Trends in evolution by faunafondness

Trends in evolution :- synopsis :- 1. INTRODUCTION
( DEFINITION OF EVOLUTION)
2.TRENDS IN EVOLUTION
3. DEFINITION OF MOLECULAR EVOLUTION
4.GENE EVOLUTION
*Mutation
*Horizontal gene transfer
*Sexual reproduction
5.EVOLUTION OF GENE FAMILIES
(Kind of gene families)
For more you can refer to www.faunafondness.com

1. TOPIC :- TRENDS IN EVOLUTION www.faunafondness.com

2. SYNOPSIS 1. INTRODUCTION ( DEFINITION OF EVOLUTION) 2.TRENDS IN EVOLUTION 3. DEFINITION OF MOLECULAR EVOLUTION 4.GENE EVOLUTION *Mutation *Horizontal gene transfer *Sexual reproduction 5.EVOLUTION OF GENE FAMILIES (Kind of gene families) www.faunafondness.com

3. * Gene duplication *Gene conversion 6. ASSESMENT OF MOLECULAR EVOLUTION *Natural selection * gene flow * Genetic drift 7. CONCLUSION 8. REFERENCES www.faunafondness.com

4. EVOLUTION Evolution in change over time Or we can say Evolution is a process by which modern organism have descended from ancient organism. or Development of organism from earlier forms. www.faunafondness.com

5. TRENDS IN EVOLUTION An evolutionary trend can be either directional change within a single lineage or parallel change across lineages, in other words, several lineages undergoing the same sort of change . However, not just any change counts as a trend. After all, if the weather gets warmer one day, you wouldn't call it a warming trend; warming would have to go on for some length of time before you'd call it a trend. Biologists think about evolutionary trends in the same way — there has to be something about the change that suggests that it's not just a random fluctuation before it counts as a "trend." www.faunafondness.com

6. For example, titanotheres (a cool, extinct clade related to modern horses and rhinos) exhibit an evolutionary trend. Titanotheres had bony protuberances extending from their noses. The sequence of fossil skulls from these animals shows that evolutionary changes in the size of these "horns" were not random; instead, changes were biased in the direction of increasing horn size. And in fact, several different titanothere lineages experienced the same sort of change in horn size. www.faunafondness.com

7. HUMAN EVOLUTION

8. EVOLUTIONARY TRENDS IN GIRAFFE NECK

9. MOLECULAR EVOLUTION Molecular evolution  is the process of change in the sequence composition of  cellular   molecules  such as  DNA ,  RNA , and  proteins  across generations. www.faunafondness.com

10. Gene evolution A  gene  is the basic physical and functional unit of heredity. GENE EVOLUTION : Genome evolution  is the process by which a  genome  changes in structure (sequence) or size over time. The study of genome evolution involves multiple fields such as structural analysis of the genome, the study of genomic parasites,  gene  and ancient genome duplications,  polyploidy , and  comparative genomics . Genome evolution is a constantly changing and evolving field due to the steadily growing number of sequenced genomes, both prokaryotic and eukaryotic, available to the scientific community and the public at large. www.faunafondness.com

11. GENE EVOLUTION MUTATION HORIZONTAL GENE TRANSFER SEXUAL REPRODUCTION www.faunafondness.com

12. MUTATION Mutation is a change in  DNA , the hereditary material of life. An organism's DNA affects how it looks, how it behaves, and its physiology — all aspects of its life. So a change in an organism's DNA can cause changes in all aspects of its life. Mutations are random Mutations can be beneficial, neutral, or harmful for the organism, but mutations do not "try" to supply what the organism "needs." In this respect, mutations are  random  — whether a particular mutation happens or not is unrelated to how useful that mutation would be. Not all mutations matter to evolution Since all cells in our body contain DNA, there are lots of places for mutations to occur; however, not all mutations matter for evolution.  Somatic mutations  occur in non-reproductive cells and won't be passed onto offspring www.faunafondness.com

