Traditional system of medicines-1.pptx.....

Best ppt for the pharmacognosy 1

1. Traditional system of medicines Dr. Tayyba Saher

2. Traditional medicine refers to health practices, approaches, knowledge and beliefs incorporating plant, animal and mineral based medicines, spiritual therapies, manual techniques and exercises, applied singularly or in combination to treat, diagnose and prevent illnesses or maintain well-being.

3. Ayurveda: The Ayurvedic System of Medicine evolved nearly 5000 years ago (3000 BC). The word Ayurveda means ‘Science of Life’ and employs treatment modalities, such as purification, palliation, prescription of various diets, exercises and the avoidance of disease causing factors. Different types of traditional system of medicines

4. Unani Medicine: Unani Medicine originated in the Arab world. Unani medicine treats a patient with diet, pharmacotherapy, exercise, massages and surgery. It was introduced in India around the 10th century AD.

5. The word ‘Homeopathy’ is derived from the Greek words, ‘ Homois ’ meaning ‘similar’ and ‘pathos’ means ‘suffering’. It originated in Germany and was introduced in India around1810-1839.Homeopathy is based on the law of healing- “ similiaSimilibusCurantur ’ which means ‘likes are cured by likes’. It uses highly individualized remedies selected to address specific symptoms or symptom profiles. Homeophaty :

6. This system has originated in India and is amongst the oldest systems of medicine in the country. It takes into account the patient, his/her surroundings, age, sex, race, habitat, diet, appetite, physical condition etc. to arrive at the diagnosis. Siddha System uses minerals, metals and alloys and drugs and inorganic compounds to treat the patients. Unlike most T&CM, this system is largely therapeutic in nature. Siddha literature is in Tamilnadu . Siddha:

7. A traditional Chinese medicinal system in which fine needles are inserted in the skin at specific points along what are considered to be lines of energy (meridians), used in the treatment of various physical and mental conditions involves the insertion it seeks to restore the balance of positive and negative (yin and yang) forces within the body Acupuncture

8. The concepts and practices of Yoga are reported to have originated in India. Naturopathy or the naturo -phatic medicine is a drugless, non-invasive system of medicine imparting treatments with natural elements based on the theories of vitality, toxemia and the self-healing capacity of the body as well as the principles of healthy living. The common naturopathy modalities include counseling, diet and fasting therapy, mud theory, hydrotherapy, massage therapy, acupressure, acupuncture, magnet therapy and yoga therapy. Yoga & Naturopathy:

9. Aromatherapy: involves the use of essential oils, normally administered by inhalation or massage .

10. AYURVEDA SYSTEM OF MEDICINE Ayurveda,is a natural system of medicine, originated in India. The term Ayurveda is derived from the Sanskrit words - " ayu " ---life - "Veda" --Knowledge or science of life Practiced in India for over 5000 years ( Charaka , sushrutha & Acharya nagarjuna ) Vedas (5000 B.C.) describe about 100 plants and treatment of various diseases

11. Ayurveda is a very well documented System of Health Care Practiced in Indian. Based on the idea that disease is due to an imbalance or stress in a person‘ consciousness, Ayurveda encourages certain lifestyle interventions and natural therapies to regain a balance between the body, mind, spirit, and the environment. Ayurveda treatment starts with an internal purification process, followed by a special diet, herbal remedies, massage therapy, yoga, and meditation.

12. Principle: The basic foundation is the fundamental doctrine according to which whatever present in the Universe (macrocosm) should be present in the body (the microcosm). According to ancient Indian philosophy, the universe is composed of five basic elements or pancha bhutas . pancha bhutas   Prithvi (earth), jal (water),

13. Teja (Fire), Vayu (Air) Akash (Space/Ether) The human body is derived from them in which these basic elements join together to form what are known as ‘ Tridoshas ’ (humors). Tridoshas are named as Vata ( Space and Air) Pitta (  Fire and Water Kapha (  Earth and Water)

14. Vata Vata derives from the elements of Space and Air and translates as “wind” or “that which moves things.” It is the energy of movement and the force governing all biological activity. Vata is often called the “ King of the Doshas ,” since it governs the body’s greater life force and gives motion to Pitta and Kapha . Just as the wind in balance provides movement and expression to the natural world, the balanced Vata individual is active, creative, and gifted with a natural ability to express and communicate.

