Transitional epithelium.pptx

Transitional epithelium

1. TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIUM This is a stratified epithelium with three to four layers of cells. The deepest cells are columnar or cuboidal The middle layers are made up of pear-shaped cells. The cells of the surface are large and are shaped like an umbrella

2. Distribution: Renal pelvis, ureter , urinary bladder and proximal part of the urethra.

3. GLANDULAR EPITHELIUM The epithelial cells are specialized to perform secretary function. There are two main types of glands. Exocrine glands B. Endocrine glands

4. A. EXOCRINE GLANDS When the secretion from the gland is poured through duct system, they are called exocrine glands. e.g. salivary gland.

5. The secretary part of the gland may be in the form of rounded sac or flask shaped tube. depending up on the shapes of the secretary part of the gland they are classified into:- Simple tubular gland and simple branched tubular Simple alveolar gland and simple branched alveolar

6. Compound tubular gland Compound alveolar gland Mammary gland Compound tubulo -alveolar gland Depending upon the nature of secretion, the exocrine glands may be classified into mucous glands and serous glands.

7. B. ENDOCRINE GLANDS These glands are 'ductless' and pour their secretion directly into the blood stream. Their secretion is called 'hormone.

8. CONNECTIVE TISSUE Connective tissue has formed elements ( fibres and cells) and amorphous substance (ground substance). This tissue binds various other tissues of the body.

9. CONNECTIVE TISSUE

10. Connective tissue is the most abundant tissue in the body and includes, for example, bone, blood fat tissue. Most types of connective tissue have a good blood supply and their main functions are: binding and structural support Protection transport insulation.

11. TYPES OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE LOOSE ( AREOLAR) CONNECTIVE TISSUE ADIPOSE TISSUE LYMPHOID TISSUE DENSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE BLOOD CARTILAGE BONE

12. Cells in connective tissue The cell types present include Fibroblasts fat cells macrophages leukocytes mast cells.

13. LOOSE ( AREOLAR) CONNECTIVE TISSUE This is the most generalised type of connective tissue. The matrix is semisolid with many fibroblasts and some fat cells It is found in: under the skin between muscles around blood vessels and nerves in glands supporting secretory cells.

14. ADIPOSE TISSUE Adipose tissue consists of fat cells ( adipocytes ), containing large fat globules, There are two types: White Adipose tissue Brown Adipose tissue

15. ADIPOSE TISSUE

16. LYMPHOID TISSUES Lymphoid tissues are organized structures that support immune responses. The bone marrow and thymus are primary lymphoid tissues. The lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils and Peyer's patches are examples of secondary lymphoid tissue.

17. DENSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE FIBROUS TISSUE Fibrous tissue is made up mainly of closely packed bundles of collagen fibres . Fibrous tissue is found: as the outer protective covering of bones, called periosteum

18. as the outer protective covering of some organs, e.g. the kidneys, lymph nodes and brain forming muscle sheaths, called muscle fascia .

19. ELASTIC TISSUE Elastic tissue is capable of considerable extension and recoil. It is found in organs where stretching or alteration of shape is required, eg , in large blood vessel walls, the trachea and bronchi, and the lungs.

20. BLOOD Blood is the only liquid tissue in the body that measures about 5 liters in the adult human and accounts for 8 percent of the body weight.

21. CARTILAGE Cartilage is firmer than other connective tissues. Cartilage is a strong, flexible connective tissue that protects our joints and bones. It acts as a shock absorber throughout our body. Cartilage at the end of your bones reduces friction and prevents them from rubbing together when we use our joints.

22. Cartilage are three types: hyaline cartilage fibrocartilage elastic fibrocartilage .

23. HYALINE CARTILAGE Hyaline cartilage provides flexibility, support and smooth surfaces for movement at joints. It is found:as articular cartilage on the ends of long bones that form synovial joints forming the costal cartilages, which attach the ribs to the sternum forming rings around the larynx, trachea and bronchi

24. FIBROCARTILAGE It is a tough, slightly flexible, supporting tissue It is found as pads called the intervertebral discs between the bodies of the vertebrae. Between the articulating surfaces of the bones of the knee joint, On the rim of the bony sockets of the hip and shoulder joints, deepening the cavities .

25. ELASTIC FIBROCARTILAGE This flexible tissue .It provides support and maintains the shape . for example, the pinna or lobe of the ear, the epiglottis part of the tunica media of blood vessel walls.

26. Bone Bone cells ( osteocytes ) are surrounded by a matrix of collagen fibres strengthened by calcium and phosphate salts. This provides bones with their characteristic strength and rigidity. Bone also has considerable capacity for growth in the first two decades of life, and for regeneration throughout life

27. Two types of bone can be identified by the naked eye : compact bone, having a solid or dense appearance spongy or cancellous bone, having a 'spongy

28. MUSCLE TISSUE This tissue is able to contract and relax, providing movement within the body and of the body itself. There are three types of specialised muscle cells: skeletal muscle smooth muscle cardiac muscle.

29. MUSCLE TISSUE

30. SKELETAL MUSCLE This type is described as skeletal because it forms those muscles that move the bones of the skeleton.

31. SMOOTH MUSCLE Smooth muscle cells are usually organised in sheets in the walls of hollow organs, so that contraction and relaxation determine pressure within the organ, Smooth muscle are found in ureters , ducts of glands and the gastrointestinal tract , urinary bladder.

32. CARDIAC MUSCLE. It forms the myocardium of the heart, shows striations but is involuntary . It is meant for automatic and rhythmic contractions. Each muscle fibre has a single rounded nucleus placed centrally.