TPS-English language_campus purposespptx

Material towards TPS English Language for campus preparation

1. Tps -English language Us Lala

2. Mood tracker How is your mood today?

3. WHAT MAJOR WOULD YOU LIKE TO APLLY? IDENTIFY FROM NOW

4. Why do answer English questions hard? My version: implicit messages, boring text, unfamiliar topic .

5. “Try to do more than usual, try to reach out limits, try to exceed what we believe we can do”

6. LIST MATERI LITERASI BAHASA INGGRIS SEMANTICS COHESION & COHERENCE MAIN IDEA & TOPIC REFERENCE AUTHOR’S ATTITUDE AND WRITING ORGANISATION STATED-UNSTATED QUESTION FINDING DETAILED INFORMATION PURPOSE OF THE TEXT INFERENCE & CONCLUSION PARAPHRASE SUMMARY SYNONYMS

7. SEMANTICS is the study of meaning in language. It involves understanding how words, phrases, sentences, and texts are used to convey meaning. In the context of the TPS SNBT English Language test, questions related to semantics will test your understanding of word meanings, relationships between words, and how meaning is constructed in context.

8. Key Concepts Lexical Semantics Word Meaning: The meaning of individual words. Example => The word “bank” can mean the side of a river or a financial institusion. Polysemy: When a single word has multiple related meanings. Example => The word “light” can mean not heavy or illumination. Homonymy: When a single word has multiple unrelated meanings . Example => The word “bat” can mean a flying mammal or a piece of sports equipment.

9. 2. Semantic Relations Synonymy: Words that have similar meanings. Example => Happy and joyful Antonymy: Words that have opposite meanings. Example => Hot and cold Hyponymy: A hierarchical relationship where one word is a more specific instance of a broader category. Example => Rose is a hyponymy of flower. Hypernymy : The opposite of hyponymy; a broader category that encompasses specific instances. Example => Animal is a hypernym of dog.

10. 3. Semantic Fields A set of words related in meaning. Example => Words related to education include school, teacher, student, homework, exam . 4. Collocation Collocation: Words that frequently occur together. Example => Strong coffee (not powerful coffee), fast food (not quick food), heavy rain (not strong rain), do exercise (not make exercise) . 5. Idiom and Fixed Expressions Idiom: A phrase whose meaning cannot be understood from the meanings of its individual words. Example => “Kick the bucket” means to die, “It's raining cats and dogs” means it’s raining hard. Fixed Expression: A standard phrase with a specific meaning. Example => “break a leg” means good luck, get out of my head.

11. Context and Meaning 1. Contextual Meaning The meaning of a word or phrase depending on the context in which it is used. Example => “The bark was loud.” (Bark can mean the sound a dog makes or the outer covering of a tree depending on the context.) 2. Pragmatics The study of how context influences the interpretation of meaning. Example => "Can you pass the salt?" is interpreted as a request rather than a question about ability.

12. Additional Tips for TPS SNBT English Language Test Selalu kaitkan dengan konteks besarnya Jangan dimaknai secara harfiah Additional Tips for TPS SNBT English Language Test Read Widely: Expose yourself to a variety of texts (books, articles, essays) to see how words are used in different contexts. Practice Vocabulary: Regularly practice new words, their meanings, and usage in sentences. Take Practice Tests: Familiarize yourself with the test format and types of questions by taking practice tests.

13. Coherence and Cohesion Coherence and cohesion are crucial elements of writing that help ensure clarity and flow in texts. They play a significant role in making a piece of writing easy to follow and understand. Coherence refers to the logical organization and connection of ideas, while cohesion refers to the grammatical and lexical linking within a text.

14. Coherence Coherence is about the clarity and logical flow of ideas in a text. It ensures that each part of the text contributes to the overall meaning and that the reader can easily understand the writer’s ideas. Elements of Coherence: Logical Order : Arranging ideas in a logical sequence (chronological order, cause-effect, general-to-specific, etc.). Clear Topic Sentences : Each paragraph should have a clear topic sentence that states the main idea. Consistent Point of View : Maintaining a consistent perspective throughout the text. Relevance : Including only relevant information that contributes to the main idea.

