Transgenic animals (1)

transgenic animals

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2. Transgenic Animals Submitted by Jonaid Ali 8march 2017 Faculty of farmacy m.pharm (pharmacology 2 nd sem ) Jamia hamdard New delhi

3. Contents Introduction History Animals enginnered Purpose Benefits of transgenic animals Negatives of transgenic animals Methods of transforming genes Few commercial drugs Application of transgenic animals Some important advances Problems and prospects Conclusions References 3

4. Genetically-modified rabbits 4

5. The baby rhesus monkey 5

6. Dolly ship 6

7. Genetically engineered goats 7

8. Pieraz - Cryozootech -Stallion(foal ) 8

9. The world's first cloned camel 9

10. Two featherless chickens 10

11. Genetically modified mouse 11

12. Introductions Transgenic animals: An organism whose genome is modified by foreign gene by usin g genetic engineering. A large number of organism have been created successfully by genetic engineering such as: Cows,pigs,mice,sheep,fish,frogs,goats etc. No.  To date, FDA has not permitted GE animals to be placed into the human food supply except one Atryn .   12

13. History 13

14. History The first transgenic animals were Rudolf Jaenisch’s mice. In the 1970s he successfully introduced an outside gene into the mice embryos. The first two commercially prepared products from recombinant DNA technology were insulin and human growth hormone, both of which were cultured in the E. coli bacteria. 14

15. purpose These animals are useful in the production of producing useful proteins in large animals Transgenic animals are animals that produce the substance which are good for human welfare and disease models Animals genetically manipulated to study the symptoms of a disease. for example. harvard mouse that carry genes that promote the development of various human cancers. 15

16. Benefits of transgenic animals Regulation of gene expression. Immune system function Genetic diseases Viral diseases Cancer research Toxicological studies Development of new entity Beneficial for Pharmaceutical research Transgenic animals as disease models 16

17. Negatives of transgenic animals Many animals die or are born horribly disfigured as research is conducted. Transgenic animals can change the direction of evolutions which can drastic consequences for human and natures. 17

18. Methodes Injection of DNA into the nucleus of a fertilized egg cell and implanting it into the uterus (in vitro) of an organism(microinjection method) Injection of DNA into embryonic stem cells Using viruses to transfer gene by recombinanat DNA Introducing genetic material into sperm that fertilize eggs Electrically induced membrane fusion methode 18

19. Microinjection method and electrically induced methode 19

20. Microinjection methode transfer of a desired gene construct (of a single gene or a combination of genes that are recombined and then cloned) from another member of the same species or from a different species into the pronucleus of a reproductive cell in vitro culture of the manipulated cells to develop to a specific embryonic phase; and 3) then transfer of the embryonic cells to the recipient female 20

21. Embryonic stem cell-mediated gene transfer 21

22. Embryonic stem cell-mediated gene transfer 22

23. Retrovirus mediated gene transfer 23

24. Sperm that fertilize eggs 24

25. Electroporation method 25

26. Animal products that have appeared on the market(all made in E .coli ) Tumor necrosis factor : Treatment for certain tumor cells. Interleukin-2 ( IL-2) : Cancer treatment, immune deficiency, and HIV infection treatment. Prourokinase : Treatment for heart attacks. Taxol : Treatment for ovarian cancer. Interferon : Treatment for cancer and viral infections 26

27. Application of transgenic animals In agricultural application: Selective breeding applied to get desired traits i.e high milk production and high growth rate. Traditional breeding is a time-consuming, difficult task. Researchers have now used gene transfer to improve the productivity of livestock . Transgenic cows exist that produce more milk or milk with less lactose or cholesterol. Transgenic cows have been used to produce milk which are richer in proteins and lower in fat. 27

28. Application of transgenic animals Quality Herman, a transgenic bull carries a human gene for Lactoferrin (gene responsible for higher iron content) Pigs and cattle that have more meat on them. Sheep that grow more wool. Eggs can be made healthier with high quality protein . Disease resistance Disease-resistant livestock is not a reality just yet. But there has been improvement in disease reduction in animals. Scientists are attempting to produce disease-resistant animals, such as influenza-resistant pigs, but a very limited number of genes are currently known to be responsible for resistance to diseases in farm animals 28

29. Application of transgenic animals Medical Applications: Transplant organ may comes from transgenic animals. Transgenic pigs may provide the transplant organs needed to alleviate the shortfall . Currently, xenotransplantation is hampered by a pig protein that can cause donor rejection but research is underway to remove the pig protein and replace it with a human protein. 29

30. Application of transgenic animals Medical applications: Products such as insulin, growth hormone, and blood anti-clotting factors may soon be or have already been obtained from the milk of transgenic cows, sheep, or goats . This transgenic milk is a more nutritionally balanced product than natural milk and could be given to babies or the elderly with special nutritional or digestive needs. Human gene therapy involves adding a normal copy of a gene (transgene) to the genome of a person carrying defective copies of the gene. Finland produced a calf with a gene that makes the substance that promotes the growth of red cells in humans . 30

31. Application of transgenic animals Industrial Applications: By extracting polymer strands from the milk and weaving them into thread, the scientists can create a light, tough, flexible material that could be used in such applications as military uniforms, medical microsutures , and tennis racket strings . Biosteel is an extraordinary new product that may be soon used in bullet proof vests and in suture silk for stitching wounds. Animals have been used as “Bioreactors” to produce proteins . Toxicity-sensitive transgenic animals have been produced for chemical safety testing. Microorganisms have been engineered to produce a wide variety of proteins, which in turn can produce enzymes that can speed up industrial chemical reactions . 31

32. SOME IMPORTANT ADVANCES Few advances of transgenic animals. US scientists report use of CRISPR to modify 60 genes in pig embryos in first step to creat pig organs suitable for use in humans(HARVARD UNIVERSITY). There is only one approved product in the world from a GE animal.  That product is called ATryn ®, a human pharmaceutical developed to prevent blood clots.  This drug is produced in the milk of GE goats 32

33. Problems and prospects Problems and prospects Transgenic animals have potentially broad application for the improvement of animal production quality, the enhancement of productivity, the studies of human disease models and the production of pharmaceuticals . Dietary and food safety concerns: Foreign gene inserted in the chromosome locus may also result in different genetic changes in different degrees, causing unintended effects. Environmental impacts: It may also lead to the loss of the wild allele, resulting in a decline in genetic diversity Respect for life and “unnaturalness” of genetic engineering: it might devalue nature and commercialize life. 33

34. Conclusion Transgenic animal techniques have developed rapidly and provided more and improved platforms for the preparation of transgenic animals since their emergence . All of these developments will provide new ideas and bring forth important changes in fields like medicine, health and livestock improvement. In particular, the economic and social benefits from the production of bioreactors, drug production, and organ culture for human transplantation will be great. 34

35. R eferences https:// en.wikipedia.org . https:// www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov . European Journal of Pharmacology. http:// whatisbiotechnology.org/science/transgenic . http:// www.infoplease.com . http://www.fda.gov/ AnimalVeterinary / DevelopmentApprovalProcess / GeneticEn ... 35

36. Thanks all 36