Toxicology unit................................

Ankit

2. Speaker: Dr. Bharat Lal
Rajmata Vijayaraje Scindia Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya,
Gwalior (M.P.)- 474002
RAK, College of Agriculture , Sehore
Topic:
Classification of Insecticides and Acaricides
Sub: Toxicology of Insecticides [ENT- 506, 3(2+1)]

3. CLASSIFICATION OF INSECTICIDES BASED
ON MODE OF ENTRY

4. A. Stomach Poison








The insecticide applied into the leaves and other parts of
the plant when ingested, act in the digestive system of the
insect and kills the insect.
Mercury,
Lead arsenate,
Paris green,
Sodium fluorine,
Sodium cryolite,
Malathion,
Monocrotophos,





Thiodan,
Carbaryl,
BT,
NPV
Chlorinated generally both stomach+
contact(Organo-chlorines,
Organophosphates, Carbamates &
Synthetic pyrethroids etc.

5. 








The toxicant which brings about death of the pest species
by means of contact.
Pyrethrum,
Rotenone,
Toxaphene,
Fenvalerate,
Parathion,
Endrin,
Malathion,
Monocrotophos,
B. Contact Poison




Diazinon,
Thiodan
Carbaryl,
Baygon,

6. 






Chemical when applied to plant tissues or soil are
absorbed by foliage or roots and translocated through
xylem vessels/vascular system and cause death of insect
feeding on plants.
Metasystox,
Dimethoate,
Dicrotophos,
Monocrotophos,
Phosphomidon,
Aldicarb,
C. Systemic Poison








Carbafuron,
Thionazin,
Abamactin,
Pyriproxyfen,
Chlorfenapyr,
Spinosad,
Acephate,
Syston,





Schradan,
Disulfoton,
Demeton
Phorate,
Carbafuran,

7. 








Toxicant enters in vapour into the tracheal system
(respiratory poison) through spiracles and kills the pests.
Aluminum phosphide,
Methyl bromiddioxide,
Nephthalene,
Nicotine,
Carbon disulphide,
Sulphur,
Hydrogen cyanide,
EDCT.
D. Fumigant Poison

8. CLASSIFICATION OF INSECTICIDES BASED
ON MODE OF ACTION

9. 





Toxicant which brings about kills of an insect by exerting a
physical effect.
They cause cut in the cuticle, resulting in excessive loss
of moisture and insect is killed due to desiccation.
Diatomaceous earth or insert dust,
Activated clay,
Aluminum oxide
Boric acid
A. Physical Poison

10. 







The chemicals which kill the insects by destruction of
cellular protoplasm of the midgut epithelium are called as
protoplasm poisons.
Toxicant responsible for precipitation of protein.
Arsenic compound,
Nitrophenols,
Nitrocresols,
Mercury,
Copper
Arsenic compound.
B. Protoplasmic Poison

11. 








Chemical which inactivate respiratory enzymes.
These chemicals block cellular respiration.
They combine with enzymes like cytochrome oxidases
containing iron and inhibit their catalytic action.
Dinitrophenoles,
Rotenone,
Sodium flucoacetate,
Hydrogenn cyanide (HCN),
H
2
S,
CO
C. Respiratory Poison

12. 





Chemicals inhibit impulse conduction.
These chemicals effects the nervous system of the insect
and leading to leading to the death of the insect are called
nerve poison.
These chemicals are associated with their solubility in
tissue lipid and function actively by blocking acetyl
cholinesterase in insects and mammals.
Malathion,
Chlorine,
Bromine,
D. Nerve Poison



Fluorine,
Chlorinated hydrocarbon- Pyrethroids,
Organophosphate,
Carbamate and Botanical insecticides.

13. 




These chemical distrust excitable membrane muscle
which results in three fold increase in oxygen
consumption and cause paralysis and death.
Chlorantraniliprole
Rotenone,
Ryanodine,
Cartap,
E. Muscular Poison

14. 