15. Example of Coherent Writing: Topic Sentence: Studying abroad offers numerous advantages. Supporting Sentences: First, it provides students with the opportunity to experience different cultures. Second, it helps students improve their language skills. Finally, it enhances their employment prospects by giving them international experience.

16. Cohesion Cohesion refers to the way in which different parts of a text are connected to each other through the use of linguistic devices. It makes the text "stick together" and helps the reader follow the progression of ideas. Elements of Cohesion: Pronouns : Using pronouns to refer back to previously mentioned nouns. Repetition of Key Words : Repeating important words to maintain focus on the main idea. Synonyms and Related Words : Using synonyms and related words to avoid repetition and maintain focus. Transitional Words and Phrases : Using linking words to connect ideas and sentences (e.g., however, therefore, furthermore). Parallel Structure : Using the same grammatical structure for similar ideas to create a sense of rhythm and balance.

17. Examples of Cohesive Devices: Pronouns : John went to the store. He bought some milk. Repetition of Key Words : The weather was beautiful. Such beautiful weather made the day perfect. Synonyms : The experiment was successful. This achievement was celebrated by the team. Transitional Words : The research was thorough; however, more studies are needed. Example of Cohesive Writing: Cohesive Devices Used: Pronouns: Maria loves to read. She finds it relaxing. Repetition: The team worked hard. Their hard work paid off. Synonyms: The policy was effective. This success was recognized.

18. Practice Exercises Exercise 1: Identify Coherence Read the paragraph and identify the topic sentence and supporting sentences. Paragraph: Many students prefer online learning. Firstly, it allows them to study at their own pace. Secondly, it provides access to a wide range of resources. Finally, it eliminates the need for commuting, saving time and money. Answers: Topic Sentence: Many students prefer online learning. Supporting Sentences: Firstly, it allows them to study at their own pace. Secondly, it provides access to a wide range of resources. Finally, it eliminates the need for commuting, saving time and money.

19. Exercise 2: Identify Cohesion Identify the cohesive devices in the following sentences. John loves to play football. He plays it every weekend. The project was a success. This achievement was due to the team's hard work. The weather was hot and humid. Such conditions are typical in summer. Answers: Pronoun (He), Repetition (plays it) Synonym (achievement) Synonym (conditions), Repetition (hot and humid)

20. Exercise 3: Improve Coherence and Cohesion Rewrite the following paragraph to improve coherence and cohesion. Original Paragraph: The cat is a popular pet. Cats are independent animals. Cats are also affectionate. Many people prefer cats because they are low maintenance. Improved Paragraph: The cat is a popular pet because it is both independent and affectionate. Many people prefer cats because they are low maintenance.

21. Additional Tips for TPS SNBT English Language Test Dahulukan membaca soal yang sedang ditanyakan , setelah itu baca paragraf sesuai permintaan dari soal . Gunakan teknik membaca cepat dan cermat untuk menjawab soal yang menanyakan informasi dari sebuah paragraf . Dahulukan soal-soal bentuk scanning, baru skimming. Memperbanyak kosakata dan grammar dalam bahasa Inggris . Manajemen waktu yang baik .

22. REFERENCE Tricks and Questions Questions What does the word ‘pronoun’ (line X) refers to? The pronoun ‘they’ in line X refers to… The word “...” refers to… Where to find the answer See the questions (locate the sentence before the pronoun) Tricks to answer the question Kenali jenis pronoun (singular or plural) Kenali jenis subject

