Trafficking of organs and documents in the Economics Offences

Traficking of Organs and Documents

1. Overview

Defining organ trafficking, why
and how it happened, the
stakeholders

Status quo

Solutions

2. ORGAN TRAFFICKING, WHAT'S IT?

It is the illegal harboring and transporting
of human organs.

It is otherwise known as transplant
tourism.

3. STATUS IN INDONESIA

In Indonesia, about 4000 people die
everyday waiting for organ transplant.

Every 12 minutes someone dies waiting
for organ transplant.

Every 9 minutes someone is added to
the waiting list.

4. When a person falls ill and one of his or
her organ is failing to function, organ
transplant is seen as the only way to
save the person’s life.

5. The huge needs of organ transplant has
opened a chance to organ trafficking
where the vendors would do anything
to get human organs to their own
advantage.

6. Organ trafficking operates in various
ways,
Kidnapped victims
Financial desperation
Deceit
Murder

7. MAJOR PLAYERS IN ORGAN TRAFFICKING

Major organ exporters: Pakistan, China,
India, Phippines, Bolivia, Brazil, Iraq,
Egypt and South Africa.

Major organ importers: Australia,
Canada, Israel, Japan, Saudi Arabia and
the USA.

8. STATUS QUO

In South Africa, the Human tissue act of
1983 says that no one can receive
payment for the transfer of any tissue
including flesh, bone and body tissue.

9. 2-20 STATUSQUO

In Iran, it's legal to sale kidney with
regulation.

In China, it's illegal to sell an organ buta
1989 law allows organ to be
transplanted from an executed prisoner
if the family members don't claim right
away.

10. WHAT CAN BE DONE THEN?

Regulate organ trade through the state
sanctions.

Harmonization of laws.

Prohibit advertisement.

11. Recipients

“Knowledge about the incidence, nature and scope of patients! involvement
in human trafficking for organ removal is limited.”

> Main destination countries: China, Pakistan and India

> Motivations: dialysis/waiting list

> Contact through other patients, family, friends, brokers, Internet
> Amounts paid: $40,000- $200,000

dd of

AS

[à

fe

Soe Sires Sc Calor ios nates O Cai 207

Donors
“Commercial donors are almost without exception subject to exploitation.”

> They originate predominantly from poor developing countries:

India, China, the Philippines, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Ukraine, Russia, Egypt,
Romania, Moldova, Kosovo, Turkey, Israel, Brazil, Colombia, Peru, Bolivia, etc.
> Poor, low level of education, relatively young age (30), usually men

> (Promised) amounts: $ 1,000-$20,000

12. Brokers
“The presence of a broker is likely to enhance the exploitation of donors.”

Brokers may also include doctors, hospitals and matching agencies
“Licensed transplant professionals (many of them top-notch) are reported to
have the role of brokers, facilitators - key players in transplant schemes.”

> Easy to find persons willing to sell, donors approach brokers as well

> Other activities: locate transplant centre and accomodation, arrange
transport, medical examination and travel documents, when needed

> Donors are often misled about the procedure and impact of donation
and do often not receive after care or the agreed amount of money

“Brokers are claimed to financially benefit the most from the transactions.”

Financial profitability

1. Drugs $320 billion

2. Counterfeiting $250 billion

3. Humans $31.6 billion

4, Oil $10.8 billion

5. Wildlife $7.8 to $10 billion

6. Timber $7 billion

7. Fish $4.2 to $9.5 billion

8. Art and Cultural Property $3.4 to $6.3 billion
9. Gold $2.3 billion

10. Human Organs $614 million to $1.2 billion
11. Small Arms & Light Weapons $300 million to $1 billion
12. Diamonds & Colored Gemstones $860 million

‘According to the WHO, 5 to 10 percent ofthe kidney transplants
performed worldwide is ilegal (roughly estimated for the year 2005).

13. Indicators trafficking for organ removal

A - surgeon
= ) - specialized in kidney transplants
| | - own private clinic in Pakistan
- operates on Afghan refugees
| - permission to operate abroad
y - > 100.000 dollar bank account

- recruited in refugee camp
- medical tests before the journey
u | - return ticket, valid for three weeks