Transport system in humans

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BIOLOGY GCE O level Syllabus

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1. Prepared By: Faiz Abdullah Transport system in humans

2. Cell Tissues Organs Systems Organism Blood circulatory system

3. Unicellular organism No part of the cell is far from the external environment EASY  O 2 + nutrients can go into the cell easily Multicellular organism Many cells are far from the outside environment! HARD  diffusion alone is not enough to bring materials into these cells Unicellular vs multicellular THAT IS WHY WE NEED A TRASNPORT SYSTEM!!

4. In humans, Circulatory system transports blood to and from all parts of the body. Thus it functionally connects the aqueous environment of all body cells to organs specialized for exchanging gases, absorbing nutrients and disposing waste. CIRCULATORY SYSTEM It carries oxygen and food to all cells in the body 2. It carries waste away from the cells of the body

5. Human circulatory system

6. The human circulatory system consists of three parts: The human circulatory system Heart An organ that pumps blood around the body Blood vessels A network of tubes To carry blood around the body Blood A liquid that transports materials Arteries Capillaries Veins

7. Humans  Closed circulatory system Direction of blood flow: HUMAN Circulatory system Heart Arteries Capillaries Veins Pumps blood to Back to Backflow does Not happen VALVES

8. Prevents backflow of blood Valve

9. picture arteries

10. Arteries receive blood directly from heart Narrow lumen Flow of blood  fast + at high pressure Thus, The walls of the arteries are THICK, MUSCULAR and ELASTIC to withstand the pressure. Elastic enables arteries to stretch and recoil , which pushes blood in spurts and gives rise to pulse Blood moves along the arteries by contraction and relaxation of muscles in the walls. Arteries branch into smaller vessels  arterioles (smallest), which connects to the smallest blood vessel, capillaries arteries

11. Veins carry blood towards the heart Blood pressure is lower than in arteries Blood flows more slowly and smoothly  Thin layer of wall and elastic tissue Have internal valves Waste products are brought back to the heart when capillaries join to form  VENULES Veins

12. Artery vs vein

13. The CAPILLARY Capillaries link Arteries with Veins the wall of a capillary is only one cell thick they exchange materials between the blood and other body cells. The exchange of materials between the blood and the body can only occur through capillaries.

14. CHARACTERISTICS ARTERIES VEINS CAPILLARIES Direction of blood flow Carries blood from heart  organs Carries blood from organs  blood Carries blood from arterioles  venules Valves Absent except in pulmonary artery Present Absent Size of wall Thick Thin A single layer of cells Layer of elastic and muscle tissue Thick Thin Absent Oxygen content Oxygenated except pulmonary artery Deoxygenated except pulmonary vein Oxygenated  arteriole Deoxygenated venule Color Red Bluish-red Bluish-red Location Deep in muscle Nearer to body surface Inside all tissues

15. Breathing  taking in and out of air What is happening inside the lungs?

16. air sac in the lung

17. air sac in the lung oxygen

18. air sac in the lung oxygen 1 as blood flows through the lungs the haemoglobin in the red cells picks up oxygen

19. air sac in the lung oxygen 1 as blood flows through the lungs the haemoglobin in the red cells picks up oxygen 2 Haemoglobin and oxygen join to make oxyhaemoglobin

20. air sac in the lung oxygen 1 as blood flows through the lungs the haemoglobin in the red cells picks up oxygen 2 Haemoglobin and oxygen join to make oxyhaemoglobin 3 when the blood flows past cells with very little oxygen in them the oxyhaemoglobin breaks down

21. air sac in the lung oxygen 1 as blood flows through the lungs the haemoglobin in the red cells picks up oxygen 2 Haemoglobin and oxygen join to make oxyhaemoglobin 3 when the blood flows past cells with very little oxygen in them the oxyhaemoglobin breaks down oxygen diffuses into the cells of the body oxygen is used for respiration

22. air sac in the lung oxygen 1 as blood flows through the lungs the haemoglobin in the red cells picks up oxygen 2 Haemoglobin and oxygen join to make oxyhaemoglobin 3 when the blood flows past cells with very little oxygen in them the oxyhaemoglobin breaks down oxygen diffuses into the cells of the body oxygen is used for respiration 4 the haemoglobin in the red cells goes back to the lungs to pick up more oxygen

23. Double circulation

24. Remember this! Diagram

25. Double circulation LUNGS Left Atrium Left Ventricle Body Right Ventricle Right Atrium Pulmonary Circulation Heart LungsHeart Systemic Circulation Heart BodyHeart Low pressure circulation Walls of the right ventricle are thinner and less muscular than left ventricle High pressure circulation Blood has to be pumped to the furthest part of the body

26. Blood passes the heart twice Why double circulation?

27. The human heart Source of life <3

28. The human heart The human heart has four chambers – two smaller chambers (atria) and two large chambers (ventricles) A muscular wall down the middle  SEPTUM , divides the heart into right half and left half  to prevent mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood

