Transition from war to armed conflicts and types of armed conflicts.pptx

International Humanitarian Law

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2. 1. Introduction 2. Types of Armed Conflicts 3. Factors Influencing the Outcome of Arme d Conflicts 4. Impact and Consequences of Armed Conflicts eping Missions 7. Transitional Justice and Reconciliation 8. Introduction 9. Transition from War to Armed Conflicts 10. Types of Armed Conflicts 11. Characteristics of Armed Conflicts 12. Impacts of Armed Conflicts 13. Conclusion s. Diplomatic Negotiations and Treaties 6. International Organizations and Peaceke

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4. Background of War and Armed Conflicts Definition of War War can be defined as a state of armed conflict between two or more groups or nations, typically involvin g military forces, with the aim of achieving some specific objectives. It is a violent and organized confli c t characterized by the use of lethal weapons and strategies. aOo Causes of War There are several causes of war, including territorial disputes, ideolo gical differences, competition for resources, religious conflicts, and p ower struggles. These factors often lead to tensions and escalations t hat eventually result in armed conflicts.

5. Transition from War to Armed Conflicts Factors Leading to Transition Significance of Transition The transition from war to armed conflicts can be influenced by various factors. One important factor is the failure of diplomatic negotiations and peaceful resol ution of disputes. When negotiations break down or are unable to address the u nderlying issues, parties may resort to armed conflicts to achieve their goals. Ad ditionally, the presence of extremist groups, political instability, and failed state scan also contribute to the transition from war to armed conflicts. The transition from war to armed conflicts signifies a shift from a broader state of confli ct involving multiple parties to a more focused and localized armed struggle. Thistrans ition often involves the emergence of non- state armed groups, such as rebel or guerrill a forces, as well aschanges in the tactics and strategies employed. Understanding thist ransition is crucial for analyzing the dynamics and challenges associated with armed co nflicts and devising effective strategies for conflict resolution.

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7. International Armed Conflicts

8. Non- International Armed Conflicts 111

9. Asymmetric Armed Conflicts Definition and Characteristics Asymmetric armed conflicts refer to conflicts where there is a significant power imbalance between opposing parties. It involves armed groups or entities that have different capabilities or resources, resulting in a disparity in military strength. Characteristics of asymmetric armed conflicts include the use of unconventionaltactics by the weaker party, such as guerrilla warfare or terroris m, and strategies aimed at exploiting vulnerabilities or weaknesses of the stronger party. Examples of Asymmetric Armed Conflicts Vietnam WarA conflict between North Vietnam (supported by communist allies) and South Vietnam (backed by the United States and other anti- c ommunist countries). The North Vietnamese and Viet Cong employed guerrilla warfare tactics against the conventional military forces of the Unit ed States. Afghan War: In the ongoing conflict in Afghanistan, the Taliban and other insurgent groups employ asymmetric tactics such as hit- and- run attack sand improvised explosive devices against the Afghan government forces supported by international coalitions.

10. Proxy Wars Definition and Characteristics Proxy wars occur whe n tw o or more external powers support opposin g fact ions or groups within a conflict in a third country. These external powers of ten provide military assistance, funding, or other support to their chosen p roxies, who fight on their behalf. Characteristicsof proxy wars include the involvemen t o f external powers u sing local groups as proxies, indirect confrontation between the supportin g powers, an d the third- party country becoming the battlegroun d for their interests. Examples of Proxy Wars Korean WarThe conflict between North Korea (supported by China and the Soviet Union) and South Korea (supported by the United States and other United Nations forces) was considered a proxy war of the Cold War betwee n the *Western blocs. Syrian Civi l War: The war in Syria, in addition to being a non- international armed conflict, also involve d various external powers supporting different factions, with countries such as Russia, Iran, and the Unite d States backing opposin g sides.