23. Example: Text 1 Fast fashion can be defined as cheap, trendy clothing that samples ideas from the catwalk or celebrity culture and turns them into garments at breakneck speed to meet consumer demand. The idea is to get the newest styles on the market as fast as possible, so shoppers can snap them up while they are still at the height of their popularity and then, sadly, discard them after a few wears. It plays into the idea that outfit repeating is a fashion faux pas and that if you want to stay relevant, you have to sport the latest looks as they happen. It forms a key part of the toxic system of overproduction and consumption that has made fashion one of the world’s largest polluters. Fast fashion’s impact on the planet is immense. The pressure to reduce costs and speed up production time means environmental corners are more likely to be cut. Fast fashion’s negative impact includes its use of cheap, toxic textile dyes—making the fashion industry the one of the largest polluters of clean water globally, right up there with agriculture. That’s why Greenpeace has been pressuring brands to remove dangerous chemicals from their supply chains through its detoxing fashion campaigns through the years. Cheap textiles also increase fast fashion’s impact. Polyester is one of the most popular fabrics. It is derived from fossil fuels, contributes to global warming, and can shed microfibers that add to the increasing levels of plastic in our oceans when washed or even worn. But even “natural” fabrics can be a problem at the scale fast fashion demands. Conventional cotton requires enormous quantities of water and pesticides in countries like India and China. This results in drought risks and creates extreme stress on water basins and competition for resources between companies and local communities.

24. The word “it’ in text 1 paragraph 3 refers to … Fast fashion Conventional cotton Polyester Cheap textiles Fossil fuels

25. Example: TikTok is often applauded for its recommendation system; once it’s finely tuned, the app becomes one of the best scrolling experiences. My personal theory is that’s why TikTok is so addicting—everything is so perfectly curated to your specific interests, it’s hard to put the phone down once you’re sucked in. However, TikTok’s recommendation algorithm still has its own flaws that the company brings up in its new blog post. “One of the inherent challenges with recommendation engines is that they can inadvertently limit user experience–what is sometimes referred to as a ‘filter bubble’,” the post reads. It states that by optimizing for personalization and relevance, there is a risk of presenting an increasingly homogenous stream of videos. Another issue that TikTok takes seriously is not surfacing dangerous content. This is an issue that YouTube in particular has faced criticism over for many years. According to TikTok, content that has graphic material like medical procedures or “legal consumption of regulated goods,” like alcohol, may not be eligible for recommendation because it could come across as “shocking if surfaced as a recommended video to a general audience”. That’s why many creators on TikTok will upload a video more than once or talk openly about feeling shadow banned over particular content.

26. On the basis of the passage, it can be predicted that … Video creators on TikTok will avoid creating dangerous content TikTok will be considered a safer social media platform compared to YouTube. Videos with sensitive content can only be recommended for a specific scope of viewers. Other social media platforms will look up to TikTok for its good recommendation system. Users will be exposed to topics outside their preferences in their recommendation feeds.

27. DETAILED INFORMATION Tricks and Questions Questions According to the information in the passage… In paragraph… the author presents… In which lines of the text does the author mention…. Which paragraphs of the passage most effectively illustrate… Where to find the answer Text as a whole or locate specific line or paragraph Tricks to answer the question Focus on where the questions asked (recall scanning) Find keywords Match keywords with the multiple choices

28. Example: ElectronIsLyfe Posted December 1, 2023 11:32 AM Electric vehicles (EVs) have been stealing the spotlight lately, and one of their superpowers is producing zero emissions, which cuts down on air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. I'm all about Mother Earth, and I'm on a mission to spruce up the air quality in the urban area I call home. AtomicFamily Posted December 3,2023 9:25 AM Absolutely on board with ElectronIsLyfe . Got a Tesla in my garage, I've crunched the numbers and they clock in with a lower operating cost per mile than my gas guzzlers. Electricity bills are a breeze compared to filling up on gas. Furthermore, EVs are like low-maintenance buddies, saving me some serious cash. BlackGoldAreNum1 Posted December 4, 2023 2:27 PM Hmm, not so sold on the EV hype. Sure, they've got perks, but old-school gas rides still pack a punch in my book. They boast a lengthier driving range, perfect for my weekly long-haul trips without the constant pit stops for refueling. Traditional gas engines have their merits, especially when you're covering miles like me.

29. PictureBoard13 Posted December 6, 2023 00:11 AM I get it, AtomicFamily , you're living that high life. But for folks like me in the blue-collar trenches, EVs are still a bit out of reach. Right now they have a significantly higher upfront cost compared to gasoline vehicles which may make them less accessible to a broader range of consumers like us. HybridTheory96 Posted December 9, 2023 3:15 PM Hey, ease up, folks. Picking between gas and EVs is like choosing your favorite flavor. It depends on your habits and what floats your boat. At the end of the day, it's a personal call based on your priorities. With tech advancements and infrastructure getting better, the EV scene is evolving, offering more choices for everyone. OwlTown_07 Posted December 12, 2023 4:44 PM Don't forget that the auto game is on the move, and the EV scene is shaking things up. Tech strides are tackling the challenges head-on. Gas or electric, both got their places in today's automotive play. Need to keep an eye on the ever-changing ride landscape, don't you think?