Chemicals inhibit chitin synthesis.
These chemicals affects the enzyme, chitin synthetase
during.
It does not allow the insect to form chitin.
Diflubenzuron,
Dimiline

F. Chitin Inhibitor

15. CLASSIFICATION OF INSECTICIDES BASED
ON ORGANISMS

16. a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Weedicides: Chemicals used to control weeds. Ex.: 2,4-D
Insecticides: Chemicals used to kill or control insects.
Ex.: Malathion, Endosulfan etc.
Rodenticides: Chemicals exclusively used to control rates.
Ex.: Zinc Phosphide
Acaricides: Chemical used to control mites on
crop/animals. Ex.: Dicofol
Avicides: Chemicals used to control/repel the birds.
Ex.: Anthraquianone
Conti……..

17. h.
f. Molluscidides: Chemicals used to kill the Snails and Slugs.
Ex.: Metaldehde
g. Nematicides: Chemicals used to control nematodes.
Ex.: Ethylenedibromide
Fungicides: Chemicals used to control plant diseases
caused by fungi.
Ex.: Copper Oxychloride
i. Bactericides: Chemicals used to control the plant diseases
caused by bacteria. Ex.: Streptomycin sulphate
Conti……..

18. CLASSIFICATION OF INSECTICIDES BASED
ON SPECIFICITY

19. a.
a.
b.
c.
Ovicides: A substance or agent that kills eggs, especially
the eggs of insects, mites and nematodes.
Ex.: Botanicals insecticides
Larvicides: A larvicide is an insecticide that is specially
targeted against the larva life stage of an insect.
Pupicides: A pupicide is an insecticide that is specially
targeted against the pupa of an insect.
Adulticides: A pesticide designed to kill adult insects
rather than their larvae.
Conti……..

20. CLASSIFICATION OF INSECTICIDES BASED
ON TOXICITY

21. Conti……..
Toxicity Oral LD
50
Dermal LDLabel colour
Extremely < 5 <20 Red
Highly toxic 5-50 20-200 Yellow
Moderately 50-500 200-1000 Blue
Slightly toxic 500-50001000-2000 Green
Practically non toxic 5000-15,0002000-20,000
Relatively harm less>15,000 >20,000

22. 






1968: Insecticides Act
1971: Insecticides rules
1968: Pesticides are registered under 9(3) of Insecticides
Act,
Number of registered pesticides in India is 234.
Numbers of banned pesticides in India is 28,
The pesticide management Bill, 2008 replaces the
Insecticide Act, 1968,
Food safety and Standards Act, 2006.
Conti……..

23. Various generations of Insecticides:
Conti……..
YearGeneration Compounds
1939 - 42First generation
insecticides
BHC, DDT, (Inorganic)
1944 - 47Second generation
insecticides
Organophosphate &
carbamate
1967 Third generation
insecticides
Hormonal insecticides,
Repellent, JH mimic insect
growth regulators, attractant.
1970s Fourth generations
insecticides
Synthetic pyrethroids, Anti-
hormonal (Precocene) E.g.
USA

24. CLASSIFICATION OF INSECTICIDES BASED
ON CHEMICAL NATURE

25. 1.



2.



3.


Arsenicals group:
Lead arsenates
Calcium arsenate
Copper aceto arsenate
Fluoride group:
Sodium fluoride 40%
Sodium fluorosilicate
Sodium fluoro aluminate
Sulphur group:
Sulphur
Lime sulphur
1. Inorganic Insecticides

26. 







4. Phosphides group:
Aluminium phosphide
Zinc phosphide
Calcium phosphide
5. Cyanide group:
Calcium cyanide
Potassium cyanide
Sodium cyanide
6. Miscellaneous compounds:
BM
Mercury chloride
Conti…….

27. 1.







2.


Petroleum oils/soaps group:
Dormant oils
Summer oils
Kerosene oil
Diesel oils
Crude oils
Pine oils
Soaps
Animal origin group:
Nereistoxin (Cartap)
Cartap hydrochloride (Padan, Caldan)
2. Organic Insecticides

28. 