15. Common signs of Vata imbalance include anxiety and bodily disorders related to dryness, such as dry skin and constipation. Physiologically, Vata governs anything related to movement, such as breathing, talking, nerve impulses, movements in the muscles and tissues, circulation, assimilation of food, elimination and urination. Psychologically , Vata governs communication, creativity, flexibility, and quickness of thought.

16. Pitta Pitta derives from the elements of Fire and Water and translates as “that which cooks.” It is the energy of digestion and metabolism in the body that functions through carrier substances such as organic acids, hormones, enzymes, and bile. Physiologically, Pitta provides the body with heat and energy through the breakdown of complex food molecules. It governs all processes related to conversion and transformation throughout the mind and body.

17. Psychologically Pitta governs joy, courage, willpower, anger, jealousy, and mental perception. When a person has a tendency to “overheat,” excess Pitta is usually the culprit. Pitta imbalances commonly manifest in the body as infection, inflammation, rashes, ulcers, heartburn, and fever.

18. Kapha Kapha derives from the elements of Earth and Water and translates as “that which sticks.” It is the energy of building and lubrication that provides the body with physical form, structure, and the smooth functioning of all its parts. Kapha can be thought of as the essential cement, glue, and lubrication of the body in one. Physiologically, Kapha moistens food, gives bulk to our tissues, lubricates joints, stores energy, and relates to cool bodily fluids such as water, mucous, and lymph.

19. Psychologically, Kapha governs love, patience, forgiveness, greed, attachment, and mental inertia.  Imbalanced kapha cause a number of bodily disorders such as obesity, sinus congestion, and anything related to mucous. Mentally, the loving and calm disposition of the Kapha individual may transform into lethargy, attachment, and depression.

20. These humors govern and control the basic psycho-biological functions in the body. In addition to these three humors, there exist seven basic tissues ( saptha dhatus ) Rasa, ( plasma) Rakta , ( blood, RBCs) Mamsa , ( muscles) Meda , ( adipose tissue) Asthi , ( bone and cartilage) Majja ( nerve) Shukra ( reproductive system)

21. And ( Malas ) or three waste products of the body mala such as faeces , urine and sweat Effective elimination of malas is said to be important for maintaining good health. The doshas , dhatus and malas should be in a state of perfect equilibrium for the body to remain healthy. Any imbalance among these constituents results in ill health and disease.

22. Diagnosis The classical clinical examination in Ayurveda is called ashta sthana pariksha (eight-point diagnosis) and includes an assessment of the state of the doshas as well as various physical signs. The eight-point diagnoses are 1. Nadi pariksha (pulse diagnosis), 2. Mutra pariksha (urine examination), 3. Vata / sparsha (Nervous system assessment), 4. Pitta/ drik (assessment of digestive fire and metabolic secretions), 5. Kapha / akriti (mucous and mucoid secretions assessment), 6. Mala pariksha (stool examination), 7. Jihva pariksha (tongue examination) 8. Shabda pariksha (examination of body sounds).

23. Treatment Ayurvedic treatment attempts to establish a balance among vata , pitta and kapha , as well as to improve digestion and elimination of ama (undigested food). Ayurvedic therapy often begins with shodhana (cleansing) in which toxins, emotional or physical, are eliminated or neutralized. Once shodhana is completed, shamana (palliative treatment) is used to reduce the intensity of a disease and balance the disordered doshas . Finally, rasayana (rejuvenation therapy) is used to maintain health and reduce the negative effects of disease.

24. Unani medicine, also called Unanitibb , Arabian medicine, or Islamic medicine, a traditional system of healing and health maintenance observed in South Asia. The term Unani means "Greek", as the Perso - Arabic system of medicine was based on the teachings of the Greek physicians Hippocrates and Galen . It is a comprehensive medical system, which meticulously deals with the various states of health and disease. UNANI SYSTEM OF MEDICINE:

25. Roman scholar GALEN (129-200 AD) stabilized the foundation of this science. Arab and Persian scholars and physicians like RABBAN TABARI (725-890 AD), AL-e-RAZI (865-925 AD) and IBN -e-SINA (980-1037 AD) raised Unani System of Medicine to the great heights. The first Unani physician who came to India was from Afghanistan (Herat). His name was Hakim syed karam hussain .

26. Principle of treatment: The system is based on two theories such as: The Hippocratic theory of four humours . The four humours are blood, phelgm , yellow bile, and black bile .