30. Which commentators are NOT in favor of electric vehicles? ElectronlsLyfe and AtomicFamily . AtomicFamily and BlackGoldAreNum1. BlackGoldAreNum1 and PictureBoard13. PictureBoard13 and HybridTheory96. HybridTheory96 and OwlTown_07.

31. MAIN PURPOSE Tricks and Questions Questions What is the purpose of the text? The author’s purpose of writing the text is to… Which of the following best describes the author’s purpose in this study? What is the writer’s purpose in writing the text? The main point of the passage is to… Answer form To define, relate, discuss, propose, illustrate, support the idea that…, distinguish between …. and …., to compare…and…, to review, to describe, to inform, to analyze, to argue, to explain, and to promote Tricks to answer the question Know the text form and where it is adapted (news, website article, research article, leaflet) See the context of the text (language features, wording choice, and language style)

32. Example: TikTok is often applauded for its recommendation system; once it’s finely tuned, the app becomes one of the best scrolling experiences. My personal theory is that’s why TikTok is so addicting-everything is so perfectly curated to your specific interests, it’s hard to put the phone down once you’re sucked in. However, TikTok’s recommendation algorithm still has its own flaws that the company brings up in its new blog post. “One of the inherent challenges with recommendation engines is that they can inadvertently limit user experience–what is sometimes referred to as a ‘filter bubble’,” the post reads. It states that by optimizing for personalization and relevance, there is a risk of presenting an increasingly homogenous stream of videos. Another issue that TikTok takes seriously is not surfacing dangerous content. This is an issue that YouTube in particular has faced criticism over for many years. According to TikTok, content that has graphic material like medical procedures or “legal consumption of regulated goods,” like alcohol, may not be eligible for recommendation because it could come across as “shocking if surfaced as a recommended video to a general audience”. That’s why many creators on TikTok will upload a video more than once or talk openly about feeling shadow banned over particular content.

33. Th e writer of the passage intends to … illustrate TikTok users’ concerns about the app’s recommendation system oppose the idea that TikTok has a sophisticated recommendation system warn the readers about TikTok’s poor recommendation system inform about the downsides of TikTok’s recommendation system explain how TikTok resolves the recommendation system issue

34. TOPIC Tricks and Questions Questions The main topic of the passage is… What does the passage mainly discuss? What is the topic of the text above? The passage is primarily concerned with… What is the text primarily concerned with? The issue of the text is… Where to find the answer The main sentence of the intro paragraph or the closing of the intro paragraph Tricks to answer the question Read the first line/last line of the passage. (recall skimming) Evaluate the keywords (content word) in the main sentence and other repeated words in the supporting details.

35. Example: Read the text and answer the question! Earthquake is any sudden shaking of the ground caused by the passage of seismic waves through Earth’s rocks. Seismic waves are produced when some form of energy stored in Earth’s crust is suddenly released, usually when masses of rock straining against one another suddenly fracture and “slip.” Earthquakes occur most often along geologic faults, narrow zones where rock masses move in relation to one another. The major fault lines of the world are located at the fringes of the huge tectonic plates that make up Earth’s crust. Little was understood about earthquakes until the emergence of seismology at the beginning of the 20th century. Seismology, which involves the scientific study of all aspects of earthquakes, has yielded answers to such long-standing questions as why and how earthquakes occur. About 50,000 earthquakes large enough to be noticed without the aid of instruments occur annually over the entire Earth. Of these, approximately 100 are of sufficient size to produce substantial damage if their centers are near areas of habitation. Very great earthquakes occur on average about once per year. Over the centuries they have been responsible for millions of deaths and an incalculable amount of damage to property.