3. Plant origin group:
Azadirachtin (oils, NSKE, NLE)
Nicotine (Nicotine sulphate)
Pyrethrum
Rotenone
Ryaniodine
Sabadilla & Hellebore
Sweat flag
Labelia excelsa
Vplatile oil plant (Citronella)
Conti……..

29. SYNTHETIC ORGANIC INSECTICIDES
(MODERN)

30. 










DDT
BHC
HCH
Lindane
Methoxychlor
Dicofol 18.5 EC
Chlordane
Endosulfan 35 EC
Aldrin
Dieldrin
Endrin
1. Organo-chlorinated

31. 










Acephate 75 SP
Azinphos methyl
Chlorfenvinphos
Chlropyriphos 20 EC
Diazinon 60 EC
Dichlorovos 76 EC
Dimethoate 30 EC
Ethion 50 EC
Fenitrothion 50 EC
Fenthion
Formothion
2. Organophosphates











Malathion 50 EC
Methamidophos
Methyl dematon 25 EC
Methyl parathion 50 EC
Monocrotophos 36 SL
Oxydemeton methyl 25 EC
Parathion 50 EC
Phorate 10 G
Phasalone 35 EC
Phosphomidon 85 EC
Profenophos 50 EC

32. 





Quinolphos 25 EC
TEPP
Tetrachlorvinphos
Thiometon 25 EC
Trizophos 40 EC
Vamidothion
Conti……..

33. a.








Oxime group:
Aldicarb
Bindicarb
b. Naphthyl group:
Carbary 50 WDP
Carbary 75 SP
Carbary 4 G
c. Phenyl group:
Carbafuran 3 G
Carbosufan 25 EC
Methomyl 40 EC
3. Carbamate





Oxamyl
Pirimiicarb
Propoxur
Tiodicarb 75 WP
Fenoxycarb 25 WG

34. a.







First generation (pyrethroid ester):
Allethrin 0.5%, coil aerosol 0.5% and 3.6 L
Boalletrin 2%, 4% and 1 % coil
b. Second generation:
Tertamethrin
Resmethrin
c. Third generation:
Bioresmethrin
d. Fourth generation:
Permethrin 25 EC
Cypermethrin 10 EC, 25 EC
4. Synthetic pyrethroids




Deltamethrin 2.8 EC
Fenvalerate 20 EC
Lambda cyhalothrin
2.5EC, 4 EC
Cyfluthrin

35. 





Pyrethroid Non ester:
Ethofenprox 10 EC
Flufenprox
Helfenprox
Fenpropathrin 30 EC
Taufluvalinate
Telfuthrin


Conti……..

36. 





Bromodiolone
Warfarin
Red squil
Strychinine
Zinc phosphide
Barium carbamate
5. Coumarincs (Rodenticides)

37. 








Carbon disulphide
Ethylene dichloride
Methyl bromide
Ethylene dibromide (EDB) (EDB+CCl4= 1:8)
Aluminium phosphide
Aluminiun carbamate
CCl4
Chloropicrin 2%
EDCT mixture (EDC+CCl4= 3:1)
5. Fumigants

38. a.








Juvenile hormone analogues:
Hydroprene
Kinoprene
Methoprene
b. Juvenile hormone agonists:
Precocenes
c. Moulting hormone agonists (Ecdysone mimics)
Tebufenozide
Chromafenozide
Halofenzide
Methoxyfenozide
6. Insect Growth Regulators (IGR)

39. 








d. Moulting hormone inhibitors:
Diofenolan
e. Chitin synthetic inhibitors (Benzyl ureas):
Chlorofluazuron
Diflubenzuron
Flufenoxuron
Hexaflumuron
Lufenuron
Novaluron 10 EC
Teflubenzuron
Triflumuron
Conti…….

40. 









a. First generation or chloronicotinyl compounds:
Imidacloprid 17.8 SL
Imidacloprid 200 SL
Imidacloprid 70 WS
Imidacloprid 30.5 EC
Imidacloprid 48 FS
Acetamiprid 20 SP
Clothianidin 50 WDG
Thiacloprid 24 SC
Thiacloprid 75 WP
Dinotefuran
Neonicotinoids (Newer Molecules)

41. 




b. Second generation or Thionicotibyl compounds:
Thiamethoxam 25 WG
Thiamethoxam 70 WS
Thiamethoxam 30 FS
c. Third generation or Nitromethylene compounds:
Nithiazine
Nintenpyrane
Conti……….