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12. Military Capabilities Superiority in Technology and Weapon s The outcome of armed conflicts can be greatly influenced by the s uperiority in technology and weapons possessed by the parties inv olved. A significant technological advantage, such as advanced we aponry or surveillance systems, can tilt the balance in favor of the side with superior capabilities. Advanced technology and weapons enable better precision, range , and destructive power, giving the side with superior capabilities t he ability to dominate the battlefield, project force, and overwhel m their opponents. Training and strategy play a vital role in determining the outcome of armed conflicts. A well- trained and disciplined armed force, eq uipped with effective strategies and tactics, is more likely to achie ve success in battle. High- quality training ensures that troops are proficient in the use of weapons, have good situational awareness, and can effectively execute operational plans. Additionally, well- established strategi es can exploit the weaknesses of the enemy and maximize the stre ngths of one's own forces, increasing the chances of victory. • •

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14. Political and Economic Factors olitical Stability and Government Support olitical stability andgovernment atllMlftat.. heavily impact the outcome of armed conflicts. Apolitically stable and united gov rnment with the support of its population can provide a solid foundation for military endeavors. stable government can effectively allocate resources, make critical decisions swiftly, and maintain morale during theconflict. Ont eother hand,internal political divisions or lack of support may hinder militaryoperations and erode thechances of success.

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16. Subsection 4.lloss of Life and Humanitarian Crisis 01. Casualties and Displacement Armed conflicts result in a significant loss of life, with both military personnel and civilians being the victims. Casualti es occur due to direct combat, bombings, and even through the use of weapons of mass destruction. The number of c asualties can reach alarming levels, leading to an immense loss of human potential. Armed conflicts often lead to mass displacement of people within the affected areas. Civilians are forced to flee their homes due to violence, seekingsafety in other regions or even crossing international borders as refugees. Displaceme nt causes severe emotional and physical hardships, asindividuals struggle to find shelter, food, and healthcare. 02 • Humanitarian Aid and Assistance Humanitarian aid playsa crucial role during armed conflicts, as it helpsalleviate the suffering of affected populations. International organizations,such as the Red Cross and UNICEF, provide emergency assistance, including food, medic al supplies, and shelter, to those impacted by armed conflict. Humanitarian agencies also work to ensure the protecti on and welfare of displaced persons and refugees. Moreover, humanitarian assistance also focuses on the psychosocial support of individuals affected by armed conflict s.Trauma counseling and mental health services are provided to help individuals cope with the psychological effects of violence and displacement, promoting their resilience and recovery.

17. Subsection 4.2Destruction of Infrastructure and Environment Damage to Buildings, Roads, a nd Utilities Environmental Contaminatio n and Destruction Armed conflicts result in the destruction of critical infrastruct ure, including buildings, roads, bridges, and utilities such as power grids and water supplies. Bombings and targeted atta cks cripple the functionality of cities and towns, disrupting t he lives of civilians. The destruction of infrastructurehinders economic development, making post- conflict recovery com plex and time- consuming. Moreover, damage to infrastructure also affects the delivery of essential services such as healthcare and education. Hospi tats and schools are often targeted, limiting access to health care facilities and educational opportunities for affected co mmunities. Armed conflicts can cause severe environmental contaminat ion and destruction. The use of weapons and indiscriminate bombing can pollute water sources, soil, and air, posing long - term health risks to both humans and ecosystems. Destruct ion of factories, refineries, and chemical plants can release h azardous substances, leading to ecological disasters. The environmental damage caused by armed conflicts has lo ng- lastingconsequences, disrupting agricultural activities, c ontaminating natural resources, and affecting biodiversity. R estoring the environment in post- conflict situations requires significant resources, time, and expertise.

18. Subsection 4.3Socioeconomic Consequences Poverty and Economic Decline Armed conflicts have devastating socioeconomic consequences, leading to incr eased poverty and economic decline in affected regions. The destruction of infra structure, disruption of trade, and loss of livelihoods result in job cuts and decre ased economic productivity. This, in turn, leads to higher poverty rates and exac erbates existing inequalities. Furthermore , arme d conflicts hinder investments in education, healthcare, and overall development, trapping communities in a cycle of poverty. Th e long- ter m economic consequences persist even after the conflict ends , makin t'1 ery and reconstruction a significant challenge. 2J2J Disruption of Education and Healthcare Syste ms Armed conflicts disrupt educatio n and healthcare systems, depriving individuals of their fundamental rights to educatio n and health services. Schools and unive rsities ar e damaged or destroyed, and the displacement of teachers an d student s disrupts the continuity of education . Lack of access to quality educatio n perpe tuates the cycle of poverty and limits future opportunities. Healthcare systems also suffer during armed conflicts ashospitals and medical f acilities are targeted or inadequately equipped to handle the influx of casualties . The limited availability of healthcare resources compounds the suffe bot h combatants and civilians, leading to higher mortality rates and the s of p reventable diseases.