36. The paragraph following the passage most likely discusses …. suggestions to emerge the seismology to detect the earthquake examples of the substantial damage that caused by the earthquake the development of seismology to identify the earthquake earlier factors that cause the earthquake and seismic wave the reason why we need the seismology

37. UNSTATED QUESTIONS Tricks and Questions Questions The text does NOT mention that.. Which of the following is NOT true ? Which of the following is NOT stated All of the following are true EXCEPT Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the text… Where to find the answer See the multiple choices Tricks to answer the question Evaluate each of multiple choices (paraphrasing technique: know a lot of synonyms and sentence transformation) Find keywords (match options with keywords in the text: scanning)

38. Example: Dyslexia is a learning difficulty that primarily affects the skills involved in accurate and fluent word reading and spelling. Characteristic features of dyslexia are difficulties in phonological awareness, verbal memory, and verbal processing speed. Dyslexia occurs across the range of intellectual abilities. It is best thought of as a continuum, not a distinct category, and there are no clear cut-off points. Co-occurring difficulties may be seen in aspects of language, motor coordination, mental calculation, concentration, and personal organisation , but these are not, by themselves, markers of dyslexia. A good indication of the severity and persistence of dyslexic difficulties can be gained by examining how the individual responds or has responded to well-founded intervention. In addition to these characteristics, The British Dyslexia Association (BDA) acknowledges the visual and auditory processing difficulties that some individuals with dyslexia can experience, and points out that dyslexic readers can show a combination of abilities and difficulties that affect the learning process. Some also have strengths in other areas, such as design, problem solving, creative skills, interactive skills, and oral skills.

39. Which of the following is FALSE according to the text above? Dyslexia affects the skills needed for accurate and fluent word reading and spelling. It is not possible for people who are dyslexic to display strengths or skills in creativity. Examining how an individual responds to well-founded intervention can give us an idea of how severe their dyslexic difficulties are. Strong readers, they discovered, start out with strong signals in both tracts that get stronger over a period of years. Dyslexic people may experience difficulties in areas such as concentration and/or mental calculation.

40. SIMPLIFY QUESTIONS (Summary or review) Tricks and Questions Questions Which of the following sentences best restate ideas in…? Which of the following is the restatement of…? What is the best summary of the passage? The best summary for the passage is…? Technique Paraphrasing skills (different word choices, but similar meaning) Tricks to answer the question Scan to find keywords Focus on the sentences that contain keywords Match with each multiple choices

41. Example: Dangerous as anger can be, it is also natural, even necessary, and has been hard-wired into the brain by evolution. Most obviously, anger helped people survive. As soon as this survival was threatened, anger was triggered, along with violent defensive action. More surprisingly, perhaps, anger also helped early humans to live together in groups, acting as a kind of warning signal in the form of threatening facial expressions, clenched fists, reddening cheeks, and so on. This lets others know that their behavior was unacceptable, that they were invading someone’s personal space and that they risked physical retaliation. At first glance, anger seems relatively simple. Ask the man in the street to define it and he will probably say ‘it’s what happens when people annoy you.’ But anger can take many forms and has numerous different triggers. And what infuriates one person may pass by another unnoticed. One individual can make her way through a bustling crowd, or sit next to a screaming child, and seem perfectly relaxed. But if someone questions her political beliefs, or disrupts her plans, she will fly into an uncontrollable rage. For some, anger is triggered more by petty annoyances than by major catastrophes. They will be calm and methodical during a bereavement, for example, or when traveling to the hospital for an operation, but as soon as the neighbor’s car alarm goes off, or the printer runs out of ink, they explode. For others, it is threats to their money, property, status or time that act as the major catalyst. They may let the petty irritations go, but if their car is scratched or their authority questioned, they become enraged. Finally, some will laugh off both petty irritations and threats to their money or status. For them, rule-breaking is the most infuriating thing. This is especially true of those with obsessive-compulsive or autistic traits: people who like and need things to be regular and ordered. And such rules can be more like vague, unspoken agreements. For example, someone may be sensitive about their acne or low income. Friends understand this and so the subject is never raised. One evening, someone makes a harmless remark and is shocked to see their friend explode with rage. But it wasn’t the fact that his low income or bad skin had been mentioned, nor even that he felt humiliated; his anger was sparked because someone had broken the rules.

