. Railways could tie the town to other garden cities, each surrounded by a greenbelt and reserved agriculture space

9. Letchworth Garden City The overview of Howard’s protoypical Garden City, showing the entire city as well as the surrounding agricultural belt. Source: Garden Cities of To-Morrow, Ebenezer Howard A single ward of the Garden City, showing the series of avenues and gardens that make up the rings of the city. Source: Garden Cities of To-Morrow, Ebenezer Howard

10. Letchworth Garden City The roads are incredibly wide, ranging from 120 to 420 feet for the Grand Avenue, and they are radial rather than linear. Commercial, industrial, residential, and public uses are clearly differentiated from each other spatially.

11. Radburn Concept Radburn is located within the Borough of Fair Lawn, Bergen County, New Jersey, 12 miles from New York City. Radburn , a planned community, was started in 1929 by the City Housing Corporation from the plans developed by Clarence Stein and Henry Wright . It is America’s first garden community, serving as a worldwide example of the harmonious blending of private space and open area. The intent was to build a community which made provisions for the complexities of modern life, while still providing the amenities of open space, community service and economic viability. The community was intended to be a self-sufficient entity, with residential, commercial and industrial areas each supplementing the needs of others. 

12. Radburn Concept Radburn was designed to occupy one square mile of land and house some 25,000 residents. It includes 430 single family homes, 90 row houses, 54 semi-attached houses and a 93 apartment unit, as well as a shopping center, parks and amenities. It also consist of   Residential areas   149 acres of interior parks   Walkways 

13. Radburn Concept   2 swimming pools  4 tennis courts   Playgrounds   Archery plaza and a school   2 outdoor basketball courts   A community center, which houses administrative offices, library, gymnasium, clubroom, service and maintenance areas

14. Radburn Concept Separation of pedestrian and vehicular traffic - This was accomplished by doing away with the traditional grid-iron street pattern and replacing it with an innovation called the superblock. The superblock is a large block of land surrounded by main roads. The houses are grouped around small cul-de-sacs (dead end streets), each of which has an access road coming from the main roads.

15. Radburn Concept The houses were oriented in reverse of the conventional placement on the lot. Kitchens and garages faced the road, living rooms and bedrooms turned toward the garden. Pathways provided uninterrupted pedestrian access to a continuous park strip, which led to large common open spaces within the center of the superblock. 

16. Neighbourhood Concept Neighbourhood unit idea was proposed by Clarence Perry in 1929 The Neighbourhood unit plan in brief is the effort to create a residential neighbourhood to meet the needs of family life in a unit related to the larger whole but possessing a distinct entity.  Perry described the neighborhood unit as that populated area which would require and support an elementary school with an enrolment of between 1,000 and 1,200 pupils. This would mean a population of between 5,000 and 6,000 people.

17. Neighbourhood Concept Developed as a low density dwelling district with a population of 10 families per acre , the neighborhood unit would occupy about 160 acres and have a shape which would render it unnecessary for any child to walk a distance of more than one-quarter mile to school.   About 10% of the area would be allocated to recreation, and through traffic arteries would be confined to the surrounding streets, internal streets being limited to service access for residents of the neighborhood. The unit would be served by shopping facilities, churches, library and a community center, the latter being located in conjunction with the school. 

18. Neighbourhood Concept Perry outlined six basic principles of good neighborhood design: Major arterials and through traffic routes should not pass through residential neighborhoods. Instead these streets should provide boundaries of the neighborhood  Interior street patterns should be designed and constructed through use of cul-de-sacs, curved layout and light duty surfacing so as to encourage a quiet, safe and low volume traffic movement and preservation of the residential atmosphere  The population of the neighborhood should be that which is required to support its elementary school   

19. Neighbourhood Concept The neighborhood focal point should be the elementary school centrally located on a common or green, along with other institutions that have service areas coincident with the neighborhood boundaries The radius of the neighborhood should be a maximum of one quarter mile thus precluding a walk of more than that distance for any elementary school child  Shopping districts should be sited at the edge of neighborhoods preferably at major street intersections.

20. Neighbourhood Concept Principles of Neighbourhood Planning  1) Size  The town is divided into selfcontained units or sectors of 10,000 populations. This is further divided into smaller units called neighbourhood unit with 2,000 to 5,000 based on the requirement of one primary school. The size of the unit is therefore limited to about 1 to 1.5 sq km i.e. within walkable distance of 10 to 15 minutes.  2) Boundaries  The unit should be bounded on all its sides by main road, wide enough for traffic.  

21. Neighbourhood Concept 3) Protective Strips  These are necessary to protect the neighbourhood from annoyance of traffic and to provide suitable facilities for developing parks, playgrounds and road widening scheme in future. These are also called Minor Green Belts.  4) Internal Streets  The internal streets are designed to ensure safety to the people and the school going children in particular, since the mothers are anxious every day till the safe return of the child. The internal streets should circulate throughout the unit with easy access to shops and community centres .  5) Layout of Buildings  To encourage neighbourhood relation and secure social stability and balance, houses to suit the different income group should be provided such as single family houses, double family houses, cottages, flats, etc. 

22. Neighbourhood Concept 6) Shopping Centres   Each shop should be located on the circumference of the unit, preferably at traffic junctions and adjacent to the neighbourhood units.  7) Community Centres   Each community will have its centre with social, cultural and recreational amenities.  8) Facilities  All public facilities required for the family for their comfort and convenience should be within easy reach. These include the primary school, temple, club, retail shop, sport centre , etc. These should be located within 1km in the central place so as to form a nucleus to develop social life of the unit

23. https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-is-a-broadacre-city.html https://www.ijert.org/research/review-paper-on-urban-planning-theory-broadacre-city-frank-lloyd-wrights-un-built-suburban-utopia-IJERTV9IS080197.pdf https://urbanutopias.net/2018/11/01/letchworth/ https://www.townandcountryplanninginfo.com/2020/08/radburn-concept.html https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1000&context=paradise_pr https://www.townandcountryplanninginfo.com/2020/08/neighbourhoods.html