13. 2. HORIZONTAL GENE TRANSFER The movement of genetic material between two organisms. Once incorporated it is then ‘vertically’ inherited. Also called Lateral Gene Transfer. HGT and LGT for short. www.faunafondness.com

14. Process in which an organism incorporates genetic material from another organism without being its offspring Common in bacteria and Achaea, rare in eukaryotic cells Genetic information transferred via conjugation, transduction, and translation. www.faunafondness.com

15. Transformation , the genetic alteration of a  cell  resulting from the introduction, uptake and  expression  of foreign genetic material ( DNA  or  RNA ). This process is relatively common in bacteria, but less so in eukaryotes. Transformation is often used in laboratories to insert novel genes into bacteria for experiments or for industrial or medical applications. See also  molecular biology  and  biotechnology . Transduction , the process in which bacterial DNA is moved from one bacterium to another by a virus (a bacteriophage, or  phage ). Bacterial conjugation , a process that involves the transfer of DNA via a plasmid from a donor cell to a recombinant recipient cell during cell-to-cell contact. Gene transfer agents , virus-like elements encoded by the host that are found in the  alphaproteobacteria  order  Rhodobacterales www.faunafondness.com

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17. 3. SEXUAL REPRODUCTION Sexual reproduction is a form of reproduction where two different type of specialized reproductive cell called gamete fuse together. It has been described powerful evolutionary that does not exist in asexual population. www.faunafondness.com

18. EVOLUTION OF GENE FAMILIES A gene family is a group of genes that share important characteristics In many cases genes in a family share a similar sequence of DNA building blocks. These gene provide instruction for making product that have similar structure and function. All the genes which are originated from same ancestor . www.faunafondness.com

19. example www.faunafondness.com

20. Formation of gene family Gene duplication Gene conversion Gene duplication Gene duplication  (or chromosomal  duplication  or  gene amplification ) is a major mechanism through which new  genetic material is generated during molecular evolution. It can be defined as any  duplication  of a region of DNA that contains a  gene . www.faunafondness.com

21. What is the role of gene duplication in evolution? Gene duplication  is an important mechanism for acquiring new  genes  and creating genetic  novelty in organisms. ...  Gene duplication  can provide new  genetic material for mutation, drift and selection to act upon, the result of which is specialized or new  gene functions .

22. www.faunafondness.com

23. Gene conversion Gene conversion  is the process by which one  DNA  sequence replaces a homologous sequence such that the sequences become identical after the conversion event. Gene conversion can be either  allelic , meaning that one allele of the same gene replaces another allele, or  ectopic , meaning that one  paralogous DNA sequence  converts another. www.faunafondness.com

24. ASSESMENT OF MOLECULAR VARIATION. Molecular markers have ability to detect genetic variation and provide a reliable method to ensure the integrity of cultivars genetic constitution. Heritable variation within and between population of organism. Encoded in the sequence of four base pair that makes up DNA www.faunafondness.com

25. Evolutionary process 1. NATURAL SELECTION 2. GENE FLOW 3.GENETIC DRIFT www.faunafondness.com

26. NATURAL SELECTION The process whereby organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring. The theory of its action was first fully expounded by Charles Darwin, and it is now regarded as be the main process that brings about evolution. www.faunafondness.com

27. GENE FLOW In population genetics,  gene flow  (also known as  gene  migration or allele  flow ) is the  transfer  of genetic  variation from one population to another. If the rate of  gene flow  is high enough, then two populations are considered to have equivalent  genetic  diversity and therefore effectively be a single population. www.faunafondness.com

28. GENETIC DRIFT variation in the relative frequency of different genotypes in a small population, owing to the chance disappearance of particular genes as individuals die or do not reproduce. www.faunafondness.com

29. CONCLUSION Evolution is change in the heritable characteristics of biological population over successive generation. Molecular evolution is change in the sequence of molecule of cell. Evolutionary genetics is study where how change in genes leads to change. Molecular markers have ability to detect genetic variation. www.faunafondness.com

30. REFERENCE VEER BALA RASTOGI – BOOK OF EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY P.S VERMA AGARWAL – CELL BIOLOGY

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