42. From the passage, it can be summed up that… Some people get angry for small or serious things and some others might get angry, not due to small or serious matters, but because people ask them what they do not like to be asked. Most people get angry with something they cannot control or predict, or something they are very sensitive to. Some people get angry for small things, while some get angry for more serious matters. Amongst many conditions that make people angry, the most frequent reason is when people raise a topic that relates to the person’s bad experience in the past. For an obsessive-compulsive person or someone with autistic traits, he/she can get angry when someone has broken the rules by, for example messing up the order or regulation and not doing what they are asked to do.

43. INFERENCE (CONCLUSION) Tricks and Questions Questions It can be inferred from the passage that.. Which of the following does the paragraph imply? From the …. paragraph, it can be concluded that.. Which conclusion is the most appropriate to draw based on the passage? It can be predicted from the passage that… Where to find the answer See the multiple choices! Tricks to answer the question Find the topic first. ( skimming ) Evaluate each multiple choices Find the options that best summarize the passage (it can be in totally whole wording: paraphrasing)

44. Example: TEXT 1 Homeschooling is also known as ‘home educating’ or ‘elective home education’ (EHE). Some people distinguish between EHE and homeschooling, defining EHE as permanent home education, and homeschooling as temporary with continued support from their previous school (like the situation during the COVID-19 pandemic). Parents that decide to homeschool their children must ensure that the education provided is efficient, full-time and suitable for the child’s needs. However, the education provided does not have to follow the National Curriculum. Being homeschooled means that the child’s parents or carers have to take sole responsibility for their child’s education. This doesn’t mean that you have to teach your child yourself—for example, you could hire tutors, or use online tuition—but rather if their education is found to be inadequate, you are accountable for this. You are also responsible for covering the costs of the education, including public exam fees. Schools and Local Authorities are not required to give homeschooling parents any support, even special educational needs support. Additionally, when you withdraw your child from their school roll, their place will not stay open. If homeschooling doesn’t work, you may not be able to send your child back to the same establishment.

45. TEXT 2 In order for you to make a balanced decision, the challenges of homeschooling need to be taken into account alongside the benefits. By homeschooling, you are making it your responsibility to meet all your child’s educational needs. You have to be able to deliver the depth and breadth of learning that they require in order to meet their potential. This takes time and energy, even if you’re hiring tutors for some lessons; you will still need to ensure that they’re teaching effectively, and that they are suitable to have access to children. Homeschooling also involves preparing the child for any exams that they will sit and taking them to external examination centres to sit them. The greatest cost of homeschooling is that you will have to give up your full-time job in order to do so. This has implications for your lifestyle – you will need to be able to budget more than you already do. Your energy bill will also likely increase, because of spending so much more time at home. Aside from this, you will have to buy textbooks, stationery and a computer. If your child participates in sports activities, or if you go on educational visits, you will likely have to pay for these things too. Exams are a particularly notable expense: rather than the school paying for your child to enter them, you will be responsible for doing so. Although we acknowledge that homeschooled children do still develop socially, they naturally lose some interaction by spending more time at home. They may be out of touch with their peers, have fewer friends and have less experience interacting with people from different backgrounds. Their view of the world could be very narrow and biased. In the worst cases, they could be brought up to be intolerant and misinformed, with little knowledge of general societal values. This could disadvantage them in the future.

46. From both texts we can conclude that … Homeschooled children are guaranteed to come from money since their parents would have to stay at home full time. Children who are homeschooled are more likely to excel academically due to the many sacrifices their parents have had to make to homeschool them in the first place. Parents are more likely to push their homeschooled children to excel academically considering there is so much already invested in their education. Homeschooled children will grow up becoming socially inept and biased in their way of thinking because they do not meet other children outside of their home. Homeschooled children are more likely to do better academically than the ones getting conventional schooling because they are free from distractions.

