Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs
infections in the community as well as nosocomial
setting. In most cases of UTI, empirical treatment has to
be given before the urine culture and sensitivity testing
and quinolone are the preferred choice.
1The
Quinolones most commonly used to treat UTI are
Nalidixic acid, Norfloxacin and Ciprofloxacin/Ofloxacin.
Nalidixic acid was introduced in 1963 as a urinary
antiseptic. It is effective in uncomplicated urinary-tract
infections and highly effective against Gram negative
bacilli like
E. coli, Proteusetc. Norfloxacin, an oral
Quinolone, is structurally related to Nalidixic acid, which
was introduced in 1964. Ciprofloxacin is a second
generation Quinolones and the most frequently
prescribed for UTIs because of its excellent activity
against pathogens commonly encountered in UTIs, and
available in oral and intravenous formulations. Marked
increase resistance to fluoroquinolones has been
documented worldwide since their introduction to UTI
which is a great concern, because fluoroquinolones are
used as first choice in UTIs.
2
This study was designed as
in vitrocomparison of
Nalidixic acid, Norfloxacin and Ciprofloxacin resistance
among prevalent urinary tract isolates among patients
with UTIs.This study was conducted at the Department
of Microbiology, The Indus Hospital, Karachi, with the
sample size of 5891 isolates; 1758 in 2011, 1917 in 2012
and 2216 in 2013. Midstream clean-catch specimens
were enrolled in this study. The isolates were non-
duplicate from indoor and out-patients.
All specimens were examined microscopically. Those
having pus cells ≥ 4 - 6 pus cells/HPF
1
, were cultured on
CLED (Cystine Lactose Electrolyte Deficient) of Oxoid,
UK (CM0423
were incubated at 35 - 37°C for 24 - 48 hours. After incuba-
tion, the colonial morphology of isolates was observed.
Significant bacteriuria was defined as “culture of single
bacterial species from the urine specimen at a
concentration of ≥ 10
5
CFU /ml”.
3
Identification of isolates was made on the basis of
colonial morphology, Gram staining and standard
biochemical tests. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing
was carried out on Muller Hinton Agar by Kirby-Bauer
disc diffusion method. The interpretation of zone sizes of
antibiotics was performed as described by Clinical and
Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI) guidelines,
2011 - 2013, as respective year. Antibiotic discs used
were Nalidixic acid of 30 μg, Norfloxacin of 10 μg and
Ciprofloxacin 5 μg. The antibiotic discs used in this study
were obtained from Oxoid (Oxoid, UK).
Escherichia (E.) coliwas the most prevalent
uropathogen from 2011 to 2013 in both indoor and out-
patients, 63% in indoor patients and 70% UTIs in
outpatients, followed by
Klebsiellaspp. responsible for
16% of the UTI load (Table I). The other less frequently
isolated bacteria are
Pseudomonasspp. Proteusspp.,
Acinetobacterspp. and Enterococcusspp. The
frequency of E. coliwas lower in indoor patients as
compared to out-patients from 2011 to 2013.
Acinetobacterspp. have been isolated in lesser number
of isolates in 2011 and 2013. The prevalence of Entero-
coccusspp. and especially Proteusspp. were also very low.
Among all organisms a remarkably high resistance was
observed in Escherichia coli.The overall resistance to all
Quinolones was high in indoor patients.
Journal of the College of Physicians and Surgeons Pakistan 2015, Vol. 25 (7
543
SHORT COMMUNICATION
Trends in Quinolone Resistance Among Common
Urinary Tract Isolates Over Three Years
Altaf Ahmed and Tuba Bashir
ABSTRACT
Quinolones are one of the most frequently prescribed antimicrobials for the treatment of urinary tract infections. The aim
of the study was to determine the rate and pattern of Quinolone resistance among common urinary tract isolates from
January 2011 to December 2013 in patients with Urinary Tract Infection (UTI
included in the study. The most prevalent urinary isolate was
Escherichia coli, responsible for 70% UTIs in outpatients and
63% in indoor patients. The resistance was 85%, 64% and 62% and 89%, 76%, and 73% to Nalidixic acid, Norfloxacin
and Ciprofloxacin among the out-patients and for Indoor patients respectively. Resistance was also remarkably high
among other urinary tract isolates. This high rate of Quinolone resistance among all urinary tract isolates makes it a
questionable first line empirical treatment for UTI.
Key Words:Ciprofloxacin. Nalidixic acid. Norfloxacin. Quinolone. Urinary pathogens. Urinary tract infection.
Department of Microbiology, The Indus Hospital, Karachi.
Correspondence: Tuba Bashir, The Indus Hospital, Laboratory,
Korangi Crossing, Karachi.
E-mail:
[email protected]
Received: July 23, 2014; Accepted: May 28, 2015.