29. The Heart These are arteries . They carry blood away from the heart. This is a vein . It brings blood from the body, except the lungs. Coronary arteries, the hearts own blood supply The heart has four chambers 2 atria 2 ventricles

30. The Heart Left Ventricle Left Atrium Right Atrium Right Ventricle valve Vein from Lungs Artery to Head and Body Artery to Lungs Vein from Head and Body valve

31. How does the Heart work? blood from the body blood from the lungs The heart beat begins when the heart muscles relax and blood flows into the atria. STEP ONE

32. The atria then contract and the valves open to allow blood into the ventricles. How does the Heart work? STEP TWO

33. How does the Heart work? The valves close to stop blood flowing backwards. The ventricles contract forcing the blood to leave the heart. At the same time, the atria are relaxing and once again filling with blood. The cycle then repeats itself . STEP THREE

34. Summary Chambers of the heart, made up of cardiac muscles, contract in pairs Deoxygenated blood from two anterior vena cavae and a posterior vena cava Right atrium Right ventricle Blood travels through the pulmonary artery to the lungs enters Oxygenated blood from the pulmonary vein arising from the lungs Left atrium Left ventricle Blood travels through the aorta to be distributed to other parts of body enters Remember: Happen simultaneously

35. valves MEMORIZE

36. LUP-DUP LUP-DUP LUP-DUP LUP-DUP LUP-DUP LUP-DUP LUP-DUP LUP-DUP LUP-DUP LUP-DUP LUP-DUP LUP-DUP LUP-DUP LUP-DUP LUP-DUP LUP-DUP HEARTBEAT

37. HEARTBEAT HEARTBEAT DIASTOLE SYSTOLE Heart expands Muscles of ventricle relax Bicuspid and tricuspid valves open Arterial valves open Blood heart Heart contracts Muscles of ventricle contract Bicuspid and tricuspid valves close Arterial valves open Blood  lungs & body

38. Each time a heart beats, it sets up a wave of pressure called a pulse wave along the main arteries pulse

39. Stethoscope – measure heartbeat

40. Cardiovascular diseases Diseases of the heart and the blood vessels

41. Hypertension (High blood pressure) Arteriosclerosis (hardening of arteries) Artherosclerosis (narrowing of arteries) Examples

42. Occurs when coronary arteries become clogged  less blood flows through and parts of heart muscles do not get sufficient blood Fatty deposits on the walls of the arteries make them narrow  atherosclerosis Atherosclerosis progresses gradually Coronary artery becomes more and more clogged and may eventually get blocked  coronary occlusion Coronary heart disease

43. In coronary occlusion, the blood flow in the artery stops and so does the supply of oxygen and nutrients Coronary occlusion HEART ATTACK WHEN ONE OR MORE CORONARY ARTERIES BECOME BLOCKED

44. Arteriosclerosis

45. Atherosclerosis VS arteriosclerosis

46. Unbalanced diet Stress, lack of exercise, smoking Causes of heart disease

47. Reduce consumption of items rich in fats and cholesterol Eat more heart-healthy food Stay within ideal weight range by eating right diet Exercise regularly Don ’ t smoke Reduce stress prevention

48. components blood

49. What is blood made up of? Red blood cells White blood cells Platelets Plasma Breakdown products of digestion, such as glucose, fatty acids and amino acids Dissolved mineral salts Carbon dioxide Urea hormones

50. Two main components of blood Plasma 55% Blood cells 45%

51. What is plasma? Plasma is the liquid part of the blood which carries everything else. Plasma is a straw-yellow coloured liquid If everything in plasma was removed, plasma would look like this

52. Nutrients Waste products Dissolved gases Hormones Substances transported by the plasma Amino Acids, glucose, fatty acids, glycerol Urea, ammonia, bile pigments Carbon dioxide, oxygen, nitrogen Insulin, oestrogen , testosterone

53. What do the different parts of blood look like under a microscope? Red blood cells White blood cells

54. What is the job of red blood cells? They have a round, flat disc shape for a large surface area They do not have a nucleus They contain haemoglobin which combines with oxygen in areas of high concentration to form oxyhaemoglobin Oxygen + haemoglobin oxyhaemoglobin Red blood cells carry oxygen to the cells of the body for use in respiration

55. What do white blood cells do? White blood cells help the body to fight invading bacteria White blood cells will engulf and ingest invading bacteria

56. Other important jobs of the white blood cells: They produce antibodies which can recognise and fight bacteria They produce antitoxins which neutralise the toxins (poisons) that bacteria produce, which make us feel ill

57. What do platelets do? Platelets are fragments of cells The job of platelets is to help blood clot and form a scab The platelets are involved in the formation of fibrin, which is needed for clotting blood This is useful for stopping bleeding, and for preventing germs from entering the body through the cut

58. Summary of the composition of blood