47. MAIN IDEA Tricks and Questions Questions What is the main idea of the passage? The primary idea of the passage is… Which of the following best expresses idea of the text? Which of the following best summarizes the author’s main idea? Where to find the answer The main sentence of the intro paragraph or the closing of the intro paragraph Tricks to answer the question Read the first line/last line of the passage. (recall skimming) Evaluate which is the main sentence Evaluate which are the supporting details

48. Example: Feline chlamydial conjunctivitis is an infection caused by a bacterial organism (called Chlamydophila felis ). The most common signs of chlamydia in cats involve the eyes or the upper respiratory tract (nose or throat), and only when infection is not treated does it spread to the lungs. Because chlamydia lives inside cells of the body and is not able to survive for long in the environment, spread of infection relies on direct or close contact with an infected cat. Following infection, the incubation period (the time between infection and development of clinical signs of disease) is between three and ten days. The bacteria primarily infects the conjunctiva, which are the delicate membranes lining the eyelids and covering the edges of the eyeballs. The infection causes inflammation known as conjunctivitis. In normal cats, the conjunctiva is not readily visible and has a pale, salmon pink color. In cats with conjunctivitis, the conjunctiva becomes swollen and red, making it more visible. The nictitating membrane or third eyelid in the inner corner of the eye may protrude partially across the eye. One or both eyes may be involved. Affected cats initially develop a watery discharge from the eyes that quickly becomes thicker and is usually a yellow or greenish color. The eyes are uncomfortable and cats often keep the affected eye(s) closed. Many cats remain bright and otherwise appear normal, but some may develop a fever or lose their appetite. After one or two days, sniffles and sneezing may also occur. In kittens, the infection may spread to the lungs and cause fatal pneumonia.

49. What does the text mainly deal with? The process of chlamydia affliction in cats An overview of feline chlamydial conjunctivitis Clinical signs of feline chlamydial conjunctivitis The symptoms of feline chlamydial conjunctivitis Treatments for cats with chlamydia conjunctivitis

50. AUTHOR’s TONE Tricks and Questions Questions The attitude of the author of the passage toward “X” is best described as one of… The tone of the author is best described as… Which of the following best describes the tone of the passage? Answers Adjective (kata sifat): joyful, informal, optimistic, pessimistic, apologetic, candid, curious, inspirational, skeptical, sarcastic, etc. Tricks to answer the question Know the text genre (explanation, report, exposition, discussion, descriptive, etc) Judge how the author illustrates the problem (positive or negative feeling) Know the writer’s style on how he delivers the idea.

51. Example: Read the text and answer the question! Earthquake is any sudden shaking of the ground caused by the passage of seismic waves through Earth’s rocks. Seismic waves are produced when some form of energy stored in Earth’s crust is suddenly released, usually when masses of rock straining against one another suddenly fracture and “slip.” Earthquakes occur most often along geologic faults, narrow zones where rock masses move in relation to one another. The major fault lines of the world are located at the fringes of the huge tectonic plates that make up Earth’s crust. Little was understood about earthquakes until the emergence of seismology at the beginning of the 20th century. Seismology, which involves the scientific study of all aspects of earthquakes, has yielded answers to such long-standing questions as why and how earthquakes occur. About 50,000 earthquakes large enough to be noticed without the aid of instruments occur annually over the entire Earth. Of these, approximately 100 are of sufficient size to produce substantial damage if their centers are near areas of habitation. Very great earthquakes occur on average about once per year. Over the centuries they have been responsible for millions of deaths and an incalculable amount of damage to property.

52. What is the author’s attitude towards the topic of the passage? Concerned Critical Informative Satisfied Optimistic

53. AUTHOR’s OPINION Tricks and Questions Questions Which of the following best reflects the author’s opinion about…? The writer assumes that… How does the author seem to feel about…? Which of the following sentences indicates the author’s bias in the passage? What most likely motivates the writer to write the passage? Answers Adjective (kata sifat): joyful, informal, optimistic, pessimistic, apologetic, candid, curious, inspirational, skeptical, sarcastic, etc. Tricks to answer the question Know the text genre (explanation, report, exposition, discussion, descriptive, etc) Judge how the author illustrates the problem (positive or negative feeling) Know the writer’s style on how he delivers the idea.

54. Example: Read the text below and choose the correct answer to the following question (1) Flavor is actually what people refer to as taste, according to Dr. Bruce Bryant of Monell Chemical Senses Center. Flavor is made up of three components: taste, olfactory sense, and trigeminal sense. Tastes that people sense are sweet, sour, salty, bitter, umami, and even fattiness in some cases. Your olfactory senses work with tastes to produce the sensations people think are one-dimensional. For example: fruit will be either sweet or sour, but the “fruitiness” comes from your nose smelling your fruit, and your nose is what allows you to tell the difference between a peach and a pear, not your tongue. Your trigeminal system perceives spiciness awareness. Your trigeminal system detects pain through nerve endings sensitive to pain, temperature, and touch. (2) With your trigeminal system, scientists think that some people are simply born with pain receptors less sensitive, but they lack research to back this up. Researchers do know that exposing children to more spicy food at a young age can desensitize nerve endings, making them more tolerable to spicy foods. For example, Mexican parents give children packets of sugar with red chili powder, which builds up their spice tolerance. This causes the nerve endings in the mouth to die off, therefore allowing a high tolerance to spicy foods from a lack of nerve endings.

55. (3) PENN STATERS (Pennsylvania State University) did research to find a link between personality traits and a passion for spicy food. Scientists have found that personality is a factor for whether or not people like spicy foods and how often one eats spicy food. Researchers Nadia Byrnes and John Hayes from Penn State’s College of Agricultural Sciences found data that “suggests chili liking is not merely a case of increased tolerance with repeated exposure, but rather that there is an affective shift towards a preference for oral burn that is not found in chili dislikers ”. This means some people just prefer an oral burn over other people. UPenn (University of Pennsylvania) researchers had earlier linked chili liking to thrill seeking, and SUNY (The State University of New York) Stony Brook researchers found a relationship between chili liking and sensation seeking to be a more formal measure of personality. Both UPenn and SUNY Stony Brook’s studies were found to be very weak, with neither study looking at intake. (4) In the PSU (Penn State) study, they used updated measures of sensation seeking questions that avoided gender and age based questions. They also used a four-point scale rather than a simple yes/no scale to be more precise. The PSU study consisted of 97 males and females ranging in age from 18 to 45 who filled out a food-liking questionnaire. On the questionnaire, participants rated the intensity of different taste sensations after sampling six things including capsaicin (the active component of chili peppers, and the spice used in the study) with water. Later, they took a survey including personality questions, as well as were asked how often they consume chili peppers. Overall, this study confirmed that liking or disliking spicy foods is not only determined by one’s sensitivity to capsaicin but that personality factors do exist and influence the affective response to the initial “burning” of capsaicin. The study also concludes that there were significant positive associations found between sensation seeking and the liking of spicy meals, though some relationships varied in strength. (adapted from: https://sites.psu.edu/)

56. What is the author’s opinion about the passage? There was no author’s opinion presented in the passage. People who prefer spicy food are more likely to not enjoy bland meals. People who don’t eat spicy food possess less personality traits than those who enjoy it. More research is needed to study people’s preferences on various kinds of flavors. Spicy food is more popular among youngsters than among elderlies.

57. SYNONYMS Tricks and Questions Questions The word … in line is closest in meaning to… The phrase … in line is closest in meaning to Which of the following words could be best be substitute the word…? Answers Noun, verb, adjective, or even adverb Technique No deal: you have to increase your vocabulary bank! Tricks to answer the question Read the surrounding sentences closest to the word. (before or after the word) Understand the context Know the part of speech of the word also help.

58. Example: What’s the risk of buying counterfeit products? Counterfeit electronics can overheat and explode, bicycle helmets can break upon impact, phony cosmetics and health care products can be made with dangerous or unsanitary ingredients that should not be applied to the skin, and seasonal items for the home, like holiday lights, can be poorly wired and ignite fires. Counterfeit goods not only cheat the consumer with substandard and potentially hazardous products, but the websites used can also put shoppers at risk of having their personal and financial data stolen for other nefarious purposes. Online shopping is particularly vulnerable to scams that trick the user into buying counterfeit and pirated goods. The word nefarious above is closest in meaning to …. Evil Virtuous Irritating Damaging Troublesome