42. 



Fipronil 5 SC
Fipronil 80 WG
Fipronile 0.3 GR
Ethiprole
2. Phenyl pyrazoles

43. 




Pymetrizine
Pyrifluquinazon
Tebufenpyrad
Tolfenpyrad
Fenpyroximate 5 EC
3. Pyrazoles/pyridin azomethines

44. 

Indoxacarb 14.5 SC
Indoxacarb 15.8 EC
4. Oxadiazines

45. 




Flubendiamide 20 WG
Flubendiamide 39.35 SC
Chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC (Anthranilic diamide)
Chlorantraniliprole 0.4 GR
Cyantraniliprole
5. Diamide

46. 


Spirotetramate (Acaricide)
Spiromesifen 240 SC (tetronic acid derivatives)
spiromesifen 22.9 SC
6. Tetramic (Keto-enols)

47. Pyridalyl 10 EC
7. Pyridalyl

48. 


Chlordimeferm 50 EC
Amitraz
Formetanate
8. Formamidines

49. 


Hexythiazox 5.45 EC (Acaricides)
Buprofezin 25 SC
Cyromazine
9. Thiazolidine

50. Flonicamid 50 WG (Ulala- sucking)
10. Pyridincaboxamdes

51. Pyriproxyfen 10 EC
11. Pyridine

52. Sulfoxaflor 50 WG
12. Sulfoximines

53. Chlofenapyr 10 EC
13. Halogenated pyrroles

54. Diafenthriuron 50 SC/WP
14. Halogenated pyrroles

55. Propargite 57 EC (Miticides)
15. Sulphide ester

56. Propargite 57 EC (omite - Miticides)
15. Sulphide ester

57. Fenaqaquin 10 EC
16. Quinazoline

58. Tetradifen
17. Organic sulphur

59. 


Binapacryl (Acaricides)
Dinocap/dicofol 18.5 SL (Acaricide+Fungicide)
DNOC (Insecticide+Weedicide)
18. Dinitrophenols

60. 

Cyhexatin
Fenbutatin oxide
19. Organotins

61. Pyridazinone (Acaricide+Insecticide)
20. Pyridazinones

62. 



Abarmectin 1.9 EC
It is isolated from soil microorganism bacterium,
Streptomyces avermitilis.
Emamectin benzoate 5 WG
Ivermectin
21. Avermectines
(New Insecticide from Microbial)

63. 

Milbemectin 1 %
It is derived from, Streptomyces Hygroscopius sub sp
aureorimosus.
Milbemycins

64. 


Spinosad 2.5 SC
Spinosad 45 SC
It is isolated from, Actinomycetes Saccharopolyspora
spinosa.
Spinosyns

65. 

Diabroctin
It is isolated from soil bacterium, Bacillus
subtelis/cereus.
Diabroctins

66. 

Piericidin
It is isolated from soil bacterium, S. mobaraensis.
Piericidins

67. 

Aureotihin
It is isolated from soil bacterium, S. thiolutes.
Aureotihins

68. 22. Biological Entomopathoganic
(Microbial)

69. 


Bacillus thuringiensis
Bacillus papillae
Serratia entomophila
1. Bacteria

70. 


White muscardine – Beauveria bassiana
Green muscardine – Metarrhizium anisopliae,
Nomuraea rileyi
White halo muscardine- Verticillium lecanii,
2. Fungi

71. 



HaNPV
SlNPV
SfNPV
CiGV
3. Viruses

72. Neoaplectana carpocapsae (Steinernrma) – DD- 136
4. Nematodes

73. Nosema bombycis – Noloc
5. Protozoa

74. Rickettsiella melolonthae– Noloc
6. Rickettsia

75. Thank You