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20. Mediation and Peace Talks Mediation is a process where a neutral thir d party facilitates communication and neg otiation between conflicting parties. It help sin creating a conducive environment for o pen dialogue and understanding. Peace talks involve representatives from co nflicting parties engaging in discussions an d negotiations to find a mutually acceptabl e resolution to the conflict.

21. Peace Agreements and Treaties Peace agreements are formal documents that outlin e the terms and conditions agreed upon by conflicti ng parties to en d the armed conflict. They often incl ude provisions for disarmament, power- sharing, an d post- conflict governance. Treaties are legally binding agreements between sta tes or other international entities. They can be used to resolve conflicts, establish boundaries, or regulat e specific issues such as arms control or trade. '

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23. Role of United Nations in Conflict Resolution The United Nations (UN) plays a crucial role in conflict resolution through its d iplomatic efforts, peacekeeping missions, and mediating between conflicting parties. The UN Security Council has the authority to impose sanctions, authorize pea cekeeping missions, and intervene in conflicts to maintain international peace and security.

24. Case Studies of Successful Peacekeeping Missions The United Nations peacekeeping missions have been successful in resolving conflicts and maintaining peace in various regions. Examp les include the United Nations Stabilization Mission in the Democrat ic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO} and the United Nations Missio n in Sierra Leone (UNAMSIL}. These missions involve deploying military and civilian pe rsonnel to support the implementation of peace agreem ents, protect civilians, and promote political and econo mic stability in conflict- affected areas.

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26. Truth Commissions and War Crimes Tribuna Truth commissions are independent bodies esta blished to investigate and document human rig hts violations and abuses committed during con flicts. They aim to provide a comprehensive ace ount of past events and promote reconciliation. • War crimes tribunals are legal mechanisms for p rosecuting individuals responsible for serious cri mes committed during armed conflicts. They co ntribute to accountability, justice, and deterrenc e.

27. Restorative Justice and Community Healing Restorative justice focuses on rep airing the harm caused by the con flict through dialogue, inclusion, a nd healing processes. It prioritizes addressing the needs of victims a nd communities, rather than solel y focusing on punishment.

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30. Definition of War 01 War can be defined as a prolonged conflict between organized groups with the use of letha l force, typically involving state actors and resulting in significant loss of life and destructio n. Wars often have well- defined goals, strategies, and formal declarations.

31. Causes of Transition The transition from war to armed conflicts can occur due to several factors. Some common causes include unresolved political, ethnic, or territorial disputes; power struggles; religious or ideological diffe rences; economic disparities; or the collapse of governance structur es.

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33. International Armed Conflicts - International armed conflicts involve states or state- like entities as the primary actors. These conflicts occur when two or more sov ereign states engage in hostilities, which can include declared wars, border disputes, or military interventions.

34. Non- International Armed Conflicts Non- international armed conflicts, also known as civil wars o r internal conflicts, involve armed confrontations between as tate or a defined government and non- state groups or faction s within the same territory. These conflicts may arise from sep aratist movements, insurgencies, or ideological disputes. 99

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36. Armed Actors Armed conflicts involve the participation of various armed actors. These can include state military forces , rebel groups, paramilitary organizations, terrorist organizations, or even private military companies.

37. Methods and Tactics □ Oa 01 Armed conflicts often employ a wide range of methods and tactics. These can include conventional warfare, guerrilla tactics, terrorism, chemical or biological warfare, cyberattacks, or hybrid warfare strategies combining multiple tactics.

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39. Humanitarian Impact Armed conflicts have severe humanitarian consequences, including loss of life, displacement of po pulations, destruction of infrastructure, disruption of essential services, and widespread human rig hts abuses. Civilians often bear the brunt of the suffering in armed conflicts.

40. Global Security Implications Armed conflicts can have significant global security i mplications. Destabilization of regions, the spread o f violence or extremism, the proliferation of weapon s, and refugee crises can all contribute to regional o r international security challenges and may require i nternational intervention or peacekeeping efforts.

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42. Recap of Key Points In this research, we explored the transition from war to armed conflict sand examined the different types of armed conflicts that can occur. We discussed the causes and characteristics of armed conflicts and hi ghlighted the humanitarian and security impacts they can have.

43. Importance of Understanding Armed Conflicts Understanding armed conflicts is crucial for policymakers, military strategists, and h umanitarian organizations. Knowledge of the causes and dynamics of armed conflict scan guide conflict prevention efforts, peace negotiations, and the provision of hum anitarian assistance to affected populations.

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