27. Pythagorian theory of four proximate qualities. The four qualities are the states of human body like hot, cold, moist dry . These are represented as earth, water, fire and air.

28. Finally, each humor was associated with certain qualities Black Bile: Cold and Dry Blood: Hot and Moist Phlegm: Cold and Moist Yellow Bile: Hot and Dry If it was a fever--a hot, dry disease--the culprit was yellow bile. So, the doctor would try to increase its opposite, phlegm, by prescribing cold baths. If the opposite situation prevailed (as in a cold), where there were obvious symptoms of excess phlegm production, the regimen would be to bundle up in bed and take hot drinks.

29.   DIAGNOSIS Diseases are mainly diagnosed with the help of pulse ( nubz ), physical examintion of the urine and stool. The Unani system of medicine aims at treating the cause of the disease and not its symptoms. For this purpose, history of the patient is recorded in addition to his pulse, urine, stool examinations.

30. TREATMENT Diseases are treated in the following ways: 1) Ilajbil Tadbeer (Regimental Therapy) : It includes various drugless regimens for treatment of ailments that are exercise, massage, hamam (Turkish bath), Douches (cold and hot) and regimen for geriatrics. 2) Ilajbil Ghiza ( Dietotherpy ): Different diets are recommended for patients of different diseases.

31. 3) Ilajbil Dava ( Pharmaco therapy) : It involves the treatment of cause of the disease due to environmental factors or imbalance of humours through Drugs of opposite temperament to the temperament of the disease b) Drugs of similar temperament as of the temperament of the disease. 4) Ilajbil Yad (Surgery)

32.   The term Homeopathy comes from the Greek Homeopathy=‘’ Homeo ’’ meaning ‘’similar’’ and ‘’pathos’’ meaning ‘’suffer’’ or ‘’disease’’ Homeopathy is a system of medicine created in 1796 by Samuel. The Origin: - Homeopathy has been in practice for 170 years by thousand of practitioners and there are over 100. Homeopathy is highly scientific, logical, safe, quick, and extremely effective method of healing. It offers long lasting to permanent cure, treating the disease from its roots.. 3.HOMEOPATHY SYSTEM OF MEDICINE

33. Homeopathic diagnosis lies in holistic approach Causative factors are identified by examination of Pulse, eyes, color of body, tongue, status of digestive system and urine The practitioner considers all Mental, Physical, and Emotional aspects . Diagnosis

34. Principle of treatment: They are as follows: 1. Law of Similia . 2. Law of Simplex. 3. Law of minimum. 4. Drug proving. 5. Drug dynamization or potentization. 6. Vital force. 7. Acute and Chronic Diseases. 8. Individualization. 9. Direction of cure.

35. Law of similia The therapeutic law on which homoeopathy is based is Simillia Similibus Curentur , which means ‘Let likes be cured by likes’ Law of Simplex : Simple and single drugs should be prescribed at a time. Thus, medicines are proved on healthy human beings singly and in simple form without admixture of any other substance.

36. Law of minimum Drugs are administered in a minimum quantity because of hypersensitivity in disease and the action of drug is always directed towards normal by virtue of altered receptivity of tissue to stimuli in disease. Drug proving: To apply drugs for therapeutic purposes, their curative power should be known. The curative power of a drug is its ability to produce disease symptoms when employed on a healthy person.

37. Drug dynamization or potentization Medicine used to encounter disease should also have dynamic action to act on the dynamic disturbance of life force. Preparation of potencies The potency can be prepared by three different scales, like decimal scale , centesimal scale and millesimal scale . Decimal scale In this scale, the first potency should contain 1/10 part of original drug. The second potency will contain 1/10 part of the first potency, and so on.

38. Centesimal scale In this scale the first potency should contain 1/100 of original drug and the second potency will contain 1/100 of the first potency, and so on. Millesimal scale In this scale, the first potency should contain 1/50,000 part of the original drug and second potency will contain1/50,000 of the first potency, and so on.

39. Vital force Disease and health are two different quantitative states of this vital force of living being, and cure is to be affected here. Acute and chronic diseases The diseases are classified into these types depending upon their onset, nature of progress and termination of diseases.

40. Individualization No two individuals are alike in the world, so the diseases affecting individuals can never be the same assuming the unique individual picture in each diseased individual. Thus, medicines can never be prescribed on the basis ofthe name of the disease. Direction of cure ‘cure takes place within outward from above to downward and the symptoms disappears in the reverse